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Justine Girardet, Francois Sarano, Gaëtan Richard, Paul Tixier, Christophe Guinet, Alana Alexander, Véronique Sarano, Hugues Vitry, Axel Preud’homme, René Heuzey, Ana M. Garcia-Cegarra, Olivier Adam, Bénédicte Madon, Jean-Luc Jung. (2022). Long Distance Runners in the Marine Realm: New Insights Into Genetic Diversity, Kin Relationships and Social Fidelity of Indian Ocean Male Sperm Whales (Vol. 9).
Abstract: Adult male sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) are long distance runners of the marine realm, feeding in high latitudes and mating in tropical and subtropical waters where stable social groups of females and immatures live. Several areas of uncertainty still limit our understanding of their social and breeding behavior, in particular concerning the potential existence of geographical and/or social fidelities. In this study, using underwater observation and sloughed-skin sampling, we looked for male social fidelity to a specific matrilineal sperm whale group near Mauritius. In addition, we captured a wider picture of kin relationships and genetic diversity of male sperm whales in the Indian Ocean thanks to biopsies of eight individuals taken in a feeding ground near the Kerguelen and Crozet Archipelagos (Southern Indian Ocean). Twenty-six adult male sperm whales were identified when socializing with adult females and immatures off Mauritius. Sloughed-skin samples were taken from thirteen of them for genetic analysis. Long-term underwater observation recorded several noteworthy social interactions between adult males and adult females and/or immatures. We identified seven possible male recaptures over different years (three by direct observation, and four at the gametic level), which supports a certain level of male social fidelity. Two probable first- and thirty second-degree kin relationships were highlighted between members of the social unit and adult males, confirming that some of the adult males observed in Mauritian waters are reproductive. Male social philopatry to their natal group can be excluded, as none of the males sampled shared the haplotype characteristic of the matrilineal social group. Mitochondrial DNA control region haplotype and nucleotide diversities calculated over the 21 total male sperm whales sampled were similar to values found by others in the Indian Ocean. Our study strongly supports the existence of some levels of male sperm whale social fidelity, not directed to their social group of birth, in the Indian Ocean. Males sampled in breeding and feeding grounds are linked by kin relationships. Our results support a model of male mediated gene flow occurring at the level of the whole Indian Ocean, likely interconnected with large-scale geographical fidelity to ocean basin, and a small-scale social fidelity to matrilineal social groups.
Programme: 109
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Karine Delord, Timothée Poupart, Nicolas Gasco, Henri Weimerskirch, Christophe Barbraud. (2022). First evidence of migration across the South Pacific in endangered Amsterdam albatross and conservation implications (Vol. 136).
Abstract: Albatrosses are amongst the most globally-threatened species and fisheries bycatch is one of the major conservation issues worldwide. Among the albatrosses the Amsterdam albatross is listed as one of the most endangered species. Within the current National Plan of Actions framework, the present study outlines the first results of a multi-year survey evaluating juvenile dispersal and immature at sea distribution using geolocation and conservation implications. Here we report the first evidence of an Amsterdam albatross wandering for extensive periods outside the Indian Ocean, in the Pacific Ocean. This unprecedented and novel finding is discussed in terms of overlaps with fisheries and conservations issues. This study brings new insights on movements of vagrant stages of an endangered species, paving the way for refined assessments updates of species vulnerability to ongoing anthropogenic threats while providing basic conservation guidance. This makes it possible to point out the responsibility of the various management bodies both for the high seas regional fisheries management organisations and for exclusive economic zones.
Keywords: Immature at sea distribution International conservation responsibility Juvenile dispersal National Plan of Actions
Programme: 109
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Karine Delord, Yves Cherel, Amédée Roy, Paco Bustamante, Kerrie M. Swadling, Henri Weimerskirch, Charles-André Bost, Christophe Barbraud. (2022). At-sea behavioural ecology of the endangered MacGillivray’s prion from Saint Paul Island: combining tracking and stable isotopes (Vol. 697). Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: Seabirds play important roles as marine ecosystem sentinels. Studying their at-sea ecology is essential for understanding how environmental variability affects their populations. However, the at-sea ecology of small-sized temperate seabirds remains poorly studied. We explored the at-sea ecology of the Critically Endangered MacGillivray’s prion Pachyptila macgillivrayi breeding on the subtropical Saint Paul Island. Using global location sensor loggers and stable isotope analysis, we investigated movements, migratory strategies, at-sea activity and moulting period, and characterized the isotopic niche of tracked individuals. During incubation, MacGillivray’s prions remained in temperate waters north of the Subtropical Front, possibly feeding on prey caught in cold eddies. During the inter-breeding period, individuals wintered almost equally to the north and south of the Subtropical Front in 2 distinct sectors (Tasman Sea and Southwest Indian Ridge). Daily activity varied seasonally, and individuals overwintering in the Tasman Sea spent more time flying at night when moonlight intensity was high. Moulting occurred after the breeding period and lasted longer compared to other prion species. Isotopic data suggest a higher dietary proportion of low trophic-level prey for MacGillivray’s prions than for Antarctic and slender-billed prions, highlighting trophic segregation in relation to bill width. Our study provides new evidence to understand the suite of adaptations allowing the abundant prion species to coexist by feeding on prey of different sizes. Contrary to the majority of seabird species, MacGillivray’s prions from Saint Paul Island exhibited 2 migratory tactics with associated differences in at-sea activity, leading to questions about the origin of these differences.
Keywords: Activity pattern At-sea distribution Bill width Geolocation GPS Pachyptila macgillivrayi Seabirds Southern Indian Ocean Trophic position
Programme: 109,394
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Katharine Keogan, Francis Daunt, Sarah Wanless, Richard A. Phillips, David Alvarez, Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Robert T. Barrett, Claus Bech, Peter H. Becker, Per-Arvid Berglund, Sandra Bouwhuis, Zofia M. Burr, Olivier Chastel, Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard, Sebastien Descamps, Tony Diamond, Kyle Elliott, Kjell-Einar Erikstad, Mike Harris, Jonas Hentati-Sundberg, Martin Heubeck, Stephen W. Kress, Magdalene Langset, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, Heather L. Major, Mark Mallory, Mick Mellor, Will T. S. Miles, Børge Moe, Carolyn Mostello, Mark Newell, Ian Nisbet, Tone Kirstin Reiertsen, Jennifer Rock, Paula Shannon, Øystein Varpe, Sue Lewis, Albert B. Phillimore. (2022). Variation and correlation in the timing of breeding of North Atlantic seabirds across multiple scales (Vol. 91).
Abstract: Timing of breeding, an important driver of fitness in many populations, is widely studied in the context of global change, yet despite considerable efforts to identify environmental drivers of seabird nesting phenology, for most populations we lack evidence of strong drivers. Here we adopt an alternative approach, examining the degree to which different populations positively covary in their annual phenology to infer whether phenological responses to environmental drivers are likely to be (a) shared across species at a range of spatial scales, (b) shared across populations of a species or (c) idiosyncratic to populations. We combined 51 long-term datasets on breeding phenology spanning 50 years from nine seabird species across 29 North Atlantic sites and examined the extent to which different populations share early versus late breeding seasons depending on a hierarchy of spatial scales comprising breeding site, small-scale region, large-scale region and the whole North Atlantic. In about a third of cases, we found laying dates of populations of different species sharing the same breeding site or small-scale breeding region were positively correlated, which is consistent with the hypothesis that they share phenological responses to the same environmental conditions. In comparison, we found no evidence for positive phenological covariation among populations across species aggregated at larger spatial scales. In general, we found little evidence for positive phenological covariation between populations of a single species, and in many instances the inter-year variation specific to a population was substantial, consistent with each population responding idiosyncratically to local environmental conditions. Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla was the exception, with populations exhibiting positive covariation in laying dates that decayed with the distance between breeding sites, suggesting that populations may be responding to a similar driver. Our approach sheds light on the potential factors that may drive phenology in our study species, thus furthering our understanding of the scales at which different seabirds interact with interannual variation in their environment. We also identify additional systems and phenological questions to which our inferential approach could be applied.
Keywords: breeding time climate change macroecology multispecies phenology
Programme: 330
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Khouloud El Hanafi, Zoyne Pedrero, Laurent Ouerdane, Claudia Marchán Moreno, Silvia Queipo-Abad, Maite Bueno, Florence Pannier, Warren T. Corns, Yves Cherel, Paco Bustamante, David Amouroux. (2022). First Time Identification of Selenoneine in Seabirds and Its Potential Role in Mercury Detoxification (Vol. 56).
Abstract: Birds are principally exposed to selenium (Se) through their diet. In long-lived and top predator seabirds, such as the giant petrel, extremely high concentrations of Se are found. Selenium speciation in biota has aroused great interest in recent years; however, there is a lack of information about the chemical form of Se in (sea)birds. The majority of publications focus on the growth performance and antioxidant status in broilers in relation to Se dietary supplementation. The present work combines elemental and molecular mass spectrometry for the characterization of Se species in wild (sea)birds. A set of eight giant petrels (Macronectes sp.) with a broad age range from the Southern Ocean were studied. Selenoneine, a Se-analogue of ergothioneine, was identified for the first time in wild avian species. This novel Se-compound, previously reported in fish, constitutes the major Se species in the water-soluble fraction of all of the internal tissues and blood samples analyzed. The levels of selenoneine found in giant petrels are the highest reported in animal tissues until now, supporting the trophic transfer in the marine food web. The characterization of selenoneine in the brain, representing between 78 and 88% of the total Se, suggests a crucial role in the nervous system. The dramatic decrease of selenoneine (from 68 to 3%) with an increase of Hg concentrations in the liver strongly supports the hypothesis of its key role in Hg detoxification.
Programme: 109
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Knut von Salzen, Cynthia H. Whaley, Susan C. Anenberg, Rita Van Dingenen, Zbigniew Klimont, Mark G. Flanner, Rashed Mahmood, Stephen R. Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Rong-You Chien, Jesper H. Christensen, Sabine Eckhardt, Annica M. L. Ekman, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Greg Faluvegi, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Wanmin Gong, Jens L. Hjorth, Ulas Im, Srinath Krishnan, Kaarle Kupiainen, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Yiran Peng, David Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Shilpa Rao, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Julia Schmale, Michael Sigmond, Manu A. Thomas, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven T. Turnock, Minqi Wang, Barbara Winter. (2022). Clean air policies are key for successfully mitigating Arctic warming (Vol. 3).
Abstract: A tighter integration of modeling frameworks for climate and air quality is urgently needed to assess the impacts of clean air policies on future Arctic and global climate. We combined a new model emulator and comprehensive emissions scenarios for air pollutants and greenhouse gases to assess climate and human health co-benefits of emissions reductions. Fossil fuel use is projected to rapidly decline in an increasingly sustainable world, resulting in far-reaching air quality benefits. Despite human health benefits, reductions in sulfur emissions in a more sustainable world could enhance Arctic warming by 0.8 °C in 2050 relative to the 1995–2014, thereby offsetting climate benefits of greenhouse gas reductions. Targeted and technically feasible emissions reduction opportunities exist for achieving simultaneous climate and human health co-benefits. It would be particularly beneficial to unlock a newly identified mitigation potential for carbon particulate matter, yielding Arctic climate benefits equivalent to those from carbon dioxide reductions by 2050.
Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry Climate-change mitigation
Programme: 1255
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Kristin N. Barton, Nairita Pal, Steven R. Brus, Mark R. Petersen, Brian K. Arbic, Darren Engwirda, Andrew F. Roberts, Joannes J. Westerink, Damrongsak Wirasaet, Michael Schindelegger. (2022). Global Barotropic Tide Modeling Using Inline Self-Attraction and Loading in MPAS-Ocean (Vol. 14).
Abstract: We examine ocean tides in the barotropic version of the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS-Ocean), the ocean component of the Department of Energy Earth system model. We focus on four factors that affect tidal accuracy: self-attraction and loading (SAL), model resolution, details of the underlying bathymetry, and parameterized topographic wave drag. The SAL term accounts for the tidal loading of Earth's crust and the self-gravitation of the ocean and the load-deformed Earth. A common method for calculating SAL is to decompose mass anomalies into their spherical harmonic constituents. Here, we compare a scalar SAL approximation versus an inline SAL using a fast spherical harmonic transform package. Wave drag accounts for energy lost by breaking internal tides that are produced by barotropic tidal flow over topographic features. We compare a series of successively finer quasi-uniform resolution meshes (62.9, 31.5, 15.7, and 7.87 km) to a variable resolution (45 to 5 km) configuration. We ran MPAS-Ocean in a single-layer barotropic mode forced by five tidal constituents. The 45 to 5 km variable resolution mesh obtained the best total root-mean-square error (5.4 cm) for the deep ocean (1,000 m) tide compared to TPXO8 and ran twice as fast as the quasi-uniform 8 km mesh, which had an error of 5.8 cm. This error is comparable to those found in other forward (non-assimilative) ocean tide models. In future work, we plan to use MPAS-Ocean to study tidal interactions with other Earth system components, and the tidal response to climate change.
Keywords: barotropic tides E3SM MPAS-Ocean numerical ocean modeling self-attraction and loading surface tides
Programme: 688
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Kyriakos Balidakis, Roman Sulzbach, Linus Shihora, Christoph Dahle, Robert Dill, Henryk Dobslaw. (2022). Atmospheric Contributions to Global Ocean Tides for Satellite Gravimetry (Vol. 14).
Abstract: To mitigate temporal aliasing effects in monthly mean global gravity fields from the GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite tandem missions, both tidal and non-tidal background models describing high-frequency mass variability in atmosphere and oceans are needed. To quantify tides in the atmosphere, we exploit the higher spatial (31 km) and temporal (1 hr) resolution provided by the latest atmospheric ECMWF reanalysis, ERA5. The oceanic response to atmospheric tides is subsequently modeled with the general ocean circulation model MPIOM (in a recently revised TP10L40 configuration that includes the feedback of self-attraction and loading to the momentum equations and has an improved bathymetry around Antarctica) as well as the shallow water model TiME (employing a much higher spatial resolution and more elaborate tidal dissipation than MPIOM). Both ocean models consider jointly the effects of atmospheric pressure variations and surface wind stress. We present the characteristics of 16 waves beating at frequencies in the 1–6 cpd band and find that TiME typically outperforms the corresponding results from MPIOM and also FES2014b as measured from comparisons with tide gauge data. Moreover, we note improvements in GRACE-FO laser ranging interferometer range-acceleration pre-fit residuals when employing the ocean tide solutions from TiME, in particular, for the S1 spectral line with most notable improvements around Australia, India, and the northern part of South America.
Keywords: atmospheric forcing atmospheric tides de-aliasing ERA5 GRACE-FO ocean tides
Programme: 688
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Lassalle Coralie. (2022). Apport des isotopes de l’eau pour comprendre la dynamique climatique et le cycle hydrologique en Terre Adélie.
Abstract: Dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique, la compréhension de l’évolution passée et future du climat dans le monde représente un enjeu majeur, dans la mesure où la calotte Antarctique peut contribuer à la hausse du niveau marin de près de 60 m. De ce fait, il est important d’appréhender et de documenter la variabilité climatique récente impactant le bilan de masse de surface antarctique, plus spécifiquement dans les régions côtières. Néanmoins, les enregistrements issus des observations instrumentales et satellitaires sont bien trop courts pour faire la distinction entre la variabilité naturelle du signal climatique et l’impact anthropique. D’où le lancement du raid scientifique ASUMA (« Improving the Accurancy of SUrface Mass balance of Antarctica »), dans le cadre de l’ANR (« Agence Nationale de la Recherche »), en Terre Adélie, zone côtière à fort taux d’accumulation caractérisée par la présence de vents catabatiques, afin de mieux connaitre l’évolution actuelle du bilan de masse. Un volet du projet est d’analyser la composition isotopique des carottes de névé dans l’objectif de fournir des informations sur le cycle hydrologique atmosphérique et la dynamique climatique. D’ailleurs, Sentia GOURSAUD (2018) montre que, dans la région côtière de Terre Adélie, la composition isotopique ne dépend pas que de la température de surface locale mais qu’elle est aussi sous l’influence d’autres facteurs (dynamique atmosphérique, sources et transport de l’humidité, phénomènes post-déposition). Dans ce rapport, deux sites de forages de carottes courtes du programme ASUMA ont été étudiés dans l’objectif de faire un transect le long de la pente menant au haut plateau antarctique, entre les points D47 à 1550 m d’altitude et STOP_0 à 2460m. Les mesures isotopiques effectuées ont permis de reconstruire la variabilité climatique sur les 50 dernières années grâce à une méthode analytique continue, l’analyse en flux continu ou CFA (« Continuous Flow Analysis »). Bien que cette méthode soit utilisée en laboratoire depuis quelques années, elle a été récemment développée au LSCE sur les carottes de névé.
Programme: 1205
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Laura Andrea Alfaro Garcia, Sébastien Descamps, Dorte Herzke, Olivier Chastel, Alice Carravieri, Yves Cherel, Pierre Labadie, Hélène Budzinski, Gabriel Munoz, Paco Bustamante, Anuschka Polder, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Jan Ove Bustnes, Katrine Borgå. (2022). Bioaccumulation of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Antarctic Breeding South Polar Skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) and Their Prey (Vol. 9).
Abstract: Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found in Antarctic wildlife, with high levels in the avian top predator south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki). As increasing PFAS concentrations were found in the south polar skua during the breeding season in Antarctica, we hypothesised that available prey during the breeding period contributes significantly to the PFAS contamination in skuas. To test this, we compared PFAS in south polar skuas and their main prey from two breeding sites on opposite sides of the Antarctic continent: Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica antarctica) stomach content, eggs, chicks, and adults from Svarthamaren in Dronning Maud Land and Adélie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Dumont d’Urville in Adélie Land. Of the 22 PFAS analysed, seven were present in the majority of samples, except petrel stomach content [only perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA) present] and Adélie penguins (only four compounds present), with increasing concentrations from the prey to the skuas. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) were higher at Dumont d’Urville than Svarthamaren. When adjusted to reflect one trophic level difference, the BMFs at Svarthamaren remained the same, whereas the ones at Dumont d’Urville doubled. At both the colonies, the skua PFAS pattern was dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), followed by PFUnA, but differed with the presence of branched PFOS and perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeA) and lack of perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) at Dumont d’Urville. At Svarthamaren, the pattern in the prey was comparable to the skuas, but with a higher relative contribution of PFTeA in prey. At Dumont d’Urville, the pattern in the prey differed from the skuas, with the domination of PFUnA and the general lack of PFOS in prey. Even though the PFAS levels are low in Antarctic year-round resident prey, the three lines of evidence (pattern, BMF difference, and BMF adjusted to one trophic level) suggest that the Antarctic petrel are the significant source of PFAS in the Svarthamaren skuas, whereas the skuas in Dumont d’Urville have other important sources to PFAS than Adélie penguin, either in the continent or external on the inter-breeding foraging grounds far from Antarctica.
Programme: 109
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