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Wenjie Lei, Youyi Ruan, Ebru Bozdağ, Daniel Peter, Matthieu Lefebvre, Dimitri Komatitsch, Jeroen Tromp, Judith Hill, Norbert Podhorszki, David Pugmire |
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Title |
Global adjoint tomography—model GLAD-M25 |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Geophysical Journal International |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
223 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-21 |
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Abstract |
Building on global adjoint tomography model GLAD-M15, we present transversely isotropic global model GLAD-M25, which is the result of 10 quasi-Newton tomographic iterations with an earthquake database consisting of 1480 events in the magnitude range 5.5 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.2, an almost sixfold increase over the first-generation model. We calculated fully 3-D synthetic seismograms with a shortest period of 17 s based on a GPU-accelerated spectral-element wave propagation solver which accommodates effects due to 3-D anelastic crust and mantle structure, topography and bathymetry, the ocean load, ellipticity, rotation and self-gravitation. We used an adjoint-state method to calculate Fréchet derivatives in 3-D anelastic Earth models facilitated by a parsimonious storage algorithm. The simulations were performed on the Cray XK7 ‘Titan’ and the IBM Power 9 ‘Summit’ at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility. We quantitatively evaluated GLAD-M25 by assessing misfit reductions and traveltime anomaly histograms in 12 measurement categories. We performed similar assessments for a held-out data set consisting of 360 earthquakes, with results comparable to the actual inversion. We highlight the new model for a variety of plumes and subduction zones. |
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133 |
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0956-540X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7990 |
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Étienne Vignon, Ghislain Picard, Claudio Durán-Alarcón, Simon P. Alexander, Hubert Gallée, Alexis Berne |
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Title |
Gravity Wave Excitation during the Coastal Transition of an Extreme Katabatic Flow in Antarctica |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1295-1312 |
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Abstract |
The offshore extent of Antarctic katabatic winds exerts a strong control on the production of sea ice and the formation of polynyas. In this study, we make use of a combination of ground-based remotely sensed and meteorological measurements at Dumont d’Urville (DDU) station, satellite images, and simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to analyze a major katabatic wind event in Adélie Land. Once well developed over the slope of the ice sheet, the katabatic flow experiences an abrupt transition near the coastal edge consisting of a sharp increase in the boundary layer depth, a sudden decrease in wind speed, and a decrease in Froude number from 3.5 to 0.3. This so-called katabatic jump manifests as a turbulent “wall” of blowing snow in which updrafts exceed 5 m s−1. The wall reaches heights of 1000 m and its horizontal extent along the coast is more than 400 km. By destabilizing the boundary layer downstream, the jump favors the trapping of a gravity wave train—with a horizontal wavelength of 10.5 km—that develops in a few hours. The trapped gravity waves exert a drag that considerably slows down the low-level outflow. Moreover, atmospheric rotors form below the first wave crests. The wind speed record measured at DDU in 2017 (58.5 m s−1) is due to the vertical advection of momentum by a rotor. A statistical analysis of observations at DDU reveals that katabatic jumps and low-level trapped gravity waves occur frequently over coastal Adélie Land. It emphasizes the important role of such phenomena in the coastal Antarctic dynamics. |
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0022-4928, 1520-0469 |
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yes |
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7996 |
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Author |
C. A. González-Wevar, N. I. Segovia, S. Rosenfeld, D. Noll, C. S. Maturana, M. Hüne, J. Naretto, K. Gérard, A. Díaz, H. G. Spencer, T. Saucède, J. -P. Féral, S. A. Morley, P. Brickle, N. G. Wilson, E. Poulin |
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Title |
Contrasting biogeographical patterns in Margarella (Gastropoda: Calliostomatidae: Margarellinae) across the Antarctic Polar Front |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
156 |
Issue |
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Pages |
107039 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Polar Front Benthic-protected development Long-distance dispersal Rafting Southern Ocean |
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Abstract |
Members of the trochoidean genus Margarella (Calliostomatidae) are broadly distributed across Antarctic and sub-Antarctic ecosystems. Here we used novel mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences to clarify species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among seven nominal species distributed on either side of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). Molecular reconstructions and species-delimitation analyses recognized only four species: M. antarctica (the Antarctic Peninsula), M. achilles (endemic to South Georgia), M. steineni (South Georgia and Crozet Island) and the morphologically variable M. violacea (=M. expansa, M. porcellana and M. pruinosa), with populations in southern South America, the Falkland/Malvinas, Crozet and Kerguelen Islands. Margarella violacea and M. achilles are sister species, closely related to M. steineni, with M. antarctica sister to all these. This taxonomy reflects contrasting biogeographic patterns on either side of the APF in the Southern Ocean. Populations of Margarella north of the APF (M. violacea) showed significant genetic variation but with many shared haplotypes between geographically distant populations. By contrast, populations south of the APF (M. antarctica, M. steineni and M. achilles) exhibited fewer haplotypes and comprised three distinct species, each occurring across a separate geographical range. We hypothesize that the biogeographical differences may be the consequence of the presence north of the APF of buoyant kelps – potential long-distance dispersal vectors for these vetigastropods with benthic-protected development – and their near-absence to the south. Finally, we suggest that the low levels of genetic diversity within higher-latitude Margarella reflect the impact of Quaternary glacial cycles that exterminated local populations during their maxima. |
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1044 |
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1055-7903 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8001 |
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Author |
Angus F. Henderson, Clive R. McMahon, Rob Harcourt, Christophe Guinet, Baptiste Picard, Simon Wotherspoon, Mark A. Hindell |
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Title |
Inferring Variation in Southern Elephant Seal At-Sea Mortality by Modelling Tag Failure |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
796 |
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Abstract |
Identifying factors influencing survivorship is key to understanding population persistence. Although satellite telemetry is a powerful tool for studying remote animal ecology and behaviour it is rarely used for demographic studies because distinguishing the death of the animal (individual mortality) from failure of the tag (mechanical tag failure) has proven difficult. Southern elephant seals present an opportunity to separate tag failure from animal mortality thanks to the availability of large tracking datasets, broad knowledge of demographic rates, and because for these large animals, satellite tags are known not to influence mortality rates. A key rationale for investigating satellite telemetry to estimate mortality as compared to using traditional Capture-Mark-Recapture methods is the potential for obtaining spatially and temporally specific information, particularly while the animals are at sea and largely unobservable. We used satellite tag data from 182 seals from Isles Kerguelen, deployed between 2004 and 2018. Of these, 76 (42%) tags transmitted for the full post-moult foraging trip (max. 265 days for females and max. 305 days for sub-adult males) with the remaining 107 tags (58%) ceasing transmission at sea. We found that contrary to expectations, behavioural choices seem not to influence tag failure rates by mechanical means, rather the signals we detected seemed to align with previously described variation in mortality between groups. There was evidence, albeit limited, for an increase in tag failure for adult females in years with negative Southern Annular Mode (lower Southern Ocean productivity). We speculate that this increase in failure may suggest higher mortality in these years. Also, males using the Kerguelen Plateau had higher tag failure rates than those in the sea-ice zone, perhaps indicative of higher mortality. We suspect that these differences in tag failure rates between groups reflect variation in predator exposure and foraging success. This suggests satellite telemetry could be used to infer mortality events for southern elephant seals while they are at sea. |
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1201 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8007 |
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Pauline Goulet, Christophe Guinet, Claudio Campagna, Julieta Campagna, Peter Lloyd Tyack, Mark Johnson |
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Title |
Flash and grab: deep-diving southern elephant seals trigger anti-predator flashes in bioluminescent prey |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Biology |
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Volume |
223 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
Bioluminescence, which occurs in approximately 80% of the world's mesopelagic fauna, can take the form of a low-intensity continuous glow (e.g. for counter-illumination or signalling) or fast repetitions of brighter anti-predatory flashes. The southern elephant seal (SES) is a major consumer of mesopelagic organisms, in particular the abundant myctophid fish, yet the fine-scale relationship between this predator's foraging behaviour and bioluminescent prey remains poorly understood. We hypothesised that brief, intense light emissions should be closely connected with prey strikes when the seal is targeting bioluminescent prey that reacts by emitting anti-predator flashes. To test this, we developed a biologging device containing a fast-sampling light sensor together with location and movement sensors to measure simultaneously anti-predator bioluminescent emissions and the predator's attack motions with a 20 ms resolution. Tags were deployed on female SES breeding at Kerguelen Islands and Península Valdés, Argentina. In situ light levels in combination with duration of prey capture attempts indicated that seals were targeting a variety of prey types. For some individuals, bioluminescent flashes occurred in a large proportion of prey strikes, with the timing of flashes closely connected with the predator's attack motion, suggestive of anti-predator emissions. Marked differences across individuals and location indicate that SES do exploit bioluminescent organisms but the proportion of these in the diet varies widely with location. The combination of wideband light and acceleration data provides new insight into where and when different prey types are encountered and how effectively they might be captured. |
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1201 |
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0022-0949 |
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yes |
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8008 |
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Morgan Godard, Claude Manté, Christophe Guinet, Baptiste Picard, David Nerini |
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Title |
Diving Behavior of Mirounga leonina: A Functional Data Analysis Approach |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
595 |
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Abstract |
The diving behavior of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, is investigated through the analysis of time-depth dive profiles. The originality of this work is to consider dive profiles as continuous curves. For this purpose, a Functional Data Analysis (FDA) approach is proposed for the shape analysis of a collection of dive profiles. Complexity of dive shapes is characterized by a mixture of three main shape variations accounting for about 80% of the entire variability: U or V shape, vertical depth variability during the bottom time, and skewed left or right. Model-based clustering allows the identification of eight dive shape clusters in a quick and automated way. Connection between shape patterns and classical descriptors, as well as the number of prey capture events, is achieved, showing that the clusters are coherent to specific foraging behaviors previously identified in the literature labeled as drift, exploratory and active dives. Finally, FDA is compared to classical methods relying on the computation of discrete dive descriptors. Results show that taking the shape of the dive as a whole is more resilient to corrupted or incomplete sampled data. FDA is, therefore, an efficient tool adapted for processing and comparing dive data with different sampling frequencies and for improving the quality and the accuracy of transmitted data. |
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1201 |
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ISSN |
2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8009 |
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Author |
Sylvie Duchesne, R Bravina, V POPOV, S Kolodeznikov, P Gérard, V Myglan, Ch Hochstrasser-Petit, L Romanova, M Petit, N Kirianov, A Alexeev, L Alekseeva, A Riberon, E Crubézy |
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Title |
Frozen graves of Yakutia, a chronological sequence |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
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Pages |
120-130 |
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Keywords |
artefacts Christianization chronology funeral practices modern period soil burial Yakutia Yakuts |
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Abstract |
Distribution, cultural and chronological attribution of frozen graves of Yakutia between the beginning of 17th and end of 19th century. The funerary rites and the artefacts allow to differentiate four chrono-cultural periods (before 1700 AD, from 1700 to 1750 AD, from 1750 to 1800 AD and after 1800 AD) which could be associated with historical events: opening of the trading post of Nertchinsk, expansion of the Kangalasky clan, economic collapse, generalization of Christianization. |
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1038 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8012 |
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Steven Compernolle, Tijl Verhoelst, Gaia Pinardi, José Granville, Daan Hubert, Arno Keppens, Sander Niemeijer, Bruno Rino, Alkis Bais, Steffen Beirle, Folkert Boersma, John P. Burrows, Isabelle De Smedt, Henk Eskes, Florence Goutail, François Hendrick, Alba Lorente, Andrea Pazmino, Ankie Piters, Enno Peters, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, Julia Remmers, Andreas Richter, Jos van Geffen, Michel Van Roozendael, Thomas Wagner, Jean-Christopher Lambert |
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Title |
Validation of Aura-OMI QA4ECV NO2 climate data records with ground-based DOAS networks: the role of measurement and comparison uncertainties |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
8017-8045 |
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Abstract |
The Qa4ecv (Quality Assurance For Essential Climate Variables) Version 1.1 Stratospheric And Tropospheric No2 Vertical Column Density (Vcd) Climate Data Records (Cdrs) From The Omi (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) Satellite Sensor Are Validated Using Ndacc (Network For The Detection Of Atmospheric Composition Change) Zenith-scattered Light Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Zsl-doas) And Multi-axis Doas (Max-doas) Data As A Reference. The Qa4ecv Omi Stratospheric Vcds Have A Small Bias Of ∼0.2 Pmolec.cm-2 (5 %–10 %) And A Dispersion Of 0.2 To 1 Pmolec.cm-2 With Respect To The Zsl-doas Measurements. Qa4ecv Tropospheric Vcd Observations From Omi Are Restricted To Near-cloud-free Scenes, Leading To A Negative Sampling Bias (With Respect To The Unrestricted Scene Ensemble) Of A Few Peta Molecules Per Square Centimetre (Pmolec.cm-2) Up To −10 Pmolec.cm-2 (−40 %) In One Extreme High-pollution Case. The Qa4ecv Omi Tropospheric Vcd Has A Negative Bias With Respect To The Max-doas Data (−1 To −4 Pmolec.cm-2), Which Is A Feature Also Found For The Omi Omno2 Standard Data Product. The Tropospheric Vcd Discrepancies Between Satellite Measurements And Ground-based Data Greatly Exceed The Combined Measurement Uncertainties. Depending On The Site, Part Of The Discrepancy Can Be Attributed To A Combination Of Comparison Errors (Notably Horizontal Smoothing Difference Error), Measurement/retrieval Errors Related To Clouds And Aerosols, And The Difference In Vertical Smoothing And A Priori Profile Assumptions. |
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209 |
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ISSN |
1680-7316 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8014 |
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Author |
J. Jumelet, A. R. Klekociuk, S. P. Alexander, S. Bekki, A. Hauchecorne, J. P. Vernier, M. Fromm, P. Keckhut |
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Title |
Detection of Aerosols in Antarctica From Long-Range Transport of the 2009 Australian Wildfires |
Type |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
125 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
e2020JD032542 |
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Keywords |
aerosols Antarctica bushfires lidar |
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Abstract |
We analyze the long-range transport to high latitudes of a smoke particle filament originating from the extratropics plume after the Australian wildfires colloquially known as “Black Saturday” on 7 February and report the first Antarctic stratospheric lidar characterization of such aerosols. Using a high-resolution transport/microphysical model, we show that the monitoring cloud/aerosol lidar instrument operating at the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville (DDU, 66°S to 140°E) recorded a signature of those aerosols. The 532 nm scattering ratio of this filament is comparable to typical moderate stratospheric volcanic plume, with values between 1.4 and 1.6 on the first and third days of March above DDU station at around the 14 and 16 km altitude, respectively. A dedicated model is described and its ability to track down fine optical signatures is validated against Antarctic lidar elastic aerosol and DIAL ozone measurements. Using 1 month of tropical Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) data to support a relatively simple microphysical scheme, we report modeled aerosol presence above DDU station after advection of the aerosol size distribution. In situ measurements also report associated positive ozone anomaly. This case study provides evidence that biomass burning events injecting significant amounts of material up to stratospheric altitudes can be transported toward high latitudes. We highlight a potential imprint of smoke particles on the Antarctic atmosphere over larger time scales. Any underestimation of the global impact of such deep particle transport will lead to uncertainties in modeling the associated chemical or radiative effects, especially in polar regions, where specific microphysical and chemical processes take place. |
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Programme |
209 |
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ISSN |
2169-8996 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8015 |
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Author |
Fabrizio Magrini, Dario Jozinović, Fabio Cammarano, Alberto Michelini, Lapo Boschi |
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Title |
Local earthquakes detection: A benchmark dataset of 3-component seismograms built on a global scale |
Type |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-10 |
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Keywords |
Benchmark dataset Earthquake detection algorithm Seismology Supervised machine learning |
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Abstract |
Machine learning is becoming increasingly important in scientific and technological progress, due to its ability to create models that describe complex data and generalize well. The wealth of publicly-available seismic data nowadays requires automated, fast, and reliable tools to carry out a multitude of tasks, such as the detection of small, local earthquakes in areas characterized by sparsity of receivers. A similar application of machine learning, however, should be built on a large amount of labeled seismograms, which is neither immediate to obtain nor to compile. In this study we present a large dataset of seismograms recorded along the vertical, north, and east components of 1487 broad-band or very broad-band receivers distributed worldwide; this includes 629,095 3-component seismograms generated by 304,878 local earthquakes and labeled as EQ, and 615,847 ones labeled as noise (AN). Application of machine learning to this dataset shows that a simple Convolutional Neural Network of 67,939 parameters allows discriminating between earthquakes and noise single-station recordings, even if applied in regions not represented in the training set. Achieving an accuracy of 96.7, 95.3, and 93.2% on training, validation, and test set, respectively, we prove that the large variety of geological and tectonic settings covered by our data supports the generalization capabilities of the algorithm, and makes it applicable to real-time detection of local events. We make the database publicly available, intending to provide the seismological and broader scientific community with a benchmark for time-series to be used as a testing ground in signal processing. |
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2666-5441 |
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8017 |
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