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Author |
Erwan Piot, Baptiste Picard, Jérôme Badaut, Caroline Gilbert, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
Diving behaviour of southern elephant seals: new models of behavioural and ecophysiological adjustments of oxygen store management |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental biology |
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Volume |
226 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
jeb245157 |
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Abstract |
Among pinnipeds, southern elephant seals (SESs, Mirounga leonina) are extreme divers that dive deeply and continuously along foraging trips to restore their body stores after fasting on land during breeding or moulting. Their replenishment of body stores influences their energy expenditure during dives and their oxygen (O2) reserves (via muscular mass), yet how they manage their O2 stores during their dives is not fully understood. In this study, 63 female SESs from Kerguelen Island were equipped with accelerometers and time–depth recorders to investigate changes in diving parameters through their foraging trips. Two categories of dive behaviour were identified and related to the body size of individuals, with smaller SESs performing shallower and shorter dives requiring greater mean stroke amplitude compared with larger individuals. In relation to body size, the larger seals had lower estimated oxygen consumption levels for a given buoyancy (i.e. body density) compared with smaller individuals. However, both groups were estimated to have the same oxygen consumption of 0.079±0.001 ml O2 stroke−1 kg−1 for a given dive duration and at neutral buoyancy when the cost of transport was minimal. Based on these relationships, we built two models that estimate changes in oxygen consumption according to dive duration and body density. The study highlights that replenishing body stores improves SES foraging efficiency, as indicated by increased time spent at the bottom of the ocean. Thus, prey–capture attempts increase as SES buoyancy approaches the neutral buoyancy point. |
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0022-0949 |
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8775 |
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Clive R. McMahon, Mark A. Hindell, Jean Benoit Charrassin, Richard Coleman, Christophe Guinet, Robert Harcourt, Sara Labrousse, Benjemin Raymond, Michael Sumner, Natalia Ribeiro |
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Title |
Southern Ocean pinnipeds provide bathymetric insights on the East Antarctic continental shelf |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Communications Earth & Environment |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-10 |
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Keywords |
Environmental sciences Ocean sciences |
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Abstract |
Poor coverage of the Antarctic continental shelf bathymetry impedes understanding the oceanographic processes affecting Antarctica’s role in global climate. Continental shelf bathymetry influences warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water movement onto the shelf, making it an important factor promoting ice shelf melting and influencing the flow of ice shelves into the ocean. Building on previous work using seal dives to redefine bathymetry, our longitudinal study of ocean physics and animal behaviour provided new depth information from over 500,000 individual seal dives on the East Antarctic continental shelf. About 25% of these seal dives were 220 m (sometimes over 1000 m) deeper than the interpolated seafloor from IBCSO V2. Focusing on four well-sampled regions, we show that the bathymetry of 22% to 60% of the sampled area was improved by incorporating seal dive data. This revealed new bathymetric features, including troughs off the Shackleton Ice Shelf and Underwood Glacier and a deep canyon near the Vanderford Glacier. This deep canyon, the Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon, was confirmed by a recent multi-beam echo sounder survey. Further acquisitions of seal data will improve our understanding and modelling of Antarctic coastal ocean processes and ice-sheet dynamics. |
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2662-4435 |
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8774 |
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Loïc Le Ster, Hervé Claustre, Francesco d’Ovidio, David Nerini, Baptiste Picard, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
Improved accuracy and spatial resolution for bio-logging-derived chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements in the Southern Ocean |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Volume |
10 |
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bio-logging tag chla fluorescence Sensor calibration Southern elephant seal Southern Ocean Submesoscale |
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The ocean’s meso- and submeso-scales (1-100 km, days to weeks) host features like filaments and eddies that have a key structuring effect on phytoplankton distribution, but that due to their ephemeral nature, are challenging to observe. This problem is exacerbated in regions with heavy cloud coverage and/or difficult access like the Southern Ocean, where observations of phytoplankton distribution by satellite are sparse, manned campaigns costly, and automated devices limited by power consumption. Here, we address this issue by considering high-resolution in-situ data from 18 bio-logging devices deployed on southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in the Kerguelen Islands between 2018 and 2020. These devices have submesoscale-resolving capabilities of light profiles due to the high spatio-temporal frequency of the animals’ dives (on average 1.1 +-0.6 km between consecutive dives, up to 60 dives per day), but observations of fluorescence are much coarser due to power constraints. Furthermore, the chlorophyll a concentrations derived from the (uncalibrated) bio-logging devices’ fluorescence sensors lack a common benchmark to properly qualify the data and allow comparisons of observations. By proposing a method based on functional data analysis, we show that a reliable predictor of chlorophyll a concentration can be constructed from light profiles (14 686 in our study). The combined use of light profiles and matchups with satellite ocean-color data enable effective (1) homogenization then calibration of the bio-logging devices’ fluorescence data and (2) filling of the spatial gaps in coarse-grained fluorescence sampling. The developed method improves the spatial resolution of the chlorophyll a field description from ~30 km to ~12 km. These results open the way to empirical study of the coupling between physical forcing and biological response at submesoscale in the Southern Ocean, especially useful in the context of upcoming high-resolution ocean-circulation satellite missions. |
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2296-7745 |
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8770 |
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Coline Marciau, David Costantini, Sophie Bestley, Olivia Hicks, Mark A. Hindell, Akiko Kato, Thierry Raclot, Cécile Ribout, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Frederic Angelier |
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Title |
Environmental Drivers of Growth and Oxidative Status during Early Life in a Long-Lived Antarctic Seabird, the Adélie Penguin |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Physiological and biochemical zoology: PBZ |
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Volume |
96 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
177-191 |
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Keywords |
Adélie penguin Animals Antarctic Regions brood competition brood size early life hatching order oxidative stress Oxidative Stress protein carbonyls reactive oxygen metabolites Spheniscidae |
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AbstractIn vertebrates, developmental conditions can have long-term effects on individual performance. It is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress could be one physiological mechanism connecting early-life experience to adult phenotype. Accordingly, markers of oxidative status could be useful for assessing the developmental constraints encountered by offspring. Although some studies have demonstrated that developmental constraints are associated with high levels of oxidative stress in offspring, it remains unclear how growth, parental behavior, and brood competition may altogether affect oxidative stress in long-lived species in the wild. Here, we investigated this question in a long-lived Antarctic bird species by testing the impact of brood competition (e.g., brood size and hatching order) on body mass and on two markers of oxidative damage in Adélie penguin chicks. We also examined the influence of parental effort (i.e., foraging trip duration) and parental body condition on chick body mass and oxidative damage. First, we found that brood competition and parental traits had significant impacts on chick body mass. Second, we found that chick age and, to a lesser extent, chick body mass were two strong determinants of the levels of oxidative damage in Adélie penguin chicks. Finally, and importantly, we also found that brood competition significantly increased the levels of one marker of oxidative damage and was associated with a lower survival probability. However, parental effort and parental condition were not significantly linked to chick levels of oxidative damage. Overall, our study demonstrates that sibling competition can generate an oxidative cost even for this long-lived Antarctic species with a limited brood size (maximum of two chicks). |
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1091 |
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1537-5293 |
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8766 |
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Coline Marciau, Thierry Raclot, Sophie Bestley, Christophe Barbraud, Karine Delord, Mark Andrew Hindell, Akiko Kato, Charline Parenteau, Timothée Poupart, Cécile Ribout, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Frédéric Angelier |
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Title |
Body condition and corticosterone stress response, as markers to investigate effects of human activities on Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) |
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2023 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
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11 |
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Antarctica basal corticosterone disturbance Human activity Pygoscelis adeliae seabird stress response stress-induced corticosterone |
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In Antarctica, there is growing concern about the potential effect of anthropogenic activities (i.e., tourism, research) on wildlife, especially since human activities are developing at an unprecedented rate. Although guidelines exist to mitigate negative impacts, fundamental data are currently lacking to reliably assess impacts. Physiological tools, such as circulating corticosterone levels, appear promising to assess the potential impact of human disturbance on Antarctic vertebrates. In this study, we compared the body condition, and the physiological sensitivity to stress (i.e., basal and stress-induced corticosterone level) of adult and chick Adélie penguins between a disturbed and an undisturbed area (i.e., 2 colonies located in the middle of a research station exposed to intense human activities and 2 colonies located on protected islands with minimal human disturbance). We did not find any significant impact of human activities on body condition and corticosterone levels in adults (incubating adults, brooding adults). In chicks, there were significant inter-colony variations in stress-induced corticosterone levels. Specifically, the chicks from the disturbed colonies tended to have higher stress-induced corticosterone levels than the chicks from the protected areas although this difference between areas was not significant. Overall, our study suggests that this species is not dramatically impacted by human activities, at least when humans and penguins have cohabited for several decades. Our results support therefore the idea that this species is likely to be tolerant to human disturbance and this corroborates with the persistence of Adélie penguin colonies in the middle of the research station. However, our results also suggest that chicks might be more sensitive to human disturbance than adults and might therefore potentially suffer from human disturbance. In addition, and independently of human disturbance we also found significant differences in adult body condition, and chick corticosterone level between colonies, suggesting that other individual and environmental variables outweigh the potential minor impact of human disturbance on these variables. Combining corticosterone with complementary stress-related physiological markers, such as heart rate, may strengthen further studies examining whether human disturbance may have subtle detrimental impacts on individuals. |
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1091 |
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2296-701X |
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8762 |
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Author |
Olivia Hicks, Akiko Kato, Danuta M. Wisniewska, Coline Marciau, Frédéric Angelier, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Arne Hegemann |
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Title |
Holding time has limited impact on constitutive innate immune function in a long-lived Antarctic seabird, the Adélie penguin: implications for field studies |
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2023 |
Publication |
Biology Open |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
bio059512 |
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Animals Antarctic Antarctic Regions Ecoimmunology Field study Immunity Spheniscidae Stress |
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There is great interest in measuring immune function in wild animals. Yet, field conditions often have methodological challenges related to handling stress, which can alter physiology. Despite general consensus that immune function is influenced by handling stress, previous studies have provided equivocal results. Furthermore, few studies have focused on long-lived species, which may have different stress-immune trade-offs compared to short-lived species that have primarily been tested. Here, we investigate whether capture and handling duration impacts innate immune function in a long-lived seabird, the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). We found no evidence for changes in three commonly used parameters of innate immune function upon holding time of up to 2 h, suggesting that immune function in this species is more robust against handling than in other species. This opens up exciting possibilities for measuring immune function in species with similar life-histories even if samples cannot be taken directly after capture. |
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1091 |
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2046-6390 |
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yes |
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8761 |
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Author |
Vaissière Marie |
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Title |
Invasions biologiques : de quelle manière les phénomènes de tris spatiaux modulent-ils la diversité fonctionnelle des individus le long d’un gradient d’invasion ? |
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Master 1 |
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2023 |
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Rapport de stage de master 1 imabee, univ rennes |
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136 |
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yes |
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8755 |
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Author |
Manzo Emilie |
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Title |
Caractérisation des changements morphologiques des populations de Merizodus soledadinus (Coleoptera) suite à la colonisation de nouveaux habitats dans les îles Kerguelen |
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Master 1 |
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2023 |
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Rapport de stage de master 1 imabee, univ rennes |
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136 |
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yes |
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8754 |
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Efflam Sterenn |
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Capacités de récupération d’une mouche native des régions polaires, Anatalanta aptera, après une exposition à des pics de chaleur |
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Master 1 |
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2023 |
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Rapport de stage de master 1 imabee, univ rennes |
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136 |
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8753 |
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Guillaume Hubert, Philippe Ricaud, Vincent Favier, Jonathan Wille |
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Title |
Impact of the atmospheric river occurring in March 2022 on east Antarctica on Cosmic-Rays measurements |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2023 |
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Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2023) |
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The primary cosmic rays (CRs) interact with atmospheric atoms, producing secondary CRs (neutron, proton, muon etc.). Meteorological conditions influence the secondary CRs properties, such as the atmospheric pressure and the hydrometric properties (snowfall, the atmospheric water vapor and liquid water, the soil moisture). The CHINSTRAP project aims at recording CR induced-neutron spectra at Concordia Antarctic station, over a wide energy range from meV up to tens of GeV with a short time resolution. At the same time, a radiometer records continuously the water vapor contents and temperatures profiles (HAMSTRAD project). In March 2022, an atmospheric river (AR) caused some of the highest temperature anomalies ever observed over Antarctica (absolute temperature record of -9.4 °C on March 18th at Concordia). The ARs transport large amounts of moisture from the mid- to high-latitudes, modifying considerably usual dry conditions observed at Concordia. This AR event attenuated CRs measurements at Concordia, something previously never observed. A first analysis shows a correlation between the CR induced neutron flux decreases (in the order of 15%) and the increases of the integrated water vapor and liquid water path (IWV and LWP, respectively). This work demonstrates the importance of CRs attenuation during particle transport mechanisms in a highly saturated atmosphere. |
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1112 |
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8752 |
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