|
|
Sarah C. Davidson, Gil Bohrer, Eliezer Gurarie, Scott LaPoint, Peter J. Mahoney, Natalie T. Boelman, Jan U. H. Eitel, Laura R. Prugh, Lee A. Vierling, Jyoti Jennewein, Emma Grier, Ophélie Couriot, Allicia P. Kelly, Arjan J. H. Meddens, Ruth Y. Oliver, Roland Kays, Martin Wikelski, Tomas Aarvak, Joshua T. Ackerman, José A. Alves, Erin Bayne, Bryan Bedrosian, Jerrold L. Belant, Andrew M. Berdahl, Alicia M. Berlin, Dominique Berteaux, Joël Bêty, Dmitrijs Boiko, Travis L. Booms, Bridget L. Borg, Stan Boutin, W. Sean Boyd, Kane Brides, Stephen Brown, Victor N. Bulyuk, Kurt K. Burnham, David Cabot, Michael Casazza, Katherine Christie, Erica H. Craig, Shanti E. Davis, Tracy Davison, Dominic Demma, Christopher R. DeSorbo, Andrew Dixon, Robert Domenech, Götz Eichhorn, Kyle Elliott, Joseph R. Evenson, Klaus-Michael Exo, Steven H. Ferguson, Wolfgang Fiedler, Aaron Fisk, Jérôme Fort, Alastair Franke, Mark R. Fuller, Stefan Garthe, Gilles Gauthier, Grant Gilchrist, Petr Glazov, Carrie E. Gray, David Grémillet, Larry Griffin, Michael T. Hallworth, Autumn-Lynn Harrison, Holly L. Hennin, J. Mark Hipfner, James Hodson, James A. Johnson, Kyle Joly, Kimberly Jones, Todd E. Katzner, Jeff W. Kidd, Elly C. Knight, Michael N. Kochert, Andrea Kölzsch, Helmut Kruckenberg, Benjamin J. Lagassé, Sandra Lai, Jean-François Lamarre, Richard B. Lanctot, Nicholas C. Larter, A. David M. Latham, Christopher J. Latty, James P. Lawler, Don-Jean Léandri-Breton, Hansoo Lee, Stephen B. Lewis, Oliver P. Love, Jesper Madsen, Mark Maftei, Mark L. Mallory, Buck Mangipane, Mikhail Y. Markovets, Peter P. Marra, Rebecca McGuire, Carol L. McIntyre, Emily A. McKinnon, Tricia A. Miller, Sander Moonen, Tong Mu, Gerhard J. D. M. Müskens, Janet Ng, Kerry L. Nicholson, Ingar Jostein Øien, Cory Overton, Patricia A. Owen, Allison Patterson, Aevar Petersen, Ivan Pokrovsky, Luke L. Powell, Rui Prieto, Petra Quillfeldt, Jennie Rausch, Kelsey Russell, Sarah T. Saalfeld, Hans Schekkerman, Joel A. Schmutz, Philipp Schwemmer, Dale R. Seip, Adam Shreading, Mónica A. Silva, Brian W. Smith, Fletcher Smith, Jeff P. Smith, Katherine R. S. Snell, Aleksandr Sokolov, Vasiliy Sokolov, Diana V Solovyeva, Mathew S. Sorum, Grigori Tertitski, J. F. Therrien, Kasper Thorup, T. Lee Tibbitts, Ingrid Tulp, Brian D. Uher-Koch, Rob S. A. van Bemmelen, Steven Van Wilgenburg, Andrew L. Von Duyke, Jesse L. Watson, Bryan D. Watts, Judy A. Williams, Matthew T. Wilson, James R. Wright, Michael A. Yates, David J. Yurkowski, Ramūnas Žydelis, Mark Hebblewhite. (2020). Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic (Vol. 370).
|
|
|
|
Sarah Safieddine, Marie Bouillon, Ana-Claudia Paracho, Julien Jumelet, Florent Tencé, Andrea Pazmino, Florence Goutail, Catherine Wespes, Slimane Bekki, Anne Boynard, Juliette Hadji‐Lazaro, Pierre-François Coheur, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux. (2020). Antarctic Ozone Enhancement During the 2019 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event (Vol. 47).
Abstract: We analyze the 2019 sudden stratospheric warming event that occurred in the Southern Hemisphere through its impact on the Antarctic ozone. Using temperature, ozone, and nitric acid data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), our results show that the average increase in stratospheric temperature reached a maximum of 34.4° on 20 September in the [60–90]°S latitude range when compared to the past 3 years. Dynamical parameters suggest a locally reversed and weakened zonal winds and a shift in the location of the polar jet vortex. This led to air masses mixing, to a reduced polar stratospheric clouds formation detected at a ground station, and as such to lower ozone and nitric acid depletion. 2019 total ozone columns for the months of September, October, and November were on average higher by 29%, 28%, and 26%, respectively, when compared to the 11-year average of the same months.
Programme: 209
|
|
|
|
Sittler, B., Lang, J., Gilg, O., Aebischer, A. (2020). Snowy owls in Greenland on the brink? Insights from 32 years of long-term monitoring on Traill Island.
|
|
|
|
Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev, Françoise Lamy, Najat Takvorian, Nicolas Valentin, Valérie Gouesbet, Françoise Hennion, Thierry Robert. (2020). Genome size and chromosome number of ten plant species from Kerguelen Islands (Vol. 43).
Abstract: Kerguelen Islands harbor a unique, probably very ancient flora with a high rate of endemism. However, the evolutionary history and characteristics of this flora still require investigation. This concerns in particular genome size and ploidy level variation, despite the evolutionary and ecological significance of those traits. Here we report the first assessment of genome size, using flow cytometry, for eight plant species of which two are endemics of Kerguelen Islands and four of the South Indian Ocean Province. The 2C DNA value ranged from 1.08 pg for Pringlea antiscorbutica to 11.88 pg for Ranunculus biternatus. The chromosome numbers of Colobanthus kerguelensis (2n = 80), Lyallia kerguelensis (2n = 96) and Poa kerguelensis (2n = 28) were also reported in this study for the first time. Overall, our data allowed to infer that all Kerguelen studied species are polyploid (from tetra- to octopolyploid). Intra-genus comparisons showed significant differences of 2C DNA values among Poa and among Ranunculus species, despite their identical ploidy level. In addition, our data highlight the existence of an intraspecific variability of genome size for the two octoploid species Colobanthus kerguelensis and Lyallia kerguelensis. Finally, our data also support the hypothesis regarding which polyploidy may have played a major role in the adaptation of flowering plants to high latitudes, as it has been suggested for arctic species.
Programme: 1116
|
|
|
|
Sophie M. Dupont, Christophe Barbraud, Olivier Chastel, Karine Delord, Charline Parenteau, Cécile Ribout, Frédéric Angelier. (2020). Do repeated captures and handling affect phenotype and survival of growing Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea)? (Vol. 43).
Abstract: In vertebrates, developmental conditions can affect not only fledging success but also the phenotype of the offspring, with potential long-term consequences on adult performance. However, surprisingly the potential impact of anthropogenic disturbance on developing chicks is rarely investigated, notably in Antarctic wildlife. In this study, we specifically investigated the effects of repeated nest visits, capture, and handling on offspring survival and several complementary offspring phenotypic traits in the Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea) chicks after thermal emancipation. We did not find any significant effect of our disturbance protocol on the morphology (body size, body mass, body condition), the physiology (breath rate, stress-induced corticosterone levels) and the behaviour (defense behaviour) of developing Snow Petrels. This specific disturbance protocol did not have any significant effect on chick survival, but there was a non-significant trend towards a lower survival for the disturbed group (p = 0.1006), which showed an especially high mortality during a period of repeated snow storms. To conclude, investigator disturbance seems to have little effect on Snow Petrel chicks after thermal emancipation, but to remain cautious, we recommend to avoid capture and handling of Snow Petrel chicks during or soon after inclement weather.
Programme: 109
|
|
|
|
Stefano Santini, Michele Dragoni. (2020). Moment rate of the 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake (Vol. 298).
Abstract: The 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake (Mw 7.9) occurred in a region of the Pacific plate southwest of the Alaskan subduction zone. The earthquake was a strike-slip event, with the hypocenter located at a depth of about 25 km and a seismic moment equal to 0.96 × 1021 Nm. Two observed moment rates have been obtained by the Geoscope Observatory, France, and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Both of them can be interpreted as due to the failure of two asperities on the fault surface. We consider a discrete fault model, with two asperities of different areas and strengths, and show that the observed moment rates can be reproduced by appropriate values of the model parameters, as inferred from the available data. A good fit to the observed moment rates is obtained by a sequence of three dynamic modes of the system, including a phase of simultaneous slip of the asperities. The two moment rates are however characterized by different initial conditions, in terms of different initial shear stress distributions on the fault. Shear stresses on the asperities are calculated as functions of time during the event and show a similar evolution in the two cases, but with different final values. The model results show that the presence of simultaneous asperity motion can significantly increase the seismic moment of a large earthquake.
Keywords: Asperity models Fault mechanics Nonlinear dynamical systems Seismic moment rates Theoretical seismology
Programme: 133
|
|
|
|
Stéphanie Jenouvrier, Marika Holland, David Iles, Sara Labrousse, Laura Landrum, Jimmy Garnier, Hal Caswell, Henri Weimerskirch, Michelle LaRue, Rubao Ji, Christophe Barbraud. (2020). The Paris Agreement objectives will likely halt future declines of emperor penguins (Vol. 26).
Abstract: The Paris Agreement is a multinational initiative to combat climate change by keeping a global temperature increase in this century to 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Until recently, ensembles of coupled climate simulations producing temporal dynamics of climate en route to stable global mean temperature at 1.5 and 2°C above preindustrial levels were not available. Hence, the few studies that have assessed the ecological impact of the Paris Agreement used ad-hoc approaches. The development of new specific mitigation climate simulations now provides an unprecedented opportunity to inform ecological impact assessments. Here we project the dynamics of all known emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colonies under new climate change scenarios meeting the Paris Agreement objectives using a climate-dependent-metapopulation model. Our model includes various dispersal behaviors so that penguins could modulate climate effects through movement and habitat selection. Under business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions, we show that 80% of the colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100, thus the total abundance of emperor penguins is projected to decline by at least 81% relative to its initial size, regardless of dispersal abilities. In contrast, if the Paris Agreement objectives are met, viable emperor penguin refuges will exist in Antarctica, and only 19% and 31% colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100 under the Paris 1.5 and 2 climate scenarios respectively. As a result, the global population is projected to decline by at least by 31% under Paris 1.5 and 44% under Paris 2. However, population growth rates stabilize in 2060 such that the global population will be only declining at 0.07% under Paris 1.5 and 0.34% under Paris 2, thereby halting the global population decline. Hence, global climate policy has a larger capacity to safeguard the future of emperor penguins than their intrinsic dispersal abilities.
Keywords: Antarctica climate change mitigation dispersion emission reduction pledges seabirds
Programme: 109
|
|
|
|
Stephanie M. Harris, Sébastien Descamps, Lynne U. Sneddon, Philip Bertrand, Olivier Chastel, Samantha C. Patrick. (2020). Personality predicts foraging site fidelity and trip repeatability in a marine predator (Vol. 89).
Abstract: Animal populations are often comprised of both foraging specialists and generalists. For instance, some individuals show higher foraging site fidelity (spatial specialization) than others. Such individual differences in degree of specialization can persist over time-scales of months or even years in long-lived animals, but the mechanisms leading to these different individual strategies are not fully understood. There is accumulating evidence that individual variation in foraging behaviour is shaped by animal personality traits, such as boldness. Despite this, the potential for boldness to drive differences in the degree of specialization is unknown. In this study, we used novel object tests to measure boldness in black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) breeding at four colonies in Svalbard and deployed GPS loggers to examine their at-sea foraging behaviour. We estimated the repeatability of foraging trips and used a hidden Markov model to identify locations of foraging sites in order to quantify individual foraging site fidelity. Across the breeding season, bolder birds were more repeatable than shy individuals in the distance and range of their foraging trips, and during the incubation period (but not chick rearing), bolder individuals were more site-faithful. Birds exhibited these differences while showing high spatial similarity in foraging areas, indicating that site selection was not driven by personality-dependent spatial partitioning. We instead suggest that a relationship between boldness and site fidelity may be driven by differences in behavioural flexibility between bold and shy individuals. Together, these results provide a potential mechanism by which widely reported individual differences in foraging specialization may emerge.
Keywords: biologging boldness foraging niche width foraging specialization marine vertebrate movement ecology personality site fidelity
Programme: 330
|
|
|
|
Steven Compernolle, Tijl Verhoelst, Gaia Pinardi, José Granville, Daan Hubert, Arno Keppens, Sander Niemeijer, Bruno Rino, Alkis Bais, Steffen Beirle, Folkert Boersma, John P. Burrows, Isabelle De Smedt, Henk Eskes, Florence Goutail, François Hendrick, Alba Lorente, Andrea Pazmino, Ankie Piters, Enno Peters, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, Julia Remmers, Andreas Richter, Jos van Geffen, Michel Van Roozendael, Thomas Wagner, Jean-Christopher Lambert. (2020). Validation of Aura-OMI QA4ECV NO2 climate data records with ground-based DOAS networks: the role of measurement and comparison uncertainties (Vol. 20).
Abstract: The Qa4ecv (Quality Assurance For Essential Climate Variables) Version 1.1 Stratospheric And Tropospheric No2 Vertical Column Density (Vcd) Climate Data Records (Cdrs) From The Omi (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) Satellite Sensor Are Validated Using Ndacc (Network For The Detection Of Atmospheric Composition Change) Zenith-scattered Light Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Zsl-doas) And Multi-axis Doas (Max-doas) Data As A Reference. The Qa4ecv Omi Stratospheric Vcds Have A Small Bias Of ∼0.2 Pmolec.cm-2 (5 %–10 %) And A Dispersion Of 0.2 To 1 Pmolec.cm-2 With Respect To The Zsl-doas Measurements. Qa4ecv Tropospheric Vcd Observations From Omi Are Restricted To Near-cloud-free Scenes, Leading To A Negative Sampling Bias (With Respect To The Unrestricted Scene Ensemble) Of A Few Peta Molecules Per Square Centimetre (Pmolec.cm-2) Up To −10 Pmolec.cm-2 (−40 %) In One Extreme High-pollution Case. The Qa4ecv Omi Tropospheric Vcd Has A Negative Bias With Respect To The Max-doas Data (−1 To −4 Pmolec.cm-2), Which Is A Feature Also Found For The Omi Omno2 Standard Data Product. The Tropospheric Vcd Discrepancies Between Satellite Measurements And Ground-based Data Greatly Exceed The Combined Measurement Uncertainties. Depending On The Site, Part Of The Discrepancy Can Be Attributed To A Combination Of Comparison Errors (Notably Horizontal Smoothing Difference Error), Measurement/retrieval Errors Related To Clouds And Aerosols, And The Difference In Vertical Smoothing And A Priori Profile Assumptions.
Programme: 209
|
|
|
|
Sylvie Duchesne, R Bravina, V POPOV, S Kolodeznikov, P Gérard, V Myglan, Ch Hochstrasser-Petit, L Romanova, M Petit, N Kirianov, A Alexeev, L Alekseeva, A Riberon, E Crubézy. (2020). Frozen graves of Yakutia, a chronological sequence (Vol. 4).
Abstract: Distribution, cultural and chronological attribution of frozen graves of Yakutia between the beginning of 17th and end of 19th century. The funerary rites and the artefacts allow to differentiate four chrono-cultural periods (before 1700 AD, from 1700 to 1750 AD, from 1750 to 1800 AD and after 1800 AD) which could be associated with historical events: opening of the trading post of Nertchinsk, expansion of the Kangalasky clan, economic collapse, generalization of Christianization.
Keywords: artefacts Christianization chronology funeral practices modern period soil burial Yakutia Yakuts
Programme: 1038
|
|
