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Tranchant Y.-T., M. Cancet, E. Sahuc, S. Millet, F. Lyard, L. Testut, V. Ballu, C. Chupin, G. Dibarboure, N. Picot, O. Laurain, P. Bonnefond. |
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Title  |
High-resolution coastal modeling in Kerguelen Island for CAL/VAL activities |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2020 |
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Ocean Surface Topography Science Team Meeting (OSTST) meeting, 19-23 October 2020, Virtual |
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688 |
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yes |
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8371 |
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Barbara Delmonte, Holly Winton, Mélanie Baroni, Giovanni Baccolo, Margareta Hansson, Per Andersson, Carlo Baroni, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Luca Lanci, Valter Maggi |
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Title |
Holocene dust in East Antarctica: Provenance and variability in time and space |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
The Holocene |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
546-558 |
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Keywords |
East Antarctica ice cores dust dust stratigraphy Holocene provenance |
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Abstract |
In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-knowledge of dust flux and variability in time and space in different sectors of East Antarctica during the Holocene. By integrating the literature data with new evidences, we discuss the dust flux and grain-size variability during the current interglacial and its provenance in the innermost part of the East Antarctic plateau as well as in peripheral regions located close to the Transantarctic Mountains. The local importance of aeolian mineral dust aerosol deflated from low-elevation areas of peripheral East Antarctica is also discussed in the light of new data from several coastal, low-elevation sites. |
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1145 |
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0959-6836 |
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yes |
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7610 |
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Chuxian Li, Jeroen E. Sonke, Gaël Le Roux, Nathalie Van der Putten, Natalia Piotrowska, Catherine Jeandel, Nadine Mattielli, Mathieu Benoit, Giles F. S. Wiggs, François De Vleeschouwer |
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Title |
Holocene dynamics of the southern westerly winds over the Indian Ocean inferred from a peat dust deposition record |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Quaternary Science Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
231 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106169 |
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Keywords |
Amsterdam Island Anthropogenic activities Dust sources Peat Southern westerly winds |
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Abstract |
The southern westerly winds (SWW) play a major role in climate variability in Southern Hemisphere mid- and high-latitudes, regulating rainfall, ocean circulation, and the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Despite their importance, little is known about millennial scale changes in the SWW and how they have influenced the climate system in the past and interacted with the Earth’s surface elements, such as dust, nutrients and carbon. Here we present a dust record from a 6.6 kyr old peat core in Amsterdam Island (AMS) situated at the northern edge of the SWW (37°S) in the Southern Indian Ocean. Mineral dust flux was used to track atmospheric dust production, long-distance transport and subsequent deposition. Dust provenance was determined from rare earth element (REE) and Nd isotopic signatures (εNd) in the peat core, compared with a reference dataset of Southern Hemisphere dust sources. Using a multi-proxy mixing model, the εNd and REE ratios show a relatively uniform mixture of ca. 40% local, 15% Southern African and 45% Southern South American dust sources since 6.6 cal kyr BP. However, from 1910 AD onwards, there is a doubling in the contribution from Southern Africa (32%). Two mineral dust flux minima occur at 6.2–4.9 cal kyr BP and 3.9–2.7 cal kyr BP, interpreted as periods with equatorward-shifted and/or strengthened SWW at the northern edge of the wind belt. Conversely, periods of higher dust flux at 6.6–6.2 cal kyr BP, 4.9–3.9 cal kyr BP, and 1.4 cal kyr BP onwards are interpreted as poleward-shifted and/or weakened SWW. These interpretations are based on the findings that higher (lower) wind speeds lead to enhanced (less) removal of distal dust on the way to AMS, by wet deposition and turbulence. Published Holocene SWW records at the northern edge of the wind belt (33–41°S) covering South-America, Southern-Africa and Australia, show much variability over the last 6.6 kyr. We suggest this reflects complex regional climate variability in the different SH longitudinal sectors, indicating that SWW are not zonally homogeneous at the northern edge of the wind belt. The recent shift in dust provenance is not accompanied by enhanced total dust deposition at AMS. We therefore suggest that human impact (e.g., land use changes) and drier climate conditions in Southern Africa have led to enhanced dust mobilization. |
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1065,1133 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0277-3791 |
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yes |
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8193 |
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Ishino S., Hattori S., Savarino J., Legrand M., Albalat E., Albarède F., Preunkert S., Jourdain B., Yoshida N. |
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Title |
Homogeneous sulfur isotope signature in East Antarctica and implication for sulfur source shifts through the last glacial-interglacial cycle |
Type |
Communication |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
The Geochemical Society of Japan |
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1177 |
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yes |
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7865 |
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Author |
Calas A |
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Title |
Image analysis of settlement plates for monitoring marine benthic communities of the Kerguelen Islands |
Type |
Master 2 |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Master 2 IMBRSea (International Master of Science in Marine Biological Resources), Université de Gand / Université de Bourgogne |
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35 pp |
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1044 |
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yes |
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8068 |
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Author |
Catalina Morales-Yáñez, Zacharie Duputel, Luis Rivera |
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Title |
Impact of 3-D Earth structure on W-phase CMT parameters |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Geophysical Journal International |
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Volume |
223 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
1432-1445 |
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Abstract |
We investigate the impact of unmodelled 3-D structural heterogeneity on inverted W-phase source parameters. We generate a large data set of synthetic seismograms accounting for the Earths 3-D structure for 250 earthquakes globally distributed. The W-phase algorithm is then used to invert for earthquake CMT parameters, assuming a spherical Earth model. The impact of lateral heterogeneity is assessed by comparing inverted source parameters with those used to compute the 3-D synthetics. Results show that the 3-D structure mainly affects centroid location while the effect on the other source parameters remains small. Centroid mislocations present clear geographical patterns. In particular, W-phase solutions for earthquakes in South America are on average biased 17 km to the east of the actual centroid locations. This effect is significantly reduced using an azimuthally well balanced distribution of seismological stations. Source parameters are generally more impacted by mantle heterogeneity while the scalar moment of shallow earthquakes seems to be mainly impacted by the crustal structure. Shallow earthquakes present a variability of Mrθ and Mrϕ moment tensor elements, resulting both from the small amplitude and a larger uncertainty of the associated Green’s functions. |
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133 |
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0956-540X |
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yes |
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7890 |
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Author |
Audrey Jaeger, Amandine Gamble, Erwan Lagadec, Camille Lebarbenchon, Vincent Bourret, Jérémy Tornos, Christophe Barbraud, Karin Lemberger, Karine Delord, Henri Weimerskirch, Jean-Baptiste Thiebot, Thierry Boulinier, Pablo Tortosa |
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Title |
Impact of Annual Bacterial Epizootics on Albatross Population on a Remote Island |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
EcoHealth |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
194-202 |
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Abstract |
The reduced species richness typical of oceanic islands provides an interesting environmental setup to examine in natura the epidemiological dynamics of infectious agents with potential implications for public health and/or conservation. On Amsterdam Island (Indian Ocean), recurrent die-offs of Indian yellow-nosed albatross (Thalassarche carteri) nestlings have been attributed to avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. In order to help implementing efficient measures for the control of this disease, it is critical to better understand the local epidemiology of P. multocida and to examine its inter- and intra-annual infection dynamics. We evaluated the infection status of 264 yellow-nosed albatrosses over four successive breeding seasons using a real-time PCR targeting P. multocida DNA from cloacal swabs. Infection prevalence patterns revealed an intense circulation of P. multocida throughout the survey, with a steady but variable increase in infection prevalence within each breeding season. These epizootics were associated with massive nestling dies-offs, inducing very low fledging successes (≤ 20%). These results suggest important variations in the transmission dynamics of this pathogen. These findings and the developed PCR protocol have direct applications to guide future research and refine conservation plans aiming at controlling the disease. |
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Programme |
109, 1151 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1612-9210 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7961 |
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Author |
Detlev Helmig, Daniel Liptzin, Jacques Hueber, Joel Savarino |
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Title |
Impact of exhaust emissions on chemical snowpack composition at Concordia Station, Antarctica |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
The Cryosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
199-209 |
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Abstract |
The chemistry of reactive gases inside the snowpack and in the lower atmosphere was investigated at Concordia Station (Dome C), Antarctica, from December 2012 to January 2014. Measured species included ozone, nitrogen oxides, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), and formaldehyde, for study of photochemical reactions, surface exchange, and the seasonal cycles and atmospheric chemistry of these gases. The experiment was installed ≈1 km from the station main infrastructure inside the station clean air sector and within the station electrical power grid boundary. Ambient air was sampled continuously from inlets mounted above the surface on a 10 m meteorological tower. In addition, snowpack air was collected at 30 cm intervals to 1.2 m depth from two manifolds that had both above- and below-surface sampling inlets. Despite being in the clean air sector, over the course of the 1.2-year study, we observed on the order of 50 occasions when exhaust plumes from the camp, most notably from the power generation system, were transported to the study site. Continuous monitoring of nitrogen oxides (NOx) provided a measurement of a chemical tracer for exhaust plumes. Highly elevated levels of NOx (up to 1000 × background) and lowered ozone (down to ≈50 %), most likely from reaction of ozone with nitric oxide, were measured in air from above and within the snowpack. Within 5–15 min from observing elevated pollutant levels above the snow, rapidly increasing and long-lasting concentration enhancements were measured in snowpack air. While pollution events typically lasted only a few minutes to an hour above the snow surface, elevated NOx levels were observed in the snowpack lasting from a few days to ≈ 1 week. GEM and formaldehyde measurements were less sensitive and covered a shorter measurement period; neither of these species' data showed noticeable concentration changes during these events that were above the normal variability seen in the data. Nonetheless, the clarity of the NOx and ozone observations adds important new insight into the discussion of if and how snow photochemical experiments within reach of the power grid of polar research sites are possibly compromised by the snowpack being chemically influenced (contaminated) by gaseous and particulate emissions from the research camp activities. This question is critical for evaluating if snowpack trace chemical measurements from within the camp boundaries are representative for the vast polar ice sheets. |
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Programme |
1177 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1994-0416 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7853 |
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Author |
M. Belke-Brea, F. Domine, M. Barrere, G. Picard, L. Arnaud |
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Title |
Impact of Shrubs on Winter Surface Albedo and Snow Specific Surface Area at a Low Arctic Site: In Situ Measurements and Simulations |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
597-609 |
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Abstract |
Erect shrubs in the Arctic reduce surface albedo when branches protrude above the snow and modify snow properties, in particular specific surface area (SSA). Important consequences are changes in the land surface–atmosphere energy exchange and the increase of snow melting in autumn, possibly inducing reduced soil thermal insulation and in turn permafrost cooling. Near Umiujaq (56.5°N, 76.5°W) in the Canadian low Arctic where dwarf birches (Betula glandulosa) are expanding, spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) under diffuse light and vertical profiles of SSA were measured in November and December 2015 at four sites: three with protruding branches and one with only snow. At the beginning of the snow season (8 November), shrub-induced albedo reductions were found to be wavelength dependent and as high as 55% at 500 nm and 18% at 1000 nm, which, integrated over the measurement range (400–1080 nm), corresponds to 70 W m−2 of additional absorbed energy. The impact of shrubs is not just snow darkening. They also affect snow SSA in multiple ways, by accumulating snow with high SSA during cold windy precipitation and favoring SSA decrease by inducing melting during warm spells. However, the impact on the radiation budget of direct darkening from shrubs likely dominates over the indirect change in SSA. Spectral albedo was simulated with a linear mixing equation (LME), which fitted well with observed spectra. The average root-mean-square error was 0.009. We conclude that LMEs are a suitable tool to parameterize mixed surface albedo in snow and climate models. |
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1042 |
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ISSN |
0894-8755, 1520-0442 |
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yes |
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7972 |
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Ross J. Turner, Martin Gal, Mark A. Hemer, Anya M. Reading |
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Title |
Impacts of the Cryosphere and Atmosphere on Observed Microseisms Generated in the Southern Ocean |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface |
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Volume |
125 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
e2019JF005354 |
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Abstract |
The Southern Ocean (in the region 60–180° E) south of the Indian Ocean, Australia, and the West Pacific is noted for the frequent occurrence and severity of its storms. These storms give rise to high-amplitude secondary microseisms from sources, including the deep ocean regions, and primary microseisms where the swells impinge on submarine topographic features. A better understanding of the varying microseism wavefield enables improvements to seismic imaging and development of proxy observables to complement sparse in situ wave observations and hindcast models of the global ocean wave climate. We analyze 12–26 years of seismic data from 11 seismic stations either on the East Antarctic coast or sited in the Indian Ocean, Australia, and New Zealand. The power spectral density of the seismic wavefield is calculated to explore how the time-changing microseism intensity varies with (i) sea ice coverage surrounding Antarctica and (ii) the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) climate index. Variations in sea ice extent are found to be the dominant control on the microseism intensity at Antarctic stations, which exhibit a seasonal pattern phase-shifted by 4–5 months compared to stations in other continents. Peaks in extremal intensity at East Antarctic stations occur in March–April, with the highest peaks for secondary microseisms occurring during negative SAM events. This relationship between microseism intensity and the SAM index is opposite to that observed on the Antarctic Peninsula. This work informs the complexity of microseism amplitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and assists ongoing interdisciplinary investigations of interannual variability and long-term trends. |
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133 |
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2169-9011 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7668 |
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