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Alexandra T. Holland, Benoît Bergk Pinto, Rose Layton, Christopher J. Williamson, Alexandre M. Anesio, Timothy M. Vogel, Catherine Larose, Martyn Tranter |
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Title |
Over Winter Microbial Processes in a Svalbard Snow Pack: An Experimental Approach |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue  |
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Pages |
1029 |
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Abstract |
Snow packs cover large expanses of Earth’s land surface, making them integral components of the cryosphere in terms of past climate and atmospheric proxies, surface albedo regulators, insulators for other Arctic environments and habitats for diverse microbial communities such as algae, bacteria and fungi. Yet, most of our current understanding of snow pack environments, specifically microbial activity and community interaction, is limited to the main microbial growing season during spring ablation. At present, little is known about microbial activity and its influence on nutrient cycling during the subfreezing temperatures and 24-h darkness of the polar winter. Here, we examined microbial dynamics in a simulated cold (−5°C), dark snow pack to determine polar winter season microbial activity and its dependence on critical nutrients. Snow collected from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard was incubated in the dark over a 5-week period with four different nutrient additions, including glacial mineral particles, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and a combined treatment of DIN plus DIP. Data indicate a consumption of dissolved inorganic nutrients, particularly DIN, by heterotrophic communities, suggesting a potential nitrogen limitation, contradictory to phosphorus limitations found in most aquatic environments. 16S amplicon sequencing also reveal a clear difference in microbial community composition in the particulate mineral treatment compared to dissolved nutrient treatments and controls, suggesting that certain species of heterotrophs living within the snow pack are more likely to associate with particulates. Particulate phosphorus analyses indicate a potential ability of heterotrophic communities to access particulate sources of phosphorous, possibly explaining the lack of phosphorus limitation. These findings have importance for understanding microbial activity during the polar winter season and its potential influences on the abundance and bioavailability of nutrients released to surface ice and downstream environments during the ablation season. |
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1192 |
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1664-302X |
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yes |
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7965 |
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Author |
Isabelle Badenhausser, Lise Chambrin, Marc Lebouvier |
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Title |
Guide d'identification des plantes des îles sub-Antarctiques Crozet et Kerguelen |
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Book |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
1e édition, imprimerie nouvelle biard |
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151 p |
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136 |
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978-2-7380-1440-5 |
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7975 |
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C. A. González-Wevar, N. I. Segovia, S. Rosenfeld, D. Noll, C. S. Maturana, M. Hüne, J. Naretto, K. Gérard, A. Díaz, H. G. Spencer, T. Saucède, J. -P. Féral, S. A. Morley, P. Brickle, N. G. Wilson, E. Poulin |
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Title |
Contrasting biogeographical patterns in Margarella (Gastropoda: Calliostomatidae: Margarellinae) across the Antarctic Polar Front |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |
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Volume |
156 |
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Pages |
107039 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Polar Front Benthic-protected development Long-distance dispersal Rafting Southern Ocean |
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Abstract |
Members of the trochoidean genus Margarella (Calliostomatidae) are broadly distributed across Antarctic and sub-Antarctic ecosystems. Here we used novel mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences to clarify species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among seven nominal species distributed on either side of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). Molecular reconstructions and species-delimitation analyses recognized only four species: M. antarctica (the Antarctic Peninsula), M. achilles (endemic to South Georgia), M. steineni (South Georgia and Crozet Island) and the morphologically variable M. violacea (=M. expansa, M. porcellana and M. pruinosa), with populations in southern South America, the Falkland/Malvinas, Crozet and Kerguelen Islands. Margarella violacea and M. achilles are sister species, closely related to M. steineni, with M. antarctica sister to all these. This taxonomy reflects contrasting biogeographic patterns on either side of the APF in the Southern Ocean. Populations of Margarella north of the APF (M. violacea) showed significant genetic variation but with many shared haplotypes between geographically distant populations. By contrast, populations south of the APF (M. antarctica, M. steineni and M. achilles) exhibited fewer haplotypes and comprised three distinct species, each occurring across a separate geographical range. We hypothesize that the biogeographical differences may be the consequence of the presence north of the APF of buoyant kelps – potential long-distance dispersal vectors for these vetigastropods with benthic-protected development – and their near-absence to the south. Finally, we suggest that the low levels of genetic diversity within higher-latitude Margarella reflect the impact of Quaternary glacial cycles that exterminated local populations during their maxima. |
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1044 |
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1055-7903 |
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yes |
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8001 |
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Author |
Angus F. Henderson, Clive R. McMahon, Rob Harcourt, Christophe Guinet, Baptiste Picard, Simon Wotherspoon, Mark A. Hindell |
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Title |
Inferring Variation in Southern Elephant Seal At-Sea Mortality by Modelling Tag Failure |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Volume |
7 |
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Pages |
796 |
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Identifying factors influencing survivorship is key to understanding population persistence. Although satellite telemetry is a powerful tool for studying remote animal ecology and behaviour it is rarely used for demographic studies because distinguishing the death of the animal (individual mortality) from failure of the tag (mechanical tag failure) has proven difficult. Southern elephant seals present an opportunity to separate tag failure from animal mortality thanks to the availability of large tracking datasets, broad knowledge of demographic rates, and because for these large animals, satellite tags are known not to influence mortality rates. A key rationale for investigating satellite telemetry to estimate mortality as compared to using traditional Capture-Mark-Recapture methods is the potential for obtaining spatially and temporally specific information, particularly while the animals are at sea and largely unobservable. We used satellite tag data from 182 seals from Isles Kerguelen, deployed between 2004 and 2018. Of these, 76 (42%) tags transmitted for the full post-moult foraging trip (max. 265 days for females and max. 305 days for sub-adult males) with the remaining 107 tags (58%) ceasing transmission at sea. We found that contrary to expectations, behavioural choices seem not to influence tag failure rates by mechanical means, rather the signals we detected seemed to align with previously described variation in mortality between groups. There was evidence, albeit limited, for an increase in tag failure for adult females in years with negative Southern Annular Mode (lower Southern Ocean productivity). We speculate that this increase in failure may suggest higher mortality in these years. Also, males using the Kerguelen Plateau had higher tag failure rates than those in the sea-ice zone, perhaps indicative of higher mortality. We suspect that these differences in tag failure rates between groups reflect variation in predator exposure and foraging success. This suggests satellite telemetry could be used to infer mortality events for southern elephant seals while they are at sea. |
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1201 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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8007 |
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Author |
Morgan Godard, Claude Manté, Christophe Guinet, Baptiste Picard, David Nerini |
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Title |
Diving Behavior of Mirounga leonina: A Functional Data Analysis Approach |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
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7 |
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595 |
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Abstract |
The diving behavior of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, is investigated through the analysis of time-depth dive profiles. The originality of this work is to consider dive profiles as continuous curves. For this purpose, a Functional Data Analysis (FDA) approach is proposed for the shape analysis of a collection of dive profiles. Complexity of dive shapes is characterized by a mixture of three main shape variations accounting for about 80% of the entire variability: U or V shape, vertical depth variability during the bottom time, and skewed left or right. Model-based clustering allows the identification of eight dive shape clusters in a quick and automated way. Connection between shape patterns and classical descriptors, as well as the number of prey capture events, is achieved, showing that the clusters are coherent to specific foraging behaviors previously identified in the literature labeled as drift, exploratory and active dives. Finally, FDA is compared to classical methods relying on the computation of discrete dive descriptors. Results show that taking the shape of the dive as a whole is more resilient to corrupted or incomplete sampled data. FDA is, therefore, an efficient tool adapted for processing and comparing dive data with different sampling frequencies and for improving the quality and the accuracy of transmitted data. |
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1201 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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8009 |
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Sylvie Duchesne, R Bravina, V POPOV, S Kolodeznikov, P Gérard, V Myglan, Ch Hochstrasser-Petit, L Romanova, M Petit, N Kirianov, A Alexeev, L Alekseeva, A Riberon, E Crubézy |
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Title |
Frozen graves of Yakutia, a chronological sequence |
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2020 |
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VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII |
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4 |
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120-130 |
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artefacts Christianization chronology funeral practices modern period soil burial Yakutia Yakuts |
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Abstract |
Distribution, cultural and chronological attribution of frozen graves of Yakutia between the beginning of 17th and end of 19th century. The funerary rites and the artefacts allow to differentiate four chrono-cultural periods (before 1700 AD, from 1700 to 1750 AD, from 1750 to 1800 AD and after 1800 AD) which could be associated with historical events: opening of the trading post of Nertchinsk, expansion of the Kangalasky clan, economic collapse, generalization of Christianization. |
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1038 |
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yes |
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8012 |
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Fabrizio Magrini, Dario Jozinović, Fabio Cammarano, Alberto Michelini, Lapo Boschi |
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Title |
Local earthquakes detection: A benchmark dataset of 3-component seismograms built on a global scale |
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2020 |
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Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences |
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1 |
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1-10 |
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Benchmark dataset Earthquake detection algorithm Seismology Supervised machine learning |
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Machine learning is becoming increasingly important in scientific and technological progress, due to its ability to create models that describe complex data and generalize well. The wealth of publicly-available seismic data nowadays requires automated, fast, and reliable tools to carry out a multitude of tasks, such as the detection of small, local earthquakes in areas characterized by sparsity of receivers. A similar application of machine learning, however, should be built on a large amount of labeled seismograms, which is neither immediate to obtain nor to compile. In this study we present a large dataset of seismograms recorded along the vertical, north, and east components of 1487 broad-band or very broad-band receivers distributed worldwide; this includes 629,095 3-component seismograms generated by 304,878 local earthquakes and labeled as EQ, and 615,847 ones labeled as noise (AN). Application of machine learning to this dataset shows that a simple Convolutional Neural Network of 67,939 parameters allows discriminating between earthquakes and noise single-station recordings, even if applied in regions not represented in the training set. Achieving an accuracy of 96.7, 95.3, and 93.2% on training, validation, and test set, respectively, we prove that the large variety of geological and tectonic settings covered by our data supports the generalization capabilities of the algorithm, and makes it applicable to real-time detection of local events. We make the database publicly available, intending to provide the seismological and broader scientific community with a benchmark for time-series to be used as a testing ground in signal processing. |
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133 |
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ISSN |
2666-5441 |
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yes |
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8017 |
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Sanne Muis, Maialen Irazoqui Apecechea, Job Dullaart, Joao de Lima Rego, Kristine Skovgaard Madsen, Jian Su, Kun Yan, Martin Verlaan |
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Title |
A High-Resolution Global Dataset of Extreme Sea Levels, Tides, and Storm Surges, Including Future Projections |
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2020 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Volume |
7 |
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Pages |
263 |
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Abstract |
The world’s coastal areas are increasingly at risk of coastal flooding due to sea-level rise (SLR). We present a novel global dataset of extreme sea levels, the Coastal Dataset for the Evaluation of Climate Impact (CoDEC), which can be used to accurately map the impact of climate change on coastal regions around the world. The third generation Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM), with a coastal resolution of 2.5 km (1.25 km in Europe), was used to simulate extreme sea levels for the ERA5 climate reanalysis from 1979 to 2017, as well as for future climate scenarios from 2040 to 2100. The validation against observed sea levels demonstrated a good performance, and the annual maxima had a mean bias (MB) of -0.04 m, which is 50% lower than the MB of the previous GTSR dataset. By the end of the century (2071–2100), it is projected that the 1 in 10-year water levels will have increased 0.34 m on average for RCP4.5, while some locations may experience increases of up to 0.5 m. The change in return levels is largely driven by SLR, although at some locations changes in storms surges and interaction with tides amplify the impact of SLR with changes up to 0.2 m. By presenting an application of the CoDEC dataset to the city of Copenhagen, we demonstrate how climate impact indicators derived from simulation can contribute to an understanding of climate impact on a local scale. Moreover, the CoDEC output locations are designed to be used as boundary conditions for regional models, and we envisage that they will be used for dynamic downscaling. |
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688 |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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8031 |
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Tartu S., Blévin P., Bustamante P., Angelier A., Bech C., Bustnes J.o., Gabrielsen G.w., Goutte A., Moe B., Sauser C., Sire J., Barbraud C., Chastel O |
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Title |
Drivers and trends of mercury exposure in Svalbard kittiwakes in a warming context over 17 years |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2020 |
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Setac north-america 41st annual meeting, fort worth, tx, usa (15-19 november 2020) virtual |
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330 |
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yes |
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8034 |
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Chastel O |
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Contaminants of Growing Concern: Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) and their Physiological Consequences in Seabirds |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2020 |
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SETAC North-America 41st Annual Meeting, Fort Worth, TX, USA (15-19 November 2020), virtual |
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330 |
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yes |
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8035 |
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