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Author |
Sacré N. |
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Title |
Modélisation des réseaux trophiques dans les environnements marins côtiers des Iles Kerguelen |
Type |
Master 2 |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Master 2 Sciences de la Mer, Sorbonne Université / Université de Bourgogne |
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48 pp |
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1044 |
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8060 |
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Author |
Meudec L. |
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Title |
Caractérisation des habitats marins benthiques en zones côtières aux Iles Kerguelen par analyse d’images sous-marines |
Type |
Master 1 |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Master 1 Sciences de la Mer, Sorbonne Universités / Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté |
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13 pp |
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1044 |
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8061 |
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Author |
Natacha Garcin |
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Title |
The effects of stress hormones on king penguin's growth, energetics and ageing rate |
Type |
Master 2 |
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Year |
2020 |
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35 |
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Stress exposure and stress response are likely to vary according to life history strategies and across environmental contexts. If the release of glucocorticoids (e.g. corticosterone, CORT) in response to acute stress enables animals to rightfully cope with the situation, chronic exposure to high CORT levels can lead to deleterious cascading effects on animal’s physiology, behavior and fitness. Some species may be more adapted to cope with stressful events than others and might exhibit natural adaptations to limit the adverse consequences of prolonged high CORT levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of experimentally elevated CORT levels on the growth, energetics and ageing of king penguin chicks (Aptenodytes patagonicus), using sub-cutaneous CORT implants. We investigated the effects of CORT both on the medium (23 days
after implant) and the long-term (fledging: ~ 200 days after the implant) on morphological (i.e. body mass and size), behavioral (i.e. aggressivity, physical activity) and physiological traits (i.e. heart rate, CORT response to acute stress, oxidative stress, mitochondrial density and telomere length). Although CORT-treated chicks were taller, more aggressive and displayed lower CORT response to acute stress on the medium-term, there was no significant impact of CORT on the body mass and whole-body energetics assessed through heart rate and physical activity. Moreover, CORT chicks displayed lower oxidized glutathione on the medium and long-term, thus indirectly preventing
oxidative damage, while telomere length and mitochondrial density were not influenced by CORT implants. Although chronic elevation of glucocorticoid levels is mostly known to result in negative physiological and behavioral outcomes, our results indicating some positive effects of CORT implants are consistent with the hypothesis that species who encounter several noxious stressors in their environment, could be naturally adapted to cope with them. The growth-enhancing effect of CORT might be mediated by a higher efficiency at which food is assimilated and/or used, and CORT chicks might benefit from aggressive behaviors during competitive interactions or predation
encounters. Through the antioxidant glutathione system, CORT treated chicks seem to have developed a resistance to oxidative stress that could last over time (i.e. possibly through a reduction
of ROS production). While CORT implants did not accelerate ageing or bring short and mediumterm costs, possible long lasting programming effects of CORT should be further investigated. |
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yes |
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8101 |
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Author |
Philip N. Trathan, Barbara Wienecke, Christophe Barbraud, Stéphanie Jenouvrier, Gerald Kooyman, Céline Le Bohec, David G. Ainley, André Ancel, Daniel P. Zitterbart, Steven L. Chown, Michelle LaRue, Robin Cristofari, Jane Younger, Gemma Clucas, Charles-André Bost, Jennifer A. Brown, Harriet J. Gillett, Peter T. Fretwell |
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Title |
The emperor penguin – Vulnerable to projected rates of warming and sea ice loss |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
241 |
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Pages |
108216 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Climate change Conservation IUCN Red List threat status Protection |
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We argue the need to improve climate change forecasting for ecology, and importantly, how to relate long-term projections to conservation. As an example, we discuss the need for effective management of one species, the emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri. This species is unique amongst birds in that its breeding habit is critically dependent upon seasonal fast ice. Here, we review its vulnerability to ongoing and projected climate change, given that sea ice is susceptible to changes in winds and temperatures. We consider published projections of future emperor penguin population status in response to changing environments. Furthermore, we evaluate the current IUCN Red List status for the species, and recommend that its status be changed to Vulnerable, based on different modelling projections of population decrease of ≥50% over the current century, and the specific traits of the species. We conclude that current conservation measures are inadequate to protect the species under future projected scenarios. Only a reduction in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions will reduce threats to the emperor penguin from altered wind regimes, rising temperatures and melting sea ice; until such time, other conservation actions are necessary, including increased spatial protection at breeding sites and foraging locations. The designation of large-scale marine spatial protection across its range would benefit the species, particularly in areas that have a high probability of becoming future climate change refugia. We also recommend that the emperor penguin is listed by the Antarctic Treaty as an Antarctic Specially Protected Species, with development of a species Action Plan. |
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137,394 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0006-3207 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7678 |
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Author |
Hanane Marif, Jean Lilensten |
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Title |
Suprathermal electron moments in the ionosphere |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
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Pages |
22 |
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Abstract |
The ionospheric electron population is divided into two groups. The ambient electrons are thermalized. Their energy is usually smaller than one electron volt. Their densities and temperatures are the usual ones measured by incoherent scatter radars, or modeled by international codes such as International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). There is however a second population called the suprathermal electrons. This one is either due to photoionization or to electron impact between the thermosphere and the precipitation in the high latitude zone. In the frame of space weather, it may be the source of scintillations, plasma bulks and other physical phenomena. The suprathermal electron population can only indirectly be measured through the plasmaline and had never been modeled. Its modeling requires the computation of the electron stationary flux by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. This flux is multiplied by various powers of the velocity v and integrated to obtain the different order moments. By integrating f over v0dv, one deduces the suprathermal electron density. An integration of v1fdv allows the computation of their mean velocity. Higher moments give access to their temperature and finally to their heat flux. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the full and rigorous calculation of the ionospheric electron moments up to three. As two case studies, we focus on high latitude in the auroral oval and low magnetic latitude over Algiers for different solar and geophysical conditions. We compare the suprathermal densities and temperatures to the thermal electron parameters. Our results highlight that – as expected – the suprathermal density is small compared to the thermal one. Although it is close to 3 × 103 m−3 at 180 km during the day, it drops drastically at night, to hardly reach 3 m−3. Contrarily to the density, the velocity is about 10 times more important during the nighttime when precipitation occurs than during the daytime under the electromagnetic solar flux. At 400 km, it varies during the day between 700,000 m s−1 (active solar conditions) and 900,000 m s−1 (quiet Sun). At night, the velocity varies between 3 × 106 m s−1 (low mean energy precipitation) and 3 × 107 m s−1 (high mean energy precipitation) at 400 km. The suprathermal temperature increases as the solar activity decreases or as the mean energy of the electron precipitation increases. It may reach values close to 3 × 108 K. The heat flux may be fully oriented downward or experiences a reversal with some flux going up depending on the forcing. |
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1026 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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2115-7251 |
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7679 |
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Author |
C. Michelot, A. Kato, T. Raclot, K. Shiomi, P. Goulet, P. Bustamante, Y. Ropert-Coudert |
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Title |
Sea-ice edge is more important than closer open water access for foraging Adélie penguins: evidence from two colonies |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
640 |
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Pages |
215-230 |
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Keywords |
Colony Diet GPS Incubation trip Pygoscelis adeliae Sea-ice edge Stable isotopes |
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Abstract |
Sentinel species, like Adélie penguins, have been used to assess the impact of environmental changes, and their link with sea ice has received considerable attention. Here, we tested if foraging Adélie penguins from 2 colonies in East Antarctica target the distant sea-ice edge or take advantage of closer open waters that are readily available near their colony. We examined the foraging behaviour of penguins during the incubation trips of females in 2016 and males in 2017, using GPS tracking and diet data in view of daily sea-ice data and bathymetry. In 2016-2017, sea-ice cover was extensive during females’ trips but flaw leads and polynyas were close to both study sites. Sea ice receded rapidly during males’ trips in 2017-2018. Despite close open water near both colonies in both years, females and males preferentially targeted the continental slope and the sea-ice edge to forage. In addition, there was no difference in the diet of penguins from both colonies: all penguins fed mostly on Antarctic krill and males also foraged on Antarctic silverfish. Our results highlight the importance of the sea-ice edge for penguins, an area where food abundance is predictable. It is likely that resource availability was not sufficient in closer open water areas at such an early stage in the breeding season. The behaviours displayed by the penguins from both colonies were similar, suggesting a common behaviour across colonies in Terre Adélie, although additional sites would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis. |
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1091 |
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0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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7680 |
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Zhiyong Xie, Zhen Wang, Olivier Magand, Alban Thollot, Ralf Ebinghaus, Wenying Mi, Aurelien Dommergue |
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Title |
Occurrence of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in snow at Dome C in the Antarctic |
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2020 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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741 |
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140200 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Organophosphate esters PAH PFAS Snow |
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Concentrations of 9 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 16 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface snow samples collected at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau in summer 2016. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) were the dominant compounds of OPEs, with mean concentrations of 8157 ± 4860, 1128 ± 928 and 1232 ± 1147 pg/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, mean: 358 ± 71 pg/L) was the dominant compound of PFASs, and following by perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, mean: 222 ± 97 pg/L), perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, 183 ± 60 pg/L) and perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA, 175 ± 105 pg/L). 2-(Heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA, mean: 9.2 ± 2.6 pg/L) was determined in the Antarctic for the first time. Significantly positive correlations were observed between HFPO-DA and the short-chain PFASs, implying they have similar emission sources and long-range transport potential. High levels of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene, as well as the ratios of PAH congeners indicated PAHs were attributable mostly to combustion origin. Occurrence and profiles of the indicators of OPEs, PFASs and PAHs, as well as air mass back-trajectory analysis provided direct evidences of human activities on Concordia station and posed obvious impacts on local environments in the Antarctic. Nevertheless, the exchange processes among different environmental matrices may drive the long-range transport and redistribution of the legacy and emerging Organic contaminants from coast to inland in the Antarctic. |
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1028 |
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0048-9697 |
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yes |
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7685 |
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Author |
Stefano Santini, Michele Dragoni |
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Title |
Moment rate of the 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
298 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106336 |
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Keywords |
Asperity models Fault mechanics Nonlinear dynamical systems Seismic moment rates Theoretical seismology |
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Abstract |
The 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake (Mw 7.9) occurred in a region of the Pacific plate southwest of the Alaskan subduction zone. The earthquake was a strike-slip event, with the hypocenter located at a depth of about 25 km and a seismic moment equal to 0.96 × 1021 Nm. Two observed moment rates have been obtained by the Geoscope Observatory, France, and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Both of them can be interpreted as due to the failure of two asperities on the fault surface. We consider a discrete fault model, with two asperities of different areas and strengths, and show that the observed moment rates can be reproduced by appropriate values of the model parameters, as inferred from the available data. A good fit to the observed moment rates is obtained by a sequence of three dynamic modes of the system, including a phase of simultaneous slip of the asperities. The two moment rates are however characterized by different initial conditions, in terms of different initial shear stress distributions on the fault. Shear stresses on the asperities are calculated as functions of time during the event and show a similar evolution in the two cases, but with different final values. The model results show that the presence of simultaneous asperity motion can significantly increase the seismic moment of a large earthquake. |
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133 |
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0031-9201 |
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yes |
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7687 |
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Author |
Encelyn Voisine, Yann Rolland, Matthias Bernet, Julien Carcaillet, Guillaume Duclaux, Jérôme Bascou, Christian Sue, Mélanie Balvay, René-Pierre Ménot |
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Title |
Antarctic erosion history reconstructed by Terre Adélie moraine geochronology |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
1-14 |
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Keywords |
cosmogenic nuclide dating deglaciation exhumation fission-track dating Late Palaeozoic Ice Age subglacial incision |
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Abstract |
We report apatite fission-track and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating of 14 moraine boulders originating from inland Terre Adélie, East Antarctica. These data show cooling of the Proterozoic Terre Adélie craton at < ~120°C between 350 and 300 Ma, suggesting > 4 km temperate glacial erosion during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, followed by nearly null Mesozoic erosion and low glacial erosion (< 2 km) in the Cenozoic. Based on glacial flux maps, the origin of the boulders may be located ~400 km upstream. Preliminary TCN (10Be) datings of moraine boulders cluster within the last 30 ka. Cosmogenic ages from the Lacroix Nunatak suggest a main deglaciation after the Younger Dryas at c. 10 ka, while those of Cap Prud'homme mostly cluster at 0.6 ka, in agreement with an exhumation of boulders during the Little Ice Age. |
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1003 |
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0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
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yes |
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7692 |
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Author |
Valentin Wierner |
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Title |
Couverture nuageuse et précipitations neigeuses à Dumont d’Urville |
Type |
Master |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Master's report |
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1013 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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yes |
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7743 |
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