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Author |
Eleonora Fossile |
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Title |
Ice-related environmental changes in Arctic fjords : new insights from benthic foraminifera |
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Thesis |
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Year  |
2022 |
Publication |
Université d'Angers. Directrice de thèse : Hélène Howa. Co-directrice : Meryem Mojtahid. |
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Pages |
310 p |
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Keywords |
550 Bioindicateurs Bioindicators Glace de mer Glacier côtier Indicateurs biologiques Polynie Polynya Proxy Sea ice Svalbard Tidewater glacier |
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Abstract |
Le changement climatique menace les régions polaires avec des conséquences majeures sur la dynamique des glaces et les écosystèmes associés. Les simulations de fonte glaciaire reposent sur des reconstitutions paléo environnementales, qui complètent les mesures directes sur la période actuelle pour réduire l'incertitude des prévisions. Des proxies basés sur l’écologie des foraminifères benthiques (FB) sont développés dans cette thèse pour suivre la dynamique des glaces de mer et le retrait des glaciers côtiers. Dans le Storfjorden, les FB montrent une réponse aux eaux enrichies en CO2 (saumures) libérées pendant les processus de formation de glace de mer. Le rapport entre les FB agglutinés et calcaires (A/C) est proposé comme proxy de la persistance sur les fonds de ces saumures qui provoquent la dissolution des tests calcaires des FB. Bien que le signal A/C soit affecté par des processus taphonomiques, il permet de souligner les différences entre les zones affectées par la persistance de saumures et celles sous influence intermittente. Dans le Kongsfjorden, des gradients environnementaux abrupts (e.g., salinité, turbidité de l'eau, flux organiques) sont provoqués par la dynamique des glaciers côtiers. En été, différents assemblages de FB s’installent en fonction de l’éloignement au front du glacier, avec une augmentation vers le large de la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle. Un indicateur combinant plusieurs mesures de diversité a été proposé comme proxy du recul des glaciers côtiers, et son efficacité a été testée sur une archive sédimentaire des 60 dernières années. Les deux proxies proposés ici sont donc applicables dans tout environnement arctique similaire. |
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1223 |
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yes |
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8721 |
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Eleonora Fossile, Maria Pia Nardelli, Hélène Howa, Agnès Baltzer, Yohann Poprawski, Ilaria Baneschi, Marco Doveri, Meryem Mojtahid |
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Title |
Influence of modern environmental gradients on foraminiferal faunas in the inner Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Marine Micropaleontology |
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Volume |
173 |
Issue |
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Pages |
102117 |
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Keywords |
Arctic Benthic foraminifera Bioindicators Fjord hydrology Tidewater glacier |
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Abstract |
Kongsfjorden (Svalbard archipelago) is subjected to strong environmental gradients creating high physical and geochemical stress on benthic faunas. The present study aims at understanding the environmental drivers governing benthic foraminifera in the innermost part of the fjord. Surface sediments from 9 stations were sampled during August 2018 along a transect starting at ca. 2 km from the tidewater glacier Kronebreen and ending 12 km seaward. Three biozones were identified in response to disturbances linked to the proximity of the Kronebreen front (i.e., high water turbidity, freshwater, and sediment inputs, reduced organic fluxes). Close to the terminus (proximal biozone), few stress-tolerant and glacier proximal species were present (i.e., Capsammina bowmanni and Cassidulina reniforme). At about 6–8 km from the front (medial biozone), reduced turbidity, and increased organic fluxes, resulted in a higher diversity, and a high abundance of the phytodetritus-indicator Nonionellina labradorica. Relatively high diversity persisted until 12 km from the front due to higher organic inputs and reduced stressful conditions. The distal biozone was dominated by the Atlantic Water (AW) indicator Adercotryma glomeratum, in coherence with the presence of warm and salty AW detected far inside the fjord. Physical stress related to the glacier dynamics appears to favour the establishment of opportunistic species close to the terminus, whereas reduced disturbance away from the glacier induces the establishment of diverse assemblages. Our results show that benthic foraminifera may be effective bioindicators to monitor the long-term retreat of tidewater glaciers induced by climate change in Kongsfjorden. |
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1223 |
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0377-8398 |
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yes |
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8575 |
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Author |
Elisa Floch |
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Title |
Catalogage de métadonnées polaires |
Type |
Master 1 |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Rapport de stage de master 1, université de rennes 1 (encadrement : d. renault, r. georges) |
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136 |
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yes |
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8497 |
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Emeline Charbonnel, Claire Daguin-Thiébaut, Lucille Caradec, Eléonore Moittié, Olivier Gilg, Maria V. Gavrilo, Hallvard Strøm, Mark L. Mallory, R. I. Guy Morrison, H. Grant Gilchrist, Raphael Leblois, Camille Roux, Jonathan M. Yearsley, Glenn Yannic, Thomas Broquet |
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Title |
Searching for genetic evidence of demographic decline in an arctic seabird: beware of overlapping generations |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
128 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
364-376 |
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Keywords |
Conservation biology Population genetics |
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Abstract |
Genetic data are useful for detecting sudden population declines in species that are difficult to study in the field. Yet this indirect approach has its own drawbacks, including population structure, mutation patterns, and generation overlap. The ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea), a long-lived Arctic seabird, is currently suffering from rapid alteration of its primary habitat (i.e., sea ice), and dramatic climatic events affecting reproduction and recruitment. However, ivory gulls live in remote areas, and it is difficult to assess the population trend of the species across its distribution. Here we present complementary microsatellite- and SNP-based genetic analyses to test a recent bottleneck genetic signal in ivory gulls over a large portion of their distribution. With attention to the potential effects of population structure, mutation patterns, and sample size, we found no significant signatures of population decline worldwide. At a finer scale, we found a significant bottleneck signal at one location in Canada. These results were compared with predictions from simulations showing how generation time and generation overlap can delay and reduce the bottleneck microsatellite heterozygosity excess signal. The consistency of the results obtained with independent methods strongly indicates that the species shows no genetic evidence of an overall decline in population size. However, drawing conclusions related to the species’ population trends will require a better understanding of the effect of age structure in long-lived species. In addition, estimates of the effective global population size of ivory gulls were surprisingly low (~1000 ind.), suggesting that the evolutionary potential of the species is not assured. |
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1210 |
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1365-2540 |
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yes |
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8403 |
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Author |
Émile Brisson-Curadeau, Kyle Elliott, Charles-André Bost |
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Title |
Contrasting bottom-up effects of warming ocean on two king penguin populations |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
998-1008 |
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Keywords |
breeding success climate change king penguin marine ecosystem ocean temperature Southern Ocean |
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Abstract |
Breeding success is often correlated with climate, but the underlying bottom-up mechanisms remain elusive—particularly in marine environments. Consequently, conservation plans of many species often consider climate change as a unilateral threat, ignoring that even nearby populations can show contradicting trends with climate. Better understanding the relationship between climate and environment at different scales can help us interpret local differences in population trends, ultimately providing better tools to evaluate the global response of a species to threats such as global warming. We studied a growing king penguin population nesting at Kerguelen island (Southern Indian Ocean), hosting one of the largest colonies in the world. We used a unique dataset of foraging, breeding success, and climate data spanning over 25 years to examine the links between climate, marine environment, and breeding success at this colony. The results were then compared to the neighboring population of Crozet, which experienced the steepest decline for this species over the past few decades. At Crozet, penguins experienced lower breeding success in warmer years due to productive currents shifting away from the colony, affecting foraging behavior during chick rearing. At Kerguelen, while chick mass and survival experienced extreme variation from year to year, the annual variation was not associated with the position of the currents, which varied very little compared to the situation in Crozet. Rather than being affected by prey distribution shifts, we found evidence that chick provisioning in Kerguelen might be influenced by prey abundance, which seem to rather increase in warmer conditions. Furthermore, warmer air temperature in winter increased chick survival rate, likely due to reduced thermoregulation cost. Investigating the mechanisms between climate and fitness allowed us to predict two different fates for these populations regarding ongoing global warming. |
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394 |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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8566 |
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Author |
Eric Ste-Marie, David Grémillet, Jérôme Fort, Allison Patterson, Émile Brisson-Curadeau, Manon Clairbaux, Samuel Perret, John R. Speakman, Kyle H. Elliott |
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Title |
Accelerating animal energetics: high dive costs in a small seabird disrupt the dynamic body acceleration–energy expenditure relationship |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Biology |
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Volume |
225 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
jeb243252 |
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Abstract |
Accelerometry has been widely used to estimate energy expenditure in a broad array of terrestrial and aquatic species. However, a recent reappraisal of the method showed that relationships between dynamic body acceleration (DBA) and energy expenditure weaken as the proportion of non-mechanical costs increases. Aquatic air breathing species often exemplify this pattern, as buoyancy, thermoregulation and other physiological mechanisms disproportionately affect oxygen consumption during dives. Combining biologging with the doubly labelled water method, we simultaneously recorded daily energy expenditure (DEE) and triaxial acceleration in one of the world's smallest wing-propelled breath-hold divers, the dovekie (Alle alle). These data were used to estimate the activity-specific costs of flying and diving and to test whether overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) is a reliable predictor of DEE in this abundant seabird. Average DEE for chick-rearing dovekies was 604±119 kJ day−1 across both sampling years. Despite recording lower stroke frequencies for diving than for flying (in line with allometric predictions for auks), dive costs were estimated to surpass flight costs in our sample of birds (flying: 7.24× basal metabolic rate, BMR; diving: 9.37× BMR). As expected, ODBA was not an effective predictor of DEE in this species. However, accelerometer-derived time budgets did accurately estimate DEE in dovekies. This work represents an empirical example of how the apparent energetic costs of buoyancy and thermoregulation limit the effectiveness of ODBA as the sole predictor of overall energy expenditure in small shallow-diving endotherms. |
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388 |
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0022-0949 |
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yes |
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8320 |
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Erica M. Lucas, Andrew A. Nyblade, Natalie J. Accardo, Andrew J. Lloyd, Douglas A. Wiens, Richard C. Aster, Terry J. Wilson, Ian W. Dalziel, Graham W. Stuart, John Paul O’Donnell, J. Paul Winberry, Audrey D. Huerta |
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Title |
Shear Wave Splitting Across Antarctica: Implications for Upper Mantle Seismic Anisotropy |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |
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Volume |
127 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
e2021JB023325 |
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Keywords |
anisotropy Antarctica shear wave splitting upper mantle |
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We examine upper mantle anisotropy across the Antarctic continent using 102 new shear wave splitting measurements obtained from teleseismic SKS, SKKS, and PKS phases combined with 107 previously published results. For the new measurements, an eigenvalue technique is used to estimate the fast polarization direction and delay time for each phase arrival, and high-quality measurements are stacked to determine the best-fit splitting parameters at each seismic station. The ensemble of splitting measurements shows largely NE-SW-oriented fast polarization directions across Antarctica, with a broadly clockwise rotation in polarization directions evident moving from west to east across the continent. Although the first-order pattern of NE-SW-oriented polarization directions is suggestive of a single plate-wide source of anisotropy, we argue the observed pattern of anisotropy more likely arises from regionally variable contributions of both lithospheric and sub-lithospheric mantle sources. Anisotropy observed in the interior of East Antarctica, a region underlain by thick lithosphere, can be attributed to relict fabrics associated with Precambrian tectonism. In contrast, anisotropy observed in coastal East Antarctica, the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), and across much of West Antarctica likely reflects both lithospheric and sub-lithospheric mantle fabrics. While sub-lithospheric mantle fabrics are best associated with either plate motion-induced asthenospheric flow or small-scale convection, lithospheric mantle fabrics in coastal East Antarctica, the TAM, and West Antarctica generally reflect Jurassic—Cenozoic tectonic activity. |
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133 |
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2169-9356 |
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yes |
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8322 |
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Estelle Cateau, Antoine Leclerc, Noémie Cartier, Isabel Valsecchi, Éric Bailly, Ronan Le Senechal, Margaux Becerra, Brice Le Gallou, Rose-Anne Lavergne, Adélaïde Chesnay, Jean-Patrice Robin, Carolyn Cray, Nicolas Goddard, Milan Thorel, Jacques Guillot, Baptiste Mulot, Guillaume Desoubeaux |
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Title |
Aspergillosis in a colony of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) under managed care: a clinical and environmental investigation in a French zoological park |
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Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Medical Mycology |
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Volume |
60 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
myac046 |
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Abstract |
Aspergillosis is pervasive in bird populations, especially those under human care. Its management can be critically impacted by exposure to high levels of conidia and by resistance to azole drugs. The fungal contamination in the environment of a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) group, housed in a French zoological park next to numerous large crop fields, was assessed through three serial sessions of surface sampling in nests, in 2018–20: all isolates were counted and characterized by sequencing. When identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, they were systematically screened for resistance mutations in the cyp51A gene and tested for minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determination. At the same time, the clinical incidence of aspergillosis was evaluated in the penguin population by the means of systematic necropsy and mycological investigations. A microsatellite-based analysis tracked the circulation of A. fumigatus strains. Environmental investigations highlighted the substantial increase of the fungal load during the summer season (>12-fold vs. the other timepoints) and a large overrepresentation of species belonging to the Aspergillus section Fumigati, ranging from 22.7 to 94.6% relative prevalence. Only one cryptic species was detected (A. nishimurae), and one isolate exhibited G138S resistance mutation with elevated MICs. The overall incidence of aspergillosis was measured at ∼3.4% case-years, and mostly in juveniles. The analysis of microsatellite polymorphism revealed a high level of genetic diversity among A. fumigatus clinical isolates. In contrast, one environmental strain appeared largely overrepresented during the summer sampling session. In all, the rural location of the zoo did not influence the emergence of resistant strains.- The incidence of aspergillosis in the penguin population of a French zoo was found elevated, mostly in juveniles.- The fungal contamination was high in the surrounding environment, especially at the end of summer.- Globally, a great level of genetic diversity was observed, except for one clonal strain. |
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119 |
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1460-2709 |
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yes |
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8310 |
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Étienne Vignon, Lea Raillard, Christophe Genthon, Massimo Del Guasta, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, Alexis Berne |
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Title |
Ice fog observed at cirrus temperatures at Dome C, Antarctic Plateau |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
19 |
Pages |
12857-12872 |
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Abstract |
As the near-surface atmosphere over the Antarctic Plateau is cold and pristine, its physico-chemical conditions resemble to a certain extent those of the high troposphere where cirrus clouds form. In this paper, we carry out an observational analysis of two shallow fog clouds forming in situ at cirrus temperatures – that is, temperatures lower than 235 K – at Dome C, inner Antarctic Plateau. The combination of lidar profiles with temperature and humidity measurements from advanced thermo-hygrometers along a 45 m mast makes it possible to characterise the formation and development of the fog. High supersaturations with respect to ice are observed before the initiation of fog, and the values attained suggest that the nucleation process at play is the homogeneous freezing of solution aerosol droplets. This is the first time that in situ observations show that this nucleation pathway can be at the origin of an ice fog. Once nucleation occurs, the relative humidity gradually decreases down to subsaturated values with respect to ice in a few hours, owing to vapour deposition onto ice crystals and turbulent mixing. The development of fog is tightly coupled with the dynamics of the boundary layer which, in the first study case, experiences a weak diurnal cycle, while in the second case, it transits from a very stable to a weakly stable dynamical regime. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of the site of Dome C for carrying out observational studies of very cold cloud microphysical processes in natural conditions and using in situ ground-based instruments. |
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1013 |
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1680-7316 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8769 |
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Federica Pirri, Lino Ometto, Silvia Fuselli, Flávia A. N. Fernandes, Lorena Ancona, Nunzio Perta, Daniele Di Marino, Céline Le Bohec, Lorenzo Zane, Emiliano Trucchi |
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Title |
Selection-driven adaptation to the extreme Antarctic environment in the Emperor penguin |
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Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
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Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
129 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
317-326 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological Animals Antarctic Regions Genome Phylogeny Spheniscidae |
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Abstract |
The eco-evolutionary history of penguins is characterised by shifting from temperate to cold environments. Breeding in Antarctica, the Emperor penguin appears as an extreme outcome of this process, with unique features related to insulation, heat production and energy management. However, whether this species actually diverged from a less cold-adapted ancestor, more ecologically similar to its sister species, the King penguin, is still an open question. As the Antarctic colonisation likely resulted in vast changes in selective pressure experienced by the Emperor penguin, the relative quantification of the genomic signatures of selection, unique to each sister species, could answer this question. Applying phylogeny-based selection tests on 7651 orthologous genes, we identified a more pervasive selection shift in the Emperor penguin than in the King penguin, supporting the hypothesis that its extreme cold adaptation is a derived state. Furthermore, among candidate genes under selection, four (TRPM8, LEPR, CRB1, and SFI1) were identified before in other cold-adapted homeotherms, like the woolly Mammoth, while other 161 genes can be assigned to biological functions relevant to cold adaptation identified in previous studies. Location and structural effects of TRPM8 substitutions in Emperor and King penguin lineages support their functional role with putative divergent effects on thermal adaptation. We conclude that extreme cold adaptation in the Emperor penguin largely involved unique genetic options which, however, affect metabolic and physiological traits common to other cold-adapted homeotherms. |
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8700 |
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