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Author |
Alexander Winterl, Sebastian Richter, Aymeric Houstin, Anna P. Nesterova, Francesco Bonadonna, Werner Schneider, Ben Fabry, Céline Le Bohec, Daniel P. Zitterbart |
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Title |
micrObs – A customizable time-lapse camera for ecological studies |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication  |
HardwareX |
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Volume |
8 |
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Pages |
e00134 |
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Keywords |
Automated camera system Collective behavior Ecology Image processing Remote sensing Wildlife monitoring |
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Abstract |
Camera traps for motion-triggered or continuous time-lapse recordings are readily available on the market. For demanding applications in ecology and environmental sciences, however, commercial systems often lack flexibility to freely adjust recording time intervals, suffer from mechanical component wear, and can be difficult to combine with auxiliary sensors such as GPS, weather stations, or light sensors. We present a robust time-lapse camera system that has been operating continuously since 2013 under the harsh climatic conditions of the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions. Thus far, we have recorded over one million images with individual cameras. The system consumes 122 mW of power in standby mode and captures up to 200,000 high-resolution (16 MPix) images without maintenance such as battery or image memory replacement. It offers time-lapse intervals between 2 s and 1 h, low-light or night-time power saving, and data logging capabilities for additional inputs such as GPS and weather data. |
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137 |
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2468-0672 |
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yes |
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8302 |
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Author |
Le Bohec C. |
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Title |
Stratégies adaptatives et dynamique spatio-temporelle des populations de prédateurs marins face aux changements rapides de leur environnement |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Hdr |
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pp 90 |
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Dans le cadre des changements globaux attendus, il est urgent d’appréhender le devenir des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité qu’ils hébergent. L’étude des conséquences des fluctuations environnementales sur les traits phénotypiques des organismes, ainsi que celle des stratégies adaptatives et de la dynamique des populations qui en découle, sont fondamentales. Grâce au Observatoires du Vivant que je mets en place par le suivi électronique et/ou télémétrique de plusieurs espèces d’oiseaux marins des régions polaires/sub-polaires, mes recherches ont pour principal objectif la compréhension des processus écologiques et évolutifs qui façonnent les populations, et notamment les capacités d’adaptation des organismes face aux contraintes de leur environnement. Je m’intéresse à la plasticité phénotypique et aux mécanismes microévolutifs, deux processus par lesquels les traits phénotypiques au sein d’une population sont capables de s’ajuster aux changements du milieu. La dynamique spatio-temporelle des populations est traitée à différentes échelles, de la colonie aux écosystèmes. A l’interface entre l'écologie évolutive, la génétique et la dynamique des populations, mon projet favorise le développement de modèles mathématiques globaux. Ces derniers permettent de comprendre les liens existants entre les modifications survenant dans l’environnement et les trajectoires spatio-temporelles de ces populations. Les modèles prédictifs obtenus nous informent sur l’évolution de la composante biologique de l’océan Austral. Ils permettront à terme de mettre en place des stratégies de conservation et de gestion durables de la biodiversité et des ressources naturelles. |
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137 |
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yes |
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8353 |
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Author |
Adriane Cristina Mendes Prado, Mauricio Tizziani Pazianotto, Jose Manuel Quesada Molina, Miguel Antonio Cortes-Giraldo, Guillaume Hubert, Marlon Antonio Pereira, Claudio Antonio Federico |
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Title |
Simulation of Cosmic Radiation Transport Inside Aircraft for Safety Applications |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems |
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Volume |
56 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
3462-3475 |
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Keywords |
Aerospace electronics Aircraft Aircraft manufacture Aircraft simulation Atmospheric modeling Computational modeling cosmic radiation neutron fluence rate Neutrons safety single event effect |
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During the flight, an aircraft is submitted to a radiation environment composed of cosmic-ray-induced particles (CRIP) of which neutrons are responsible for approximately 40% of the crew effective dose and are the main cause of single event effects (SEE) in avionics systems at flight altitudes. A model of Learjet aircraft was developed on Monte Carlo simulation using the MCNPX code in order to detail the CRIP field inside the aircraft. The radiation source modeling was previously developed by a computational platform that simulates the energy and angular distributions of the CRIP along the atmosphere. In this article, we determined the variation of the neutron radiation field in several positions inside the aircraft at 11- and 18-km altitudes and for both equatorial and polar regions. The results suggest that the maximum variation of neutron fluence rate between different positions inside the aircraft shows a tendency of higher differences for a lower energy threshold (thermal and E > 1 MeV) in comparison with those differences for a higher energy threshold (E > 10 MeV). Moreover, the angular distribution results show relevant differences between positions inside aircraft, mainly for thermal neutrons close to the fuel. The general tendency is to enhance these discrepancies for devices with new technologies, due to their lower energy threshold for SEE occurrences. |
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1112 |
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1557-9603 |
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yes |
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7959 |
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Author |
David Renault |
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Title |
A Review of the Phenotypic Traits Associated with Insect Dispersal Polymorphism, and Experimental Designs for Sorting out Resident and Disperser Phenotypes |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Insects |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
214 |
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Keywords |
fecundity hostile matrix life-history mating morphology movement range expansion reproduction wing-dimorphic wing-monomorphic |
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Abstract |
Dispersal represents a key life-history trait with several implications for the fitness of organisms, population dynamics and resilience, local adaptation, meta-population dynamics, range shifting, and biological invasions. Plastic and evolutionary changes of dispersal traits have been intensively studied over the past decades in entomology, in particular in wing-dimorphic insects for which literature reviews are available. Importantly, dispersal polymorphism also exists in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects, and except for butterflies, fewer syntheses are available. In this perspective, by integrating the very latest research in the fast moving field of insect dispersal ecology, this review article provides an overview of our current knowledge of dispersal polymorphism in insects. In a first part, some of the most often used experimental methodologies for the separation of dispersers and residents in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects are presented. Then, the existing knowledge on the morphological and life-history trait differences between resident and disperser phenotypes is synthetized. In a last part, the effects of range expansion on dispersal traits and performance is examined, in particular for insects from range edges and invasion fronts. Finally, some research perspectives are proposed in the last part of the review. |
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136 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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yes |
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Serial |
7656 |
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Olivier Gilg, Loïc Bollache, Eve Afonso, Glenn Yannic, Niels Martin Schmidt, Lars Holst Hansen, Jannik Hansen, Benoît Sittler, Johannes Lang, Nicolas Meyer, Brigitte Sabard, Vladimir Gilg, Anita Lang, Mathilde Lebbar, Voitto Haukisalmi, Heikki Henttonen, Jérôme Moreau |
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Title |
Are gastrointestinal parasites associated with the cyclic population dynamics of their arctic lemming hosts? |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |
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10 |
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6-12 |
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Keywords |
Cestodes Eimerians Faecal prevalence Greenland Population dynamics Rodent-parasites interactions |
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Abstract |
Many rodents, including most populations of arctic lemmings (genus Dicrostonyx and Lemmus), have cyclic population dynamics. Among the numerous hypotheses which have been proposed and tested to explain this typical characteristic of some terrestrial vertebrate communities, trophic interactions have often been presented as the most likely drivers of these periodic fluctuations. The possible role of parasites has, however, only seldom been assessed. In this study, we genetically measured the prevalence of two endoparasite taxa, eimerians and cestodes, in 372 faecal samples from collared lemmings, over a five year period and across three distant sites in Northeast Greenland. Prevalence of cestodes was low (2.7% over all sites and years) and this taxon was only found at one site (although in 4 out of 5 years) in adult hosts. By contrast, we found high prevalence for eimerians (77.7% over all sites and years), which occurred at all sites, in every year, for both age classes (at the Hochstetter Forland site where both adult and juvenile faeces were collected) and regardless of reproductive and social status inferred from the characteristics of the lemming nests where the samples had been collected. Prevalence of eimerians significantly varied among years (not among sites) and was higher for juvenile than for adult lemmings at the Hochstetter Forland site. However, higher prevalence of eimerians (Pt) was only associated with lower lemming density (Nt) at one of the three sites and we found no delayed density dependence between Nt and Pt+1 to support the parasite hypothesis. Our results show that there is no clear relation between lemming density and eimerian faecal prevalence in Northeast Greenland and hence no evidence that eimerians could be driving the cyclic population dynamics of collared lemmings in this region. |
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Programme |
1036 |
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2213-2244 |
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2213-2244 |
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yes |
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7616 |
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Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, Oskar Knudsen, Agust Guðmundsson, Hervé Guillou, Gilles Chazot, Jessica Langlade, Céline Liorzou, Philippe Nonnotte |
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Title |
Volcanoes and climate: the triggering of preboreal Jökulhlaups in Iceland |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
International Journal of Earth Sciences |
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Volume |
109 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
847-876 |
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Abstract |
The Early Holocene (12–8.2 cal ka) deglaciation and pulsed warming was associated in Iceland with two major generations of jökulhlaups around the Vatna ice-cap (Vatnajökull), at ca 11.4–11.2 cal ka and ca 10.4–9.9 cal ka, and major tephra emissions from the Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga subglacial volcanoes. The earliest flood events were recorded inland during the Middle Younger Dryas and their deposits were overlain by the Early Preboreal Vedde Ash (11.8 cal ka). The first Holocene flood events (ca 11.4–11.2 cal ka) are issued from a glacial advance. The second, and major, set of floods was partly driven by the Erdalen cold events and advances (10.1–9.7 10Be ka) initially issued from the Bárðarbunga (10.4, 10.1–9.9 ka) and Grímsvötn volcanoes (Saksunarvatn tephra complex, ca. 10.2–9.9 cal ka). These floods were also fed by the residual glacio-isostatic depressions below the Vatnajökull that enabled the storage of meltwaters in large subglacial lakes or aquifers until ca. 9.3 cal ka. This storage was enhanced by ice-damming and permafrost, especially during the twinned Erdalen events. Due to the glacio-isostatic rebound, the general slope was nearly flat, and the valley was partly filled with sediments until ca 10.8 cal ka. Temporary lacustrine deposits in this valley resulted from the very broad splay of waters as for the ca 11.2 cal ka and ca 10.1–9.9 cal ka flood, due to regional permafrost. These floods had a potential duration of several months as they were mostly fed by climate-driven meltwater. The maximal volume evacuated by these events did not greatly exceed 1 × 106 m3 s−1 from the flood-affected transverse profile of the valleys that remain partly filled with sediments. |
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316 |
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1437-3262 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8267 |
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Vincent Zvénigorosky, Audrey Sabbagh, Angéla Gonzalez, Jean-Luc Fausser, Friso Palstra, Georgii Romanov, Aisen Solovyev, Nikolay Barashkov, Sardana Fedorova, Éric Crubézy, Bertrand Ludes, Christine Keyser |
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Title |
The limitations of kinship determinations using STR data in ill-defined populations |
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2020 |
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International Journal of Legal Medicine |
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Volume |
134 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1981-1990 |
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Abstract |
The likelihood ratio (LR) method is commonly used to determine kinship in civil, criminal, or forensic cases. For the past 15 years, our research group has also applied LR to ancient STR data and obtained kinship results for collections of graves or necropolises. Although we were able to reconstruct large genealogies, some pairs of individuals showed ambiguous results. Second-degree relationships, half-sibling pairs for example, were often inconsistent with detected first-degree relationships, such as parent/child or brother/sister pairs. We therefore set about providing empirical estimations of the error rates for the LR method in living populations with STR allelic diversities comparable to that of the ancient populations we had previously studied. We collected biological samples in the field in North-Eastern Siberia and West Africa and studied more than 800 pairs of STR profiles from individuals with known relationships. Because commercial STR panels were constructed for specific regions (namely Europe and North America), their allelic makeup showed a significant deficit in diversity when compared to European populations, replicating a situation often faced in ancient DNA studies. We assessed the capacity of the LR method to confirm known relationships (effectiveness) and its capacity to detect those relationships (reliability). Concerns over the effectiveness of LR determinations are mostly an issue in forensic studies, while the reliability of the detection of kinship is an issue for the study of necropolises or other large gatherings of unidentified individuals, such as disaster victims or mass graves. We show that the application of LR to both test populations highlights specific issues (both false positives and false negatives) that prevent the confirmation of second-degree kinship or even full siblingship in small populations. Up to 29% of detected full sibling relationships were either overestimated half-sibling relationships or underestimated parent-offspring relationships. The error rate for detected half-sibling relationships was even higher, reaching 41%. Only parent-offspring pairs were reliably detected or confirmed. This implies that, in populations that are small, ill-defined, or for which the STR loci analyzed are inappropriate, an examiner might not be able to distinguish a pair of full siblings from a pair of half-siblings. Furthermore, half-sibling pairs might be overlooked altogether, an issue that is exacerbated by the common confusion, in many languages and cultures, between half-siblings and full siblings. Consequently, in the study of ancient populations, human remains of unknown origins, or poorly surveyed modern populations, we recommend a conservative approach to kinship determined by LR. Next-generation sequencing data should be used when possible, but the costs and technology involved might be prohibitive. Therefore, in potentially contentious situations or cases lacking sufficient external information, uniparental markers should be analyzed: ideally, complete mitochondrial genomes and Y-chromosome haplotypes (STR, SNP, and/or sequencing). |
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1038 |
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1437-1596 |
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yes |
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8059 |
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Author |
A. Wargnier |
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Title |
Characterising the time profiles of relativistic solar energetic particle events observed by neutron monitors |
Type |
Master 1 |
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2020 |
Publication |
Internship report, M1, Univ. Paris Sciences-Lettres |
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This Report Presents The Result Of The Measurement Of Characteristic Times For Relativistic Solar Energetic Par- Ticle Events Observed By Neutron Monitors. The Typical Profile Of A Solar Event Observed By Neutrons Monitors Is A Fast Rise And A Slow Decay. But These Times Differ Between Events (From A Few Minutes To Several Hours) And Quantifying Them Is Interesting. In Fact, Studying These Characteristic Times Allows Us To Better Understand Solar High Energy Events. For This, We Used The Neutron Monitor Database (Nmdb) [1] And Python To Compute The Rise Time And The Decay Time. We Observed That There Is A Linear Relationship Between Rise Time And Decay Time Of These Solar Events.there Are Some Possible Interpretations For These Characteristic Times. These Times May Be Related To The Dura- Tion Of Particle Acceleration Or The Propagation Of The Particles In The Interplanetary Medium. We Looked Then For A Link Between The Measurement Of Neutron Monitors At The Earth And The Solar Activity: In X-rays, And The Microwave Domain. Furthermore, We Studied The Fluctuations Of The Interplanetary Magnetic Field. However, All These Attempts Were Unsuccessful To Find A Relation With The Rise Time Measured By Neutron Monitors. But Ejection Speeds Of Coronal Mass Ejections And Rise Time Solar Events Detected By Neutron Monitors May Be Linked. |
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yes |
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8097 |
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Boulinier, T., Betoulle, S., Caza, F., St Pierre, Y., Tornos, J., Gamble, A. &Amp; Tasiemski, A |
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Title |
Panorama des recherches et des derniers résultats sur les pathogènes en milieu polaire |
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Book Chapter |
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2020 |
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Ipev 2020: rapport d'activité − campagne 2018 2019 |
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54-65 |
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Approches complémentaires des interactions hôte-parasite en zones polaire: de la détection de parasites et agents infectieux à l'étude fonctionnelle, écologique et évolutive de leurs interactions avec leurs hôtes. |
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333,1151 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1246-7375 |
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yes |
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6951 |
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Author |
Haberle, V. |
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Title |
Automatic Characterisation of Magnetic Indices with Artificial Intelligence |
Type |
Master 2 |
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2020 |
Publication |
Irap, Toulouse |
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139 |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
yes |
|
| |
Call Number |
|
Serial |
8098 |
|
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