Abstract: in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 13. Recent research on avian chemical signalling has highlighted the need for new appropriate protocols especially for sampling, and analyzing, compounds borne by individuals Although many studies have already examined the chemical substances secreted by birds, only few works have done so from the perspective of chemical communication and none have focused on the actual airborne compounds which make up the final odor. As well as the relative infancy of the field, this gap originates from the absence of an appropriate methodological framework. In this study, we provide a methodological guideline of various combinations of sampling and extraction techniques that have been developed and tested in our research. These include: analysis of (i) uropygial secretion samples by solvent extraction, (ii) feather lipids by solvent extraction, (iii) feather lipids by direct solid-phase thermal desorption, (iv) cotton swab (rubbed on bird) by solid phase microextraction, (v) cotton swab by direct solid-phase thermal desorption and (vi) airborne volatiles by thermal desorption. To achieve this, we used the particular case study of blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea), a Sub-antarctic procellariiform seabird, living on remote islands and known for its good olfactory capabilities. Outcomes from the different methods are presented in terms of chromatographic quality, the number and properties of the analytes resolved and their suitability for the work in isolated locations. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed together with challenges that remain to make the new protocols presented more robust for field chemo-ecologists.

Abstract: The selection of an otolith optimal zone where to obtain interpretable chronological data (e.g. chemicaltransect, increment width) and valid age estimation is fundamental if otoliths are to be used as an effectivetool for investigating life history traits or environments experienced by fish. In the remote sub-AntarcticKerguelen Islands (49◦S, 70◦E), introduced brown trout populations are invading the archipelago sincethe 50’s and life histories information is of great interest to understand the invasion dynamics. Unfortu-nately, few studies have used otolith as a tool to estimate brown trout age at these extreme latitudes andlittle is known about otolith growth and annulus formation in these sub-polar conditions. Furthermore,no formal procedure exists at the population level to select an otolith optimal zone where to concomi-tantly extract chronological data aiming at investigating life history traits and growth chronologies. Inthis context, the aims of this study were (1) to validate the otolith age estimation method by the deter-mination of the position of the first annulus and the annual formation of subsequent annuli; (2) to definean optimal zone where chronological data could be coupled to age estimates. A brown trout populationlocated near the Port-au-Franc¸ ais station was studied and sampled repeatedly using mark-recapturemethod and Alizarin Red S marking. After to 2 years of recaptures 53 sagittae were analysed. A compositeindex was created to select an optimal zone where chronological data transects have the maximum prob-abilities to cross readable annuli. Results showed that brown trout forms annuli at the end of September,starting with the first winter after the December hatching. Annulus formation up to 2 years after mark-ing was validated. The area between 80◦and 120◦perpendicular to the rostrum/core axis was optimalfor the positioning of data transect. The proposed formal approach allows distinguishing the zone thatidentifies the best compromise between spatial resolution and precise annulus positioning along otolithchronological series.AcknowledgementsWe thank the French Polar Institute (IPEV, Institut PolairePaul-Emile Victor) for the financial support of the Program 1041SALMEVOL; we thank Jacques Labonne for his management of theprogram from 2008 to 2013.We thank Margaret Lang for providingwriting assistance that lead to the clarity of the English language.We thank Jacques Rives and Franc¸ ois Guéraud for otolith and scaleanalysis. We thank two anonymous reviewers for comments thatlead to substantial improvements in the manuscript. We gratefullyacknowledge the logistical support provided by the TAAF adminis-tration and the Southern French Natural Reserve at Kerguelen. Thefieldwork would not have been possible without the help and sup-port of the IPEV logistics team (Romuald Bellec, Yann Lemeur, NinaMarchand) and all the people involved in the SALMEVOL summercampaign (Stephane Betoulle, Eduardo Vicente Dopico-Rodriguez,Emily Farcy, Franc¸ ois Guéraud, José-Luis Horreo-Escandon, RenaudKaeuffer, Jacques Rives, Thibault Thellier, Julien Tremblay).

Abstract: This paper reviews the major contributions made by Norwegian scientists to Arctic environmental sciences since　the 1880s.The review begins with the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882-83. It then considers the 1890s to 1920s with　the scientific expeditions focusing on ocean and sea ice conditions of Nansen, Amundsen and H. Sverdrup, and the mapping of　the Queen Elizabeth Islands by Otto Sverdrup and colleagues. The period from 1911 to the mid-1920s also witnessed annual　expeditions to Svalbard led by Adolf Hoel. The 1930s to 1945 period encompassed the Second International Polar Year when　Arctic weather stations were established or maintained. The time interval post-World War II to 2000 witnessed major advancesmade possible by technical and organizational innovations. The establishment of the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1948 led to　extensive research on the glaciers and snow cover in the Svalbard archipelago and to oceanographic and sea ice research in the　Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. Remote sensing methods began to be widely used from the 1980s. The new millennium saw theundertaking of the third IPY and a shift to multinational projects. New fields such as ocean–ice–atmosphere variability became active and there was much attention to high-latitude climate change in the context of global warming.

Abstract: In ice-flow modelling, computing in 3-D requires a lot of resources, but 2-D models lack physical likelihood when the flow is diverging. That is why 2-D models accounting for the divergence, so-called 2.5-D models, are an interesting trade-off. However, the applicability of these 2.5-D models has never been systematically examined. We show that these models are ineffective in the case of highly diverging flows, but also for varying temperature, which was not suspected.