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	Author	Marion Leduc-Leballeur, Ghislain Picard, Giovanni Macelloni, Arnaud Mialon, Yann H. Kerr
	Title	Melt in Antarctica derived from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) observations at L band			Type	Journal
	Year	2020	Publication	The Cryosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue	2	Pages	539-548
	Keywords
	Abstract	Melt occurrence in Antarctica is derived from L-band observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite between the austral summer 2010–2011 and 2017–2018. The detection algorithm is adapted from a threshold method previously developed for 19 GHz passive microwave measurements from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) and special sensor microwave imager sounder (SSMIS). The comparison of daily melt occurrence retrieved from 1.4 and 19 GHz observations shows an overall close agreement, but a lag of few days is usually observed by SMOS at the beginning of the melt season. To understand the difference, a theoretical analysis is performed using a microwave emission radiative transfer model. It shows that the sensitivity of 1.4 GHz signal to liquid water is significantly weaker than at 19 GHz if the water is only present in the uppermost tens of centimetres of the snowpack. Conversely, 1.4 GHz measurements are sensitive to water when spread over at least 1 m and when present in depths up to hundreds of metres. This is explained by the large penetration depth in dry snow and by the long wavelength (21 cm). We conclude that SMOS and higher-frequency radiometers provide interesting complementary information on melt occurrence and on the location of the water in the snowpack.
	Programme	1110
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1994-0416	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7689
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