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Marina Renedo, Paco Bustamante, Yves Cherel, Zoyne Pedrero, Emmanuel Tessier, David Amouroux |
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Title  |
A “seabird-eye” on mercury stable isotopes and cycling in the Southern Ocean |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
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Volume |
742 |
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Pages |
140499 |
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Keywords |
Biogeochemistry Latitude Methylmercury Penguins Skuas |
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Abstract |
Since mercury (Hg) biogeochemistry in the Southern Ocean is minimally documented, we investigated Hg stable isotopes in the blood of seabirds breeding at different latitudes in the Antarctic, Subantarctic and Subtropical zones. Hg isotopic composition was determined in adult penguins (5 species) and skua chicks (2 species) from Adélie Land (66°39′S, Antarctic) to Crozet (46°25′S, Subantarctic) and Amsterdam Island (37°47′S, Subtropical). Mass-dependent (MDF, δ202Hg) and mass-independent (MIF, Δ199Hg) Hg isotopic values separated populations geographically. Antarctic seabirds exhibited lower δ202Hg values (−0.02 to 0.79 ‰, min-max) than Subantarctic (0.88 to 2.12 ‰) and Subtropical (1.44 to 2.37 ‰) seabirds. In contrast, Δ199Hg values varied slightly from Antarctic (1.31 to 1.73 ‰) to Subtropical (1.69 to 2.04 ‰) waters. The extent of methylmercury (MeHg) photodemethylation extrapolated from Δ199Hg values was not significantly different between locations, implying that most of the bioaccumulated MeHg was of mesopelagic origin. The larger increase of MDF between the three latitudes co-varies with MeHg concentrations. This supports an increasing effect of specific biogenic Hg pathways from Antarctic to Subtropical waters, such as Hg biological transformations and accumulations. This “biogenic effect” among different productive southern oceanic regions can also be related to different mixed layer depth dynamics and biological productivity turnover that specifically influence the vertical transport between the mesopelagic and the photic zones. This study shows the first Hg isotopic data of the Southern Ocean at large scale and reveals how regional Southern Ocean dynamics and productivity control marine MeHg biogeochemistry and the exposure of seabirds to Hg contamination. |
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0048-9697 |
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8081 |
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Olivia Hicks, Akiko Kato, Frederic Angelier, Danuta M. Wisniewska, Catherine Hambly, John R. Speakman, Coline Marciau, Yan Ropert-Coudert |
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Title |
Acceleration predicts energy expenditure in a fat, flightless, diving bird |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
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10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21493 |
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Ecology Ecophysiology |
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Energy drives behaviour and life history decisions, yet it can be hard to measure at fine scales in free-moving animals. Accelerometry has proven a powerful tool to estimate energy expenditure, but requires calibration in the wild. This can be difficult in some environments, or for particular behaviours, and validations have produced equivocal results in some species, particularly air-breathing divers. It is, therefore, important to calibrate accelerometry across different behaviours to understand the most parsimonious way to estimate energy expenditure in free-living conditions. Here, we combine data from miniaturised acceleration loggers on 58 free-living Adélie penguins with doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements of their energy expenditure over several days. Across different behaviours, both in water and on land, dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of independently measured DLW-derived energy expenditure (R2 = 0.72). The most parsimonious model suggested different calibration coefficients are required to predict behaviours on land versus foraging behaviour in water (R2 = 0.75). Our results show that accelerometry can be used to reliably estimate energy expenditure in penguins, and we provide calibration equations for estimating metabolic rate across several behaviours in the wild. |
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1091 |
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2045-2322 |
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8765 |
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Julien Collet, Henri Weimerskirch |
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Title |
Albatrosses can memorize locations of predictable fishing boats but favour natural foraging |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences |
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287 |
Issue |
1932 |
Pages |
20200958 |
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Keywords |
albatrosses anthropogenic food cognition in the wild fisheries individual consistency resource predictability |
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Abstract |
Human activities generate food attracting many animals worldwide, causing major conservation issues. The spatio-temporal predictability of anthropogenic resources could reduce search costs for animals and mediate their attractiveness. We investigated this through GPS tracking in breeding black-browed albatrosses attracted to fishing boats. We tested for answers to the following questions. (i) Can future boat locations be anticipated from cues available to birds? (ii) Are birds able to appropriately use these cues to increase encounters? (iii) How frequently do birds use these cues? Boats were spatially persistent: birds searching in the direction where they previously attended boats would encounter twice as many boats compared with following a random direction strategy. A large proportion of birds did not use this cue: across pairs of consecutive trips (n = 85), 51% of birds switched their foraging direction irrespective of previous boat encounters. Still, 15 birds (27%) were observed to closely approach (approx. 0.1–1 km) where they previously attended a boat while boats were no longer there. This is less than the distance expected by chance (approx. 10–100 km), based on permutation control procedures accounting for individual-specific spatial consistency, suggesting individuals could memorize where they encountered boats across consecutive trips. We conclude albatrosses were able to exploit predictive cues from recent boat encounters but most favoured alternative resources. |
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yes |
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8074 |
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Author |
Christophe Barbraud, Adrien Chaigne, Maxime Loubon, Olivier Lamy, Fabrice Le Bouard |
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Title |
An estimate of the South Georgia diving petrel Pelecanoides georgicus population at Ile de la Possession, Crozet archipelago |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
248-254 |
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Keywords |
acoustic playback burrowing petrel detection probability distance sampling Procellariiformes |
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Abstract |
Burrow-nesting seabirds constitute an important part of seabird diversity, yet accurate estimates of their abundance are largely lacking, limiting our understanding of their population dynamics and conservation status. We conducted a survey to estimate the number of South Georgia diving petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) burrows during the 2013–14 breeding season on Ile de la Possession, Crozet archipelago, southern Indian Ocean. We used distance sampling and acoustic playback in order to estimate burrow densities in a priori-selected favourable nesting areas. A total of 855 burrows were detected. The mean altitude of burrows was 601.8 ± 69.4 m. The mean burrow detection distance was 1.77 ± 1.63 m. The burrow density was estimated at 15.649 burrows ha-1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.245–23.903) and the slope-corrected total favourable area was 2365.53 ha, which yielded an estimate 37 018 burrows (95% CI: 24 235–56 544). The playback response rate was 15.8 ± 1.3%, and 40.8 ± 1.7% of burrows were occupied or showed signs of occupation. Occupancy rates were low compared to those measured by systematic burrow inspection in other studies. Assuming that laying occurred in 80–93% of the estimated number of burrows, as estimated by previous studies, gives an estimate of 29 614 (95% CI: 19 388–45 235) to 34 426 (95% CI: 22 538–52 585) breeding pairs. |
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109 |
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0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
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7571 |
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Julie Sansoulet, Michèle Therrien, Joseph Delgove, Guilhem Pouxviel, Julie Desriac, Noé Sardet, Jean-Paul Vanderlinden |
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Title |
An update on Inuit perceptions of their changing environment, Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island, Nunavut) |
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2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
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8 |
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1 |
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Abstract |
The Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island) have developed a deep respect for their natural environment and are able to report not only changes in weather, ice, and natural resources but also changes in their communities as a result of climate change. The objective of this study was to shed light on how the impacts of climate change are currently perceived in the communities of Kanngiqtugaapik, Pangniqtuuq, and Qikiqtarjuaq. In order to construct a shared knowledge base, we conducted qualitative video interviews and participated in a hunting camp with multigenerational and multigender Inuit hunters and fishers. First, Inuit continue to see the world in which they cohabit with other living things, particularly animals, as a world that they cannot control on their own—a world they must adapt to, passing learning from one generation to the next. Second, they report that changes in the ice have been among the major and most important transformations to have occurred in recent decades. Observations made by these local populations also indicate changes in hunted species, with fewer caribou and narwhal, more birds, insects, and fish, including from more southerly regions, and an uncertainty about polar bear populations. Seal hunting remains stable, and this meat is still the most popular and healthy food, physically and psychologically. Third, sociological and economic changes (e.g., lifestyle change, monetary economies, quotas), in addition to environmental changes (e.g., climate change, species change), have had a significant impact on food harvesting activities as well as food consumption in the region. A final perspective concerns the needs of the Qikiqtaaluk communities to further develop collaboration with scientists. This need for partnership is not only perceived as a scientific necessity but also recognized by Inuit as essential to their communities, with some local leaders ready to work toward a fruitful collaboration. |
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1164 |
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2325-1026 |
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2325-1026 |
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8117 |
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Author |
Launay M |
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Title |
Analyse de placettes de recrutement pour le suivi des communautés marines benthiques côtières aux Iles Kerguelen (Terres australes françaises) |
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Master 2 |
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Year |
2020 |
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Master 2 Systématique, Evolution et Paléontologie, Sorbonne Université / Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris / Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers THETA / Université de Bourgogne |
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36 pp |
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1044 |
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yes |
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8066 |
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Encelyn Voisine, Yann Rolland, Matthias Bernet, Julien Carcaillet, Guillaume Duclaux, Jérôme Bascou, Christian Sue, Mélanie Balvay, René-Pierre Ménot |
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Title |
Antarctic erosion history reconstructed by Terre Adélie moraine geochronology |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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1-14 |
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Keywords |
cosmogenic nuclide dating deglaciation exhumation fission-track dating Late Palaeozoic Ice Age subglacial incision |
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We report apatite fission-track and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating of 14 moraine boulders originating from inland Terre Adélie, East Antarctica. These data show cooling of the Proterozoic Terre Adélie craton at < ~120°C between 350 and 300 Ma, suggesting > 4 km temperate glacial erosion during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, followed by nearly null Mesozoic erosion and low glacial erosion (< 2 km) in the Cenozoic. Based on glacial flux maps, the origin of the boulders may be located ~400 km upstream. Preliminary TCN (10Be) datings of moraine boulders cluster within the last 30 ka. Cosmogenic ages from the Lacroix Nunatak suggest a main deglaciation after the Younger Dryas at c. 10 ka, while those of Cap Prud'homme mostly cluster at 0.6 ka, in agreement with an exhumation of boulders during the Little Ice Age. |
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1003 |
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0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
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7692 |
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Thomas Frederikse, Maya K. Buchanan, Erwin Lambert, Robert E. Kopp, Michael Oppenheimer, D. J. Rasmussen, Roderik S. W. van de Wal |
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Title |
Antarctic Ice Sheet and emission scenario controls on 21st-century extreme sea-level changes |
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2020 |
Publication |
Nature Communications |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
390 |
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Abstract |
Uncertainties in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios and Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) melt propagate into uncertainties in projected mean sea-level (MSL) changes and extreme sea-level (ESL) events. Here we quantify the impact of RCP scenarios and AIS contributions on 21st-century ESL changes at tide-gauge sites across the globe using extreme-value statistics. We find that even under RCP2.6, almost half of the sites could be exposed annually to a present-day 100-year ESL event by 2050. Most tropical sites face large increases in ESL events earlier and for scenarios with smaller MSL changes than extratropical sites. Strong emission reductions lower the probability of large ESL changes but due to AIS uncertainties, cannot fully eliminate the probability that large increases in frequencies of ESL events will occur. Under RCP8.5 and rapid AIS mass loss, many tropical sites, including low-lying islands face a MSL rise by 2100 that exceeds the present-day 100-year event level. |
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2041-1723 |
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yes |
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6437 |
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Jean-Yves Toullec, Kévin Cascella, Stéphanie Ruault, Alexandre Geffroy, David Lorieux, Nicolas Montagné, Céline Ollivaux, Chi-Ying Lee |
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Title |
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in a warming ocean: thermotolerance and deciphering Hsp70 responses |
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2020 |
Publication |
Cell Stress and Chaperones |
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25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
519-531 |
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The Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is a Southern Ocean endemic species of proven ecological importance to the region. In the context of predicted global warming, it is particularly important to understand how classic biomarkers of heat stress function in this species. In this respect, Hsp70s are acknowledged as good candidates. However, previous studies of expression kinetics have not been able to demonstrate significant upregulation of these genes in response to heat shocks at 3 °C and 6 °C for 3 and 6 h. The current work complements these previous results and broadens the prospects for the use of Hsp70s as a relevant marker of thermal shock in this krill species. New experiments demonstrate that induction of Hsp70 isoforms was not detected during exposure to heat shock, but increased expression was observed after several hours of recovery. To complete the analysis of the expression kinetics of the different isoforms, experiments were carried out over short time scales (1 and 2 h at 3 °C and 6 °C) as well as at higher temperatures (9 °C, 12 °C, and 15 °C for 3 h), without any significant response. A 6-week monitoring of animals at 3 °C showed that the time factor is decisive in the establishment of the response. CTmax experiments with incremental times of 1 °C per day or 1 °C every 3 days have shown a particularly high resilience of the animals. The demonstration of the abundance of Hsp70s present before thermal stress in various species of krill, as well as in specimens of E. superba of various origins, showed that the delay in the response in expression could be related to the high constitutive levels of Hsp70 available before the stress experiments. The alternative labelling of the two main isoforms of Hsp70 according to the origin of the animals allowed hypotheses to be put forward on the functioning of thermoregulation in Antarctic krill as well as ice krill. |
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1466-1268 |
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8173 |
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Sarah Safieddine, Marie Bouillon, Ana-Claudia Paracho, Julien Jumelet, Florent Tencé, Andrea Pazmino, Florence Goutail, Catherine Wespes, Slimane Bekki, Anne Boynard, Juliette Hadji‐Lazaro, Pierre-François Coheur, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux |
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Title |
Antarctic Ozone Enhancement During the 2019 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event |
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2020 |
Publication |
Geophysical Research Letters |
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47 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
e2020GL087810 |
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We analyze the 2019 sudden stratospheric warming event that occurred in the Southern Hemisphere through its impact on the Antarctic ozone. Using temperature, ozone, and nitric acid data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), our results show that the average increase in stratospheric temperature reached a maximum of 34.4° on 20 September in the [60–90]°S latitude range when compared to the past 3 years. Dynamical parameters suggest a locally reversed and weakened zonal winds and a shift in the location of the polar jet vortex. This led to air masses mixing, to a reduced polar stratospheric clouds formation detected at a ground station, and as such to lower ozone and nitric acid depletion. 2019 total ozone columns for the months of September, October, and November were on average higher by 29%, 28%, and 26%, respectively, when compared to the 11-year average of the same months. |
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1944-8007 |
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1944-8007 |
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yes |
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6954 |
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