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Author |
Lia Siegelman, Patrice Klein, Pascal Rivière, Andrew F. Thompson, Hector S. Torres, Mar Flexas, Dimitris Menemenlis |
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Title |
Enhanced upward heat transport at deep submesoscale ocean fronts |
Type |
Journal |
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Year  |
2020 |
Publication |
Nature Geoscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
50-55 |
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Keywords |
Physical oceanography |
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Abstract |
The ocean is the largest solar energy collector on Earth. The amount of heat it can store is modulated by its complex circulation, which spans a broad range of spatial scales, from metres to thousands of kilometres. In the classical paradigm, fine oceanic scales, less than 20 km in size, are thought to drive a significant downward heat transport from the surface to the ocean interior, which increases oceanic heat uptake. Here we use a combination of satellite and in situ observations in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to diagnose oceanic vertical heat transport. The results explicitly demonstrate how deep-reaching submesoscale fronts, with a size smaller than 20 km, are generated by mesoscale eddies of size 50–300 km. In contrast to the classical paradigm, these submesoscale fronts are shown to drive an anomalous upward heat transport from the ocean interior back to the surface that is larger than other contributions to vertical heat transport and of comparable magnitude to air–sea fluxes. This effect can remarkably alter the oceanic heat uptake and will be strongest in eddy-rich regions, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Kuroshio Extension and the Gulf Stream, all of which are key players in the climate system. |
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109,1201 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1752-0908 |
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1752-0908 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8264 |
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Author |
Lisa C. Matthes, C. J. Mundy, S. L.-Girard, M. Babin, G. Verin, J. K. Ehn |
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Title |
Spatial Heterogeneity as a Key Variable Influencing Spring-Summer Progression in UVR and PAR Transmission Through Arctic Sea Ice |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
183 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
The transmission of ultraviolet (UVR) and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) through sea ice is a key factor controlling under-ice phytoplankton growth in seasonally ice-covered waters. The increase toward sufficient light levels for positive net photosynthesis occurs concurrently with the sea ice melt progression in late spring when ice surface conditions shift from a relatively homogeneous high-albedo snow cover to a less reflective mosaic of bare ice and melt ponds. Here, we present a detailed dataset on the spatial and temporal progression of transmitted UVR and PAR in relation to changing quantities of snow, sea ice and melt ponds. Data were collected with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the GreenEdge landfast sea ice campaign in June–July 2016 in southwestern Baffin Bay. Over the course of melt progression, there was a 10-fold increase in spatially averaged UVR and PAR transmission through the sea ice cover, reaching a maximum transmission of 31% for PAR, 7% for UVB, and 26% for UVA radiation. The depth under the sea ice experiencing spatial variability in light levels due to the influence of surface heterogeneity in snow, white ice and melt pond distributions increased from 7 ± 4 to 20 ± 6 m over our study. Phytoplankton drifting in under-ice surface waters were thus exposed to variations in PAR availability of up to 43%, highlighting the importance to account for spatial heterogeneity in light transmission through melting sea ice. Consequently, we demonstrate that spatial averages of PAR transmission provided more representative light availability estimates to explain under-ice bloom progression relative to single point irradiance measurements during the sea ice melt season. Encouragingly, the strong dichotomy between white ice and melt pond PAR transmittance and surface albedo permitted a very good estimate of spatially averaged light transmission from drone imagery of the surface and point transmittance measurements beneath different ice surface types. |
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1164 |
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ISSN |
2296-7745 |
ISBN |
2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8114 |
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Author |
Liubomira Romanova, Charles Stépanoff, Norbert Telmon, Eric Crubézy |
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Title |
Health access inequities and magic medicine: the first ancient evidence? |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
The Lancet |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
395 |
Issue |
10233 |
Pages |
1343-1344 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Inequities in access to the latest advances in health care and effective drugs constitute public health problems today,1 but was this also the case in ancient societies when practitioners used traditional medicines with limited means? The excavation of frozen graves in Yakutia (present day eastern Siberia, Russia) dating from 1700 CE2 led to the identification of a woman, buried almost naked, covered with a magnificent robe and with half a horse bit in her mouth (figure). The other half of the horse bit was found in the trunk behind her head with her earrings, bracelets, and signet rings. |
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Programme |
1038 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Publisher |
Elsevier |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
0140-6736, 1474-547X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7666 |
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Author |
Lorène Julia Marchand, Michèle Tarayre, Thomas Dorey, Yann Rantier, Françoise Hennion |
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Title |
Morphological variability of cushion plant Lyallia kerguelensis (Caryophyllales) in relation to environmental conditions and geography in the Kerguelen Islands: implications for cushion necrosis and climate change |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Polar Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-30 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
In recent decades, climate change has been faster in various parts of the world. Within species, to counter rapid climate changes shift of geographical area, individuals’ plastic responses or populations’ genetic adaptation might occur. The sub-Antarctic islands are subject to one of the most rapid climate changes on earth, with already visible impacts on native vegetation. Such might be the case of Lyallia kerguelensis a cushion plant strictly endemic to the Kerguelen Islands. In L. kerguelensis, necrotic parts were observed in cushions these last decades and possibly related to water stress. We analysed morphological variability of L. kerguelensis, including necrosis extent, across 19 populations spanning a wide range of environments across the Kerguelen Islands. Inter-population variations in the cushion surface area, shape and compactness were well explained by topography, degree of wind exposure, slope aspect, proportions of coarse sand and bare soil, and geographical distance between populations. All these variables are related to wind intensity and water availability. Moreover, in cushions with less than 10% necrosis in surface area, necrosis extent was positively correlated to soil sodium. Sodium availability might reduce the plant’s capacity for osmotic adjustment in face of other abiotic stresses, such as water stress. We conclude that cushion morphology may have the capacity to adjust to environmental variation, including aspects of climate change, but that cushion necrosis may be accelerated in the driest and most saline environments. |
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Programme |
1116 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1432-2056 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7793 |
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Author |
Louis Le Toumelin, Charles Amory, Vincent Favier, Christoph Kittel, Stefan Hofer, Xavier Fettweis, Hubert Gallée, Vinay Kayetha |
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Title |
Sensitivity of the surface energy budget to drifting snow as simulated by MAR in coastal Adelie Land, Antarctica |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
The Cryosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
3595-3614 |
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Abstract |
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Programme |
411,1013 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1994-0416 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7946 |
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Author |
Luis R. Pertierra, Nicolás I. Segovia, Daly Noll, Pablo A. Martinez, Patricio Pliscoff, Andrés Barbosa, Pedro Aragón, Andrea Raya Rey, Pierre Pistorius, Phil Trathan, Andrea Polanowski, Francesco Bonadonna, Céline Le Bohec, Ke Bi, Cynthia Y. Wang-Claypool, Daniel González-Acuña, Gisele P. M. Dantas, Rauri C. K. Bowie, Elie Poulin, Juliana A. Vianna |
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Title |
Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Diversity and distributions |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
958-975 |
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Keywords |
diversification ecological niche overlap gentoo penguin subspecies |
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Abstract |
Aim The conservation of biodiversity is hampered by data deficiencies, with many new species and subspecies awaiting description or reclassification. Population genomics and ecological niche modelling offer complementary new tools for uncovering functional units of phylogenetic diversity. We hypothesize that phylogenetically delineated lineages of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) distributed across Antarctica and sub-Antarctic Islands are subject to spatially explicit ecological conditions that have limited gene flow, facilitating genetic differentiation, and thereby speciation processes. Location Antarctica and sub-Antarctic area. Methods We identify divergent lineages for gentoo penguins using ddRAD-seq and mtDNA, and generated species distribution models (SDMs) based on terrestrial and marine parameters. Results Analyses of our genomic data supports the existence of four major lineages of gentoo penguin: (i) spanning the sub-Antarctic archipelagos north of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF); (ii) Kerguelen Island; (iii) South America; and (iv) across maritime Antarctic and the Scotia Arc archipelagos. The APF, a major current system around Antarctica, acts as the most important barrier separating regional sister lineages. Our ecological analyses spanning both the terrestrial (breeding sites) and marine (feeding sites) realms recover limited niche overlap among the major lineages of gentoo penguin. We observe this pattern to correspond more closely with regional differentiation of marine conditions than to terrestrial macroenvironmental features. Main conclusions Recognition of regional genetic lineages as discrete evolutionary entities that occupy distinct ecological niches and also differ morphologically should be considered a priority for conservation. Gentoo penguins provide a good example of how conservation policy can be directly impacted by new insights obtained through the integration of larger genomic datasets with novel approaches to ecological modelling. This is particularly pertinent to polar environments that are among the most rapidly changing environments on earth. |
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Programme |
137,354 |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1472-4642 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7950 |
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Author |
M. Belke-Brea, F. Domine, M. Barrere, G. Picard, L. Arnaud |
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Title |
Impact of Shrubs on Winter Surface Albedo and Snow Specific Surface Area at a Low Arctic Site: In Situ Measurements and Simulations |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
597-609 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Erect shrubs in the Arctic reduce surface albedo when branches protrude above the snow and modify snow properties, in particular specific surface area (SSA). Important consequences are changes in the land surface–atmosphere energy exchange and the increase of snow melting in autumn, possibly inducing reduced soil thermal insulation and in turn permafrost cooling. Near Umiujaq (56.5°N, 76.5°W) in the Canadian low Arctic where dwarf birches (Betula glandulosa) are expanding, spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) under diffuse light and vertical profiles of SSA were measured in November and December 2015 at four sites: three with protruding branches and one with only snow. At the beginning of the snow season (8 November), shrub-induced albedo reductions were found to be wavelength dependent and as high as 55% at 500 nm and 18% at 1000 nm, which, integrated over the measurement range (400–1080 nm), corresponds to 70 W m−2 of additional absorbed energy. The impact of shrubs is not just snow darkening. They also affect snow SSA in multiple ways, by accumulating snow with high SSA during cold windy precipitation and favoring SSA decrease by inducing melting during warm spells. However, the impact on the radiation budget of direct darkening from shrubs likely dominates over the indirect change in SSA. Spectral albedo was simulated with a linear mixing equation (LME), which fitted well with observed spectra. The average root-mean-square error was 0.009. We conclude that LMEs are a suitable tool to parameterize mixed surface albedo in snow and climate models. |
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Programme |
1042 |
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ISSN |
0894-8755, 1520-0442 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7972 |
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Author |
M. Belke-Brea, F. Domine, S. Boudreau, G. Picard, M. Barrere, L. Arnaud, M. Paradis |
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Title |
New Allometric Equations for Arctic Shrubs and Their Application for Calculating the Albedo of Surfaces with Snow and Protruding Branches |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrometeorology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
2581-2594 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Arctic shrubs reduce surface albedo in winter when branches protrude above the snow. To calculate the albedo of those mixed surfaces, the branch area index (BAI) of Arctic shrubs needs to be known. Moreover, an exposed-vegetation function is required to determine the BAI for protruding branches only. This study used a structural analysis of 30 Betula glandulosa shrubs, sampled near Umiujaq, northern Quebec, to (i) establish an allometric relationship between shrub height and BAI and (ii) determine a specific exposed-vegetation function for Arctic shrubs. The spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) of mixed surfaces was then simulated with the equations derived from this study and validated with in situ measured spectra. Shrubs were sampled from two sites, one along the coast and the other in a nearby valley. The shrub height–BAI relationship varied between both sites. BAI values of shrubs growing in the wind-sheltered valley were 30%–50% lower. The exposed-vegetation function obtained here differed from the linear functions found in the literature. The linear functions strongly overestimated the BAI of exposed branches. Albedo was well simulated with an accuracy of 3% when using an allometric relationship adapted to the environmental conditions of our study site. However, simulated albedo values were consistently higher than field measurements, probably because radiation absorbed by impurities and buried branches was neglected in the model. We conclude that specific exposed-vegetation and allometric equations need to be implemented in models to accurately simulate the albedo of mixed snow–shrub surfaces. |
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Programme |
1042 |
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ISSN |
1525-7541, 1525-755X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7970 |
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Author |
M. O. Naumenko-Dèzes, Y. Rolland, G. Lamarque, G. Duclaux, S. Gallet, J. Bascou, R. P. Ménot |
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Title |
Petrochronology of the Terre Adélie Craton (East Antarctica) evidences a long-lasting Proterozoic (1.7–1.5 Ga) tectono-metamorphic evolution — Insights for the connections with the Gawler Craton and Laurentia |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Gondwana Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
81 |
Issue |
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Pages |
21-57 |
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Keywords |
Ar/Ar dating East Antarctica HT metamorphism Mafic magmatism P-T modelling Shear zones |
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Abstract |
The Terre Adélie Craton displays superimposed strain fields related to the Neoarchean (2.6–2.4 Ga, M1) and Paleo-Mesoproterozoic (1.7–1.5 Ga, M2) metamorphic events. M1 is a regional granulite facies event, constrained by P-T modelling at ~0.8–1.0 GPa – 800–850 °C, followed by a decompressional retrogression in the upper amphibolite facies at ~0.6 GPa – 750 °C. M2 Stage 1 P-T peak is constrained at 0.6–0.7 GPa – 670–700 °C, followed by a steep P-T path down to 0.3 GPa – 550 °C. Retrogression after M2 PT peak occurred in a context of dextral shearing along the Mertz Shear Zone along with thrust motions within the eastern Terre Adélie Craton. In this paper, we present a series of 63 new 40Ar/39Ar ages of biotite and amphibole pairs in mafic rocks from a complete traverse of the Terre Adélie Craton. 40Ar/39Ar dating constrains M2 amphibolite facies metamorphism at a regional scale between 1700 and 1650 Ma, during stage 1 peak metamorphism. During retrogression, lower amphibolite facies recrystallization mainly occurred along vertical shear zones and mafic dykes between 1650 and 1600 Ma (Stage 2), followed by amphibolite to greenschist facies metamorphism until after 1500 Ma (Stage 3). At the scale of the Mawson continent, this event is related to the growth of an active margin above an oblique subduction zone. The supra-subduction model best explains opening of Dumont D'Urville and Hunter basins at 1.71 Ga followed by their rapid closure and metamorphism at 1.70 Ga. In this context, episodic shear zone reactivation and magmatic dyke emplacement led to a partial reequilibration of the 40Ar/39Ar system until <1500 Ma. This latter phase of mafic magmatism largely coincides with a hot spot event at the scale of the Gawler Craton and western Laurentia paleocontinent. |
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Programme |
1003 |
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ISSN |
1342-937X |
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yes |
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Serial |
7643 |
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Author |
Manrico Sebastiano, Frédéric Angelier, Pierre Blévin, Cécile Ribout, Kjetil Sagerup, Sébastien Descamps, Dorte Herzke, Børge Moe, Christophe Barbraud, Jan Ove Bustnes, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Olivier Chastel |
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Title |
Exposure to PFAS is Associated with Telomere Length Dynamics and Demographic Responses of an Arctic Top Predator |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Environmental Science & Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
10217-10226 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Environmental factors that can influence telomeres are diverse, but the association between telomeres and exposure to environmental contaminants is yet to be elucidated. To date, prior studies have focused on legacy persistent chlorinated pollutants (POPs), while the effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been poorly documented. Here, we investigated the associations among PFAS congeners, absolute telomere length (cross-sectional approach), and telomere dynamics (rate of telomere length change over time, longitudinal approach) in one of the most contaminated arctic top predators, the glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus from Svalbard. We further estimated the effect of PFAS on apparent survival rates and re-sighting probabilities using a 10-year capture/recapture dataset (2010–2019). We found that birds exposed to higher concentrations of perfluorononadecanoate (PFNA) (median of 1565 pg/mL of ww in males and 1370 pg/mL of ww in females) and perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeDA) (median of 370 pg/mL of ww in males and 210 pg/mL of ww in females) showed the slowest rate of telomere shortening. We also found that high blood concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (median of 120 pg/mL of ww in males and 150 pg/mL of ww in females) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (median of 495 pg/mL of ww in males and 395 pg/mL of ww in females) were positively associated with higher re-sighting probabilities and apparent survival in males but not in females. Our work is the first to report an association between single PFAS compounds and telomeres, and the first to link PFAS exposure with survival probabilities, suggesting that the effect of PFAS exposure might be more tied to the type of compound rather than the total concentration of PFAS. |
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Programme |
330 |
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Campaign |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0013-936X |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7989 |
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