TY  - STD
AU  - White Craig R, Grémillet David
PY  - 2011//
TI  - Metabolic rate throughout the annual cycle reveals the demands of an Arctic existence in Great Cormorants
T2  - Ecology
BT  - Ecology
SP  - 475
EP  - 486
VL  - 92
IS  - 2
PB  - Ecological Society of America
KW  - arctic
KW  - basal metabolic rate
KW  - catch per unit effort
KW  - cpue
KW  - daily energy expenditure
KW  - day length
KW  - diving depths
KW  - field metabolic rate
KW  - foraging efficiency
KW  - great cormorant
KW  - greenland
KW  - phalacrocorax carbo
KW  - seasonal variation
KW  -
N2  - Aquatic endotherms living in polar regions are faced with a multitude of challenges, including low air and water temperatures and low illumination, especially in winter. Like other endotherms from cold environments, Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) living in Arctic waters were hypothesized to respond to these challenges through a combination of high daily rate of energy expenditure (DEE) and high food requirements, which are met by a high rate of catch per unit effort (CPUE). CPUE has previously been shown in Great Cormorants to be the highest of any diving bird. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis by making the first measurements of DEE and foraging activity of Arctic-dwelling Great Cormorants throughout the annual cycle. We demonstrate that, in fact, Great Cormorants have surprisingly low rates of DEE. This low DEE is attributed primarily to very low levels of foraging activity, particularly during winter, when the cormorants spent only 2% of their day submerged. Such a low level of fo...
SN  - 0012-9658
L1  - https://sciences.ipev.fr/proposals/uploads/files/388/2012/White_et_al_Ecology_2011.pdf
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-1951.1
N1  - exported from refbase (http://publi.ipev.fr/polar_references/show.php?record=2372), last updated on Tue, 30 Nov 1999 00:00:00 +0100
ID  - WhiteCraigR2011
ER  -