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Author |
Kévin Fourteau, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Patricia Martinerie, Xavier Faïn |
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Title |
A Micro-Mechanical Model for the Transformation of Dry Polar Firn Into Ice Using the Level-Set Method |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication  |
Frontiers in Earth Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
101 |
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Abstract |
Interpretation of greenhouse gas records in polar ice cores requires a good understanding of the mechanisms controlling gas trapping in polar ice, and therefore of the processes of densification and pore closure in firn (compacted snow). Current firn densification models are based on a macroscopic description of the firn and rely on empirical laws and/or idealized geometries to obtain the equations governing the densification and pore closure. Here, we propose a physically-based methodology explicitly representing the porous structure and its evolution over time. In order to handle the complex geometry and topological changes that occur during firn densification, we rely on a Level-Set representation of the interface between the ice and the pores. Two mechanisms are considered for the displacement of the interface: (i) mass surface diffusion driven by local pore curvature and (ii) ice dislocation creep. For the latter, ice is modeled as a viscous material and the flow velocities are solutions of the Stokes equations. First applications show that the model is able to densify firn and split pores. Using the model in cold and arid conditions of the Antarctic plateau, we show that gas trapping models do not have to consider the reduced compressibility of closed pores compared to open pores in the deepest part of firns. Our results also suggest that the mechanism of curvature-driven surface diffusion does not result in pore splitting, and that ice creep has to be taken into account for pores to close. Future applications of this type of model could help quantify the evolution and closure of firn porous networks for various accumulation and temperature conditions. |
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1153 |
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2296-6463 |
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yes |
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8268 |
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Amandine Gamble, Henri Weimerskirch, Thierry Boulinier |
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Title |
Seabirds blinded by ticks |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |
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Volume |
18 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
322-322 |
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Abstract |
In December 2017, on Possession Island (part of the Crozet Archipelago in the southern Indian Ocean), we observed two breeding white‐chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis ) with very high levels of tick (Ixodes kerguelenensis ) infestation on both eyes. This degree of infestation was likely responsible for the birds’ death. Although this rare observation may seem anecdotal, it reveals that ticks can be fatal for a long‐lived colonial seabird species, in this case one that is already under pressure from fisheries bycatch and predation by introduced black rats (Rattus rattus ). It also raises questions about the frequency and spatial distribution of such a phenomenon and the conditions that may have been responsible for its occurrence. Such high parasite loads imply high local tick abundances but also a lack of preening by the partner. Could this be linked to the recent death of the partner? Infestations by ticks can affect the health of hosts through blood loss, the injection of toxins, and the transmission of infectious agents. In this instance, the mechanical blocking of eyesight may also have affected the birds’ behavior. The potential impact of climate change on local parasitic infestation levels is another important question. Parasites and diseases can harm endangered species in polar and subpolar areas, and could play critical roles in some circumstances. |
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1151 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1540-9309 |
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yes |
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7797 |
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Angus F. Henderson, Clive R. McMahon, Rob Harcourt, Christophe Guinet, Baptiste Picard, Simon Wotherspoon, Mark A. Hindell |
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Title |
Inferring Variation in Southern Elephant Seal At-Sea Mortality by Modelling Tag Failure |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
796 |
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Identifying factors influencing survivorship is key to understanding population persistence. Although satellite telemetry is a powerful tool for studying remote animal ecology and behaviour it is rarely used for demographic studies because distinguishing the death of the animal (individual mortality) from failure of the tag (mechanical tag failure) has proven difficult. Southern elephant seals present an opportunity to separate tag failure from animal mortality thanks to the availability of large tracking datasets, broad knowledge of demographic rates, and because for these large animals, satellite tags are known not to influence mortality rates. A key rationale for investigating satellite telemetry to estimate mortality as compared to using traditional Capture-Mark-Recapture methods is the potential for obtaining spatially and temporally specific information, particularly while the animals are at sea and largely unobservable. We used satellite tag data from 182 seals from Isles Kerguelen, deployed between 2004 and 2018. Of these, 76 (42%) tags transmitted for the full post-moult foraging trip (max. 265 days for females and max. 305 days for sub-adult males) with the remaining 107 tags (58%) ceasing transmission at sea. We found that contrary to expectations, behavioural choices seem not to influence tag failure rates by mechanical means, rather the signals we detected seemed to align with previously described variation in mortality between groups. There was evidence, albeit limited, for an increase in tag failure for adult females in years with negative Southern Annular Mode (lower Southern Ocean productivity). We speculate that this increase in failure may suggest higher mortality in these years. Also, males using the Kerguelen Plateau had higher tag failure rates than those in the sea-ice zone, perhaps indicative of higher mortality. We suspect that these differences in tag failure rates between groups reflect variation in predator exposure and foraging success. This suggests satellite telemetry could be used to infer mortality events for southern elephant seals while they are at sea. |
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1201 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8007 |
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Author |
Morgan Godard, Claude Manté, Christophe Guinet, Baptiste Picard, David Nerini |
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Title |
Diving Behavior of Mirounga leonina: A Functional Data Analysis Approach |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
595 |
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Abstract |
The diving behavior of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, is investigated through the analysis of time-depth dive profiles. The originality of this work is to consider dive profiles as continuous curves. For this purpose, a Functional Data Analysis (FDA) approach is proposed for the shape analysis of a collection of dive profiles. Complexity of dive shapes is characterized by a mixture of three main shape variations accounting for about 80% of the entire variability: U or V shape, vertical depth variability during the bottom time, and skewed left or right. Model-based clustering allows the identification of eight dive shape clusters in a quick and automated way. Connection between shape patterns and classical descriptors, as well as the number of prey capture events, is achieved, showing that the clusters are coherent to specific foraging behaviors previously identified in the literature labeled as drift, exploratory and active dives. Finally, FDA is compared to classical methods relying on the computation of discrete dive descriptors. Results show that taking the shape of the dive as a whole is more resilient to corrupted or incomplete sampled data. FDA is, therefore, an efficient tool adapted for processing and comparing dive data with different sampling frequencies and for improving the quality and the accuracy of transmitted data. |
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1201 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8009 |
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Sanne Muis, Maialen Irazoqui Apecechea, Job Dullaart, Joao de Lima Rego, Kristine Skovgaard Madsen, Jian Su, Kun Yan, Martin Verlaan |
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Title |
A High-Resolution Global Dataset of Extreme Sea Levels, Tides, and Storm Surges, Including Future Projections |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
263 |
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Abstract |
The world’s coastal areas are increasingly at risk of coastal flooding due to sea-level rise (SLR). We present a novel global dataset of extreme sea levels, the Coastal Dataset for the Evaluation of Climate Impact (CoDEC), which can be used to accurately map the impact of climate change on coastal regions around the world. The third generation Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM), with a coastal resolution of 2.5 km (1.25 km in Europe), was used to simulate extreme sea levels for the ERA5 climate reanalysis from 1979 to 2017, as well as for future climate scenarios from 2040 to 2100. The validation against observed sea levels demonstrated a good performance, and the annual maxima had a mean bias (MB) of -0.04 m, which is 50% lower than the MB of the previous GTSR dataset. By the end of the century (2071–2100), it is projected that the 1 in 10-year water levels will have increased 0.34 m on average for RCP4.5, while some locations may experience increases of up to 0.5 m. The change in return levels is largely driven by SLR, although at some locations changes in storms surges and interaction with tides amplify the impact of SLR with changes up to 0.2 m. By presenting an application of the CoDEC dataset to the city of Copenhagen, we demonstrate how climate impact indicators derived from simulation can contribute to an understanding of climate impact on a local scale. Moreover, the CoDEC output locations are designed to be used as boundary conditions for regional models, and we envisage that they will be used for dynamic downscaling. |
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688 |
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ISSN |
2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8031 |
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Author |
Lisa C. Matthes, C. J. Mundy, S. L.-Girard, M. Babin, G. Verin, J. K. Ehn |
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Title |
Spatial Heterogeneity as a Key Variable Influencing Spring-Summer Progression in UVR and PAR Transmission Through Arctic Sea Ice |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
183 |
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Abstract |
The transmission of ultraviolet (UVR) and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) through sea ice is a key factor controlling under-ice phytoplankton growth in seasonally ice-covered waters. The increase toward sufficient light levels for positive net photosynthesis occurs concurrently with the sea ice melt progression in late spring when ice surface conditions shift from a relatively homogeneous high-albedo snow cover to a less reflective mosaic of bare ice and melt ponds. Here, we present a detailed dataset on the spatial and temporal progression of transmitted UVR and PAR in relation to changing quantities of snow, sea ice and melt ponds. Data were collected with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the GreenEdge landfast sea ice campaign in June–July 2016 in southwestern Baffin Bay. Over the course of melt progression, there was a 10-fold increase in spatially averaged UVR and PAR transmission through the sea ice cover, reaching a maximum transmission of 31% for PAR, 7% for UVB, and 26% for UVA radiation. The depth under the sea ice experiencing spatial variability in light levels due to the influence of surface heterogeneity in snow, white ice and melt pond distributions increased from 7 ± 4 to 20 ± 6 m over our study. Phytoplankton drifting in under-ice surface waters were thus exposed to variations in PAR availability of up to 43%, highlighting the importance to account for spatial heterogeneity in light transmission through melting sea ice. Consequently, we demonstrate that spatial averages of PAR transmission provided more representative light availability estimates to explain under-ice bloom progression relative to single point irradiance measurements during the sea ice melt season. Encouragingly, the strong dichotomy between white ice and melt pond PAR transmittance and surface albedo permitted a very good estimate of spatially averaged light transmission from drone imagery of the surface and point transmittance measurements beneath different ice surface types. |
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1164 |
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2296-7745 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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8114 |
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Alexandra T. Holland, Benoît Bergk Pinto, Rose Layton, Christopher J. Williamson, Alexandre M. Anesio, Timothy M. Vogel, Catherine Larose, Martyn Tranter |
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Title |
Over Winter Microbial Processes in a Svalbard Snow Pack: An Experimental Approach |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1029 |
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Abstract |
Snow packs cover large expanses of Earth’s land surface, making them integral components of the cryosphere in terms of past climate and atmospheric proxies, surface albedo regulators, insulators for other Arctic environments and habitats for diverse microbial communities such as algae, bacteria and fungi. Yet, most of our current understanding of snow pack environments, specifically microbial activity and community interaction, is limited to the main microbial growing season during spring ablation. At present, little is known about microbial activity and its influence on nutrient cycling during the subfreezing temperatures and 24-h darkness of the polar winter. Here, we examined microbial dynamics in a simulated cold (−5°C), dark snow pack to determine polar winter season microbial activity and its dependence on critical nutrients. Snow collected from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard was incubated in the dark over a 5-week period with four different nutrient additions, including glacial mineral particles, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and a combined treatment of DIN plus DIP. Data indicate a consumption of dissolved inorganic nutrients, particularly DIN, by heterotrophic communities, suggesting a potential nitrogen limitation, contradictory to phosphorus limitations found in most aquatic environments. 16S amplicon sequencing also reveal a clear difference in microbial community composition in the particulate mineral treatment compared to dissolved nutrient treatments and controls, suggesting that certain species of heterotrophs living within the snow pack are more likely to associate with particulates. Particulate phosphorus analyses indicate a potential ability of heterotrophic communities to access particulate sources of phosphorous, possibly explaining the lack of phosphorus limitation. These findings have importance for understanding microbial activity during the polar winter season and its potential influences on the abundance and bioavailability of nutrients released to surface ice and downstream environments during the ablation season. |
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1192 |
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ISSN |
1664-302X |
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yes |
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Serial |
7965 |
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Hannah Joy Kriesell, Céline Le Bohec, Alexander F. Cerwenka, Moritz Hertel, Jean-Patrice Robin, Bernhard Ruthensteiner, Manfred Gahr, Thierry Aubin, Daniel Normen Düring |
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Title |
Vocal tract anatomy of king penguins: morphological traits of two-voiced sound production |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
5 |
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Abstract |
The astonishing variety of sounds that birds can produce has been the subject of many studies aiming to identify the underlying anatomical and physical mechanisms of sound production. An interesting feature of some bird vocalisations is the simultaneous production of two different frequencies. While most work has been focusing on songbirds, much less is known about dual-sound production in non-passerines, although their sound production organ, the syrinx, would technically allow many of them to produce “two voices”. Here, we focus on the king penguin, a colonial seabird whose calls consist of two fundamental frequency bands and their respective harmonics. The calls are produced during courtship and for partner and offspring reunions and encode the birds’ identity. We dissected, μCT-scanned and analysed the vocal tracts of six adult king penguins from Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago. |
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Programme |
119,137 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1742-9994 |
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1742-9994 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7671 |
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Author |
Pierre Blévin, Scott A. Shaffer, Paco Bustamante, Frédéric Angelier, Baptiste Picard, Dorte Herzke, Børge Moe, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Jan Ove Bustnes, Olivier Chastel |
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Title |
Contaminants, prolactin and parental care in an Arctic seabird: Contrasted associations of perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine compounds with egg-turning behavior |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
General and comparative endocrinology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
291 |
Issue |
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Pages |
113420 |
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Keywords |
Black-legged kittiwake Corticosterone Egg-loggers Incubation behaviors Mercury Organochlorine compounds Perfluoroalkyl substances Prolactin |
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Abstract |
Incubating eggs represents a trade-off for parent birds between spending enough time fasting to take care of the clutch and to get enough nutrients for self-maintenance. It is believed that the pituitary hormone prolactin plays an important role in such allocation processes. Incubation does not solely imply the active warming of the eggs but also the active egg-turning to facilitate absorption of albumen by the embryo, reduce malposition and prevent the embryo from adhering to the inner shell membrane. However, how prolactin secretion is related to egg-turning behaviors is presently poorly addressed. In addition, several environmental contaminants can affect parental care behaviors through their endocrine disrupting properties but the effects of such contaminants on egg-turning behaviors remain so far unexplored. Using artificial eggs equipped with miniaturized data loggers, we investigated the relationships between egg-turning behaviors, prolactin secretion and contaminants burden in Arctic black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Specifically, we examined the relationships between blood concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organochlorines (OCs), mercury (Hg), plasma prolactin levels and both egg-turning frequency and angular change. We also incorporated baseline corticosterone levels since this glucocorticoid is known to affect parental care. Plasma prolactin levels were positively related to angular change in female kittiwakes while corticosterone was not related to egg-turning behaviors in either sex. Hg was not related to egg-turning behaviors in either sex. We found contrasting associations between OCs and PFASs, since polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were negatively associated with angular change in females, contrary to linear perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOSlin) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) which were positively related to egg-turning frequency and angular change in both sexes. Additionally, PFASs concentrations were positively related to prolactin levels in female kittiwake. The possible stimulation of prolactin secretion by PFASs could therefore make adult kittiwakes to allocate more time taking care of their eggs, and thus possibly modify the trade-off between spending enough time caring for the clutch and obtaining enough nutrients at sea. |
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330 |
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ISSN |
0016-6480 |
ISBN |
0016-6480 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7628 |
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Author |
Samuel Veilleux, Najat Bhiry, Armelle Decaulne |
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Title |
Talus slope characterization in Tasiapik Valley (subarctic Québec): Evidence of past and present slope processes |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Geomorphology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
349 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106911 |
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Keywords |
Morphometry Nunavik Periglacial Slope dynamics Snow avalanches |
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Abstract |
Topographic, granulometric, morphometric, petrographic and vegetation surveys were conducted on the slopes of Tasiapik Valley, near Umiujaq (Nunavik), to document mass wasting processes and their geomorphological impact. Talus slopes, widespread at the foot of the steep rockwalls of Tasiapik Valley, are an important landscape feature in the area. The lithology of the slope deposits attest their local origin, namely the result of rockfalls coming from the adjacent wall. Locally, poor vegetation covering the clasts exhibits recently fallen debris; elsewhere, dense shrub cover has colonized the slopes demonstrating the low activity nowadays. On-going periglacial processes have led to extensive dismantling of the rockface, enabling for debris supply. Following the last deglaciation, paraglacial processes have potentially favoured slope instabilities. The use of automatic cameras during the winter 2017–2018 resulted in the observation of many snow-avalanche events; however few rockfall events have been observed. Spring snow avalanches have carried rock debris to the talus at the foot of the slope; snow also enabled debris redistribution on the slopes. |
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1148 |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0169-555X |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8261 |
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