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Author |
Chuxian Li, Jeroen E. Sonke, Gaël Le Roux, Nathalie Van der Putten, Natalia Piotrowska, Catherine Jeandel, Nadine Mattielli, Mathieu Benoit, Giles F. S. Wiggs, François De Vleeschouwer |
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Title |
Holocene dynamics of the southern westerly winds over the Indian Ocean inferred from a peat dust deposition record |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Quaternary Science Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
231 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106169 |
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Keywords |
Amsterdam Island Anthropogenic activities Dust sources Peat Southern westerly winds |
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Abstract |
The southern westerly winds (SWW) play a major role in climate variability in Southern Hemisphere mid- and high-latitudes, regulating rainfall, ocean circulation, and the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Despite their importance, little is known about millennial scale changes in the SWW and how they have influenced the climate system in the past and interacted with the Earth’s surface elements, such as dust, nutrients and carbon. Here we present a dust record from a 6.6 kyr old peat core in Amsterdam Island (AMS) situated at the northern edge of the SWW (37°S) in the Southern Indian Ocean. Mineral dust flux was used to track atmospheric dust production, long-distance transport and subsequent deposition. Dust provenance was determined from rare earth element (REE) and Nd isotopic signatures (εNd) in the peat core, compared with a reference dataset of Southern Hemisphere dust sources. Using a multi-proxy mixing model, the εNd and REE ratios show a relatively uniform mixture of ca. 40% local, 15% Southern African and 45% Southern South American dust sources since 6.6 cal kyr BP. However, from 1910 AD onwards, there is a doubling in the contribution from Southern Africa (32%). Two mineral dust flux minima occur at 6.2–4.9 cal kyr BP and 3.9–2.7 cal kyr BP, interpreted as periods with equatorward-shifted and/or strengthened SWW at the northern edge of the wind belt. Conversely, periods of higher dust flux at 6.6–6.2 cal kyr BP, 4.9–3.9 cal kyr BP, and 1.4 cal kyr BP onwards are interpreted as poleward-shifted and/or weakened SWW. These interpretations are based on the findings that higher (lower) wind speeds lead to enhanced (less) removal of distal dust on the way to AMS, by wet deposition and turbulence. Published Holocene SWW records at the northern edge of the wind belt (33–41°S) covering South-America, Southern-Africa and Australia, show much variability over the last 6.6 kyr. We suggest this reflects complex regional climate variability in the different SH longitudinal sectors, indicating that SWW are not zonally homogeneous at the northern edge of the wind belt. The recent shift in dust provenance is not accompanied by enhanced total dust deposition at AMS. We therefore suggest that human impact (e.g., land use changes) and drier climate conditions in Southern Africa have led to enhanced dust mobilization. |
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Programme |
1065,1133 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0277-3791 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8193 |
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Author |
Agnès Lewden, Batshéva Bonnet, Andreas Nord |
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Title |
The metabolic cost of subcutaneous and abdominal rewarming in king penguins after long-term immersion in cold water |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Thermal Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
91 |
Issue |
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Pages |
102638 |
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Keywords |
Metabolism Normothermia Rewarming Subcutaneous temperature |
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Abstract |
Marine endotherms in the polar regions face a formidable thermal challenge when swimming in cold water. Hence, they use morphological (fat, blubber) adjustment and peripheral vasoconstriction to reduce demands for heat production in water. The animals then regain normothermia when resting ashore. In the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) metabolic rate is lower in fed than in fasted individuals during subsequent rewarming on land. This has been suggested to be a consequence of diversion of blood flow to the splanchnic region in fed birds, which reduces peripheral temperatures. However, peripheral temperatures during recovery have never been investigated in birds with different nutritional status. The aim of this study was, therefore, to measure subcutaneous and abdominal temperatures during the rewarming phase on land in fasted and fed king penguins, and investigate to which extent any different rewarming were reflected in recovery metabolic rate (MRR) after long term immersion in cold water. We hypothesized that fed individuals would have a slower increase of subcutaneous temperatures compared to fasted penguins, and a correspondingly lower MRR. Subcutaneous tissues reached normothermia after 24.15 (back) and 21.36 min (flank), which was twice as fast as in the abdomen (46.82 min). However, recovery time was not affected by nutritional condition. MRR during global rewarming (4.56 ± 0.42 W kg−1) was twice as high as resting metabolic rate (RMR; 2.16 ± 0.59 W kg−1). However, MRR was not dependent on feeding status and was significantly elevated above RMR only until subcutaneous temperature had recovered. Contrary to our prediction, fed individuals did not reduce the subcutaneous circulation compared to fasted penguins and did not show any changes in MRR during subsequent recovery. It seems likely that lower metabolic rate in fed king penguins on land reported in other studies might not have been caused primarily by increased circulation to the visceral organs. |
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Programme |
394 |
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ISSN |
0306-4565 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8271 |
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Author |
L. T. Ellis, M. Kh. Alikhadzhiev, R. S. Erzhapova, H. H. Blom, H. Bednarek-Ochyra, M. Burghardt, M. J. Cano, I. V. Czernyadjeva, E. Yu. Kuzmina, A. D. Potemkin, G. Ya. Doroshina, D. Dagnino, C. Turcato, L. Minuto, P. Drapela, M. V. Dulin, E. Fuertes, A. Graulich, K. Hassel, L. Hedenäs, T. H. Hofton, T. Høitomt, I. Jukonienė, M. Kırmacı, N. E. Koroleva, Ł. Krajewski, M. Kropik, H. Kürschner, E. V. Kushnevskaya, J. Larraín, M. Lebouvier, A. I. Maksimov, O. Yu. Pisarenko, V. Plášek, Z. Skoupá, S. Yu. Popov, V. E. Fedosov, M. Puglisi, A. Stebel, S. Ştefănut, G. Vončina, M. Wierzgoń, S.-L. Guo |
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Title |
New national and regional bryophyte records, 64 |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Bryology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
393-412 |
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Abstract |
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Programme |
136 |
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ISSN |
0373-6687 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8300 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Renac Christophe, Moine Bertrand, Goudour Jean-Pierre, LeRomancer Marc, Perrache Chantal |
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Title |
Stable isotope study of rainfall, river drainage and hot springs of the kerguelen archipelago, SW Indian Ocean |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Geothermics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
83 |
Issue |
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Pages |
101726 |
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Keywords |
Geothermal springs Kerguelen archipelago Stable isotope composition Water-Rock interaction |
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Abstract |
This study is the first synthesis of chemical composition and stable isotopes values for the Kerguelen archipelago waters. The stable isotope values for rainfall and river waters in the Kerguelen archipelago allow a calculation of the Local Meteoric Water Line (δD rainfall = 8.43 x δ18O rainfall + 11) and a summer runoff line (δD river drainage = 7.45 x δ18O river drainage + 6). Surface waters with low- ion concentrations, chlorine facies and stable isotope values infiltrate through fractures and lava flows recharging deeper groundwaters. Thermal groundwater with low- (7 to 50 °C) and high- (50 to 100 °C) temperatures emerges in different localities in the volcanic archipelago. The low-temperature thermal waters might represent a mixture of high-temperature water with rainfall, thermal gradient changes or shallower infiltration compared to that for high-temperature thermal waters. The Rallier du Baty and Val Travers areas contain geothermal fluids with high-temperature springs, fumaroles and a large water flow. In the Rallier du Baty, the major ion chemistry and O, H, C and S stable isotope ratio of low (7 to 50 °C) temperature spring waters in Rallier du Baty area demonstrate a geothermal-system recharged by meteoric water (δD H2O liquid = 7.0 x δ18O H2O liquid + 0.5) rather than sea water. The chemical and isotopic compositions of elevated temperature spring waters (50 to 100 °C) have a long and complex history of meteoric water interacting with cooling magmas (δD H2O liquid = 1.78 x δ18O H2O liquid – 23). Surficial precipitation of aragonite, kaolinite, pyrite, native sulfur attest to a long livied geothermal system. A temperature of the geothermal reservoir has been estimated between 193 and 259 °C by cation geothermometry. The combination of minerals observed, major ion composition of water with thermodynamic modeling and stable isotope data suggest a geothermal system with a series of water/rock interactions from 50 to 250 °C. The conductive cooling of rising of H2O−CO2-rich fluids have produced a H2O−CO2 phase separation with the precipitation of secondary minerals. |
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Programme |
408,444 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
0375-6505 |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8262 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Hila Levy, Steven R Fiddaman, Juliana A Vianna, Daly Noll, Gemma V Clucas, Jasmine K H Sidhu, Michael J Polito, Charles A Bost, Richard A Phillips, Sarah Crofts, Gary D Miller, Pierre Pistorius, Francesco Bonnadonna, Céline Le Bohec, Andrés Barbosa, Phil Trathan, Andrea Raya Rey, Laurent A F Frantz, Tom Hart, Adrian L Smit |
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Title |
Evidence of Pathogen-Induced Immunogenetic Selection across the Large Geographic Range of a Wild Seabird |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Molecular Biology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1708-1726 |
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Keywords |
immunogenetics, positive selection, Toll-like receptors, pathogen-mediated selection, Antarctica and Southern Ocean, Gentoo penguin |
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Abstract |
Over evolutionary time, pathogen challenge shapes the immune phenotype of the host to better respond to an incipient threat. The extent and direction of this selection pressure depend on the local pathogen composition, which is in turn determined by biotic and abiotic features of the environment. However, little is known about adaptation to local pathogen threats in wild animals. The Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a species complex that lends itself to the study of immune adaptation because of its circumpolar distribution over a large latitudinal range, with little or no admixture between different clades. In this study, we examine the diversity in a key family of innate immune genes—the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)—across the range of the Gentoo penguin. The three TLRs that we investigated present varying levels of diversity, with TLR4 and TLR5 greatly exceeding the diversity of TLR7. We present evidence of positive selection in TLR4 and TLR5, which points to pathogen-driven adaptation to the local pathogen milieu. Finally, we demonstrate that two positively selected cosegregating sites in TLR5 are sufficient to alter the responsiveness of the receptor to its bacterial ligand, flagellin. Taken together, these results suggest that Gentoo penguins have experienced distinct pathogen-driven selection pressures in different environments, which may be important given the role of the Gentoo penguin as a sentinel species in some of the world’s most rapidly changing environments. |
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Programme |
137,354 |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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ISSN |
0737-4038 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7663 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Marine Duc |
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Title |
“You are the Greenlandic one”. Saisir la place de la région d’origine dans la production de l’autochtonie chez les étudiant·e·s groenlandais·e·s au Danemark |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Espace populations sociétés. space populations societies |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
2020/1-2 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
En partant des expériences quotidiennes de minorisation rencontrées par des étudiant·e·s groenlandais·e·s au Danemark, je propose de voir comment l’imposition d’un stigmate territorial -comme sa négociation – participent à la production d’une autochtonie en tension. L’objectif de cet article est donc double. D’une part, en montrant comment les représentations de la région d’origine participent aux processus de racialisation, il s’agit de mettre en évidence la manière dont un ordre national chromatisé est performé au quotidien entre Danemark et Groenland. D’autre part, en montrant que la négociation de l’imposition du stigmate n’est pas la même selon les ressources dont disposent les individus, je soulignerai la nécessité de ne pas prendre la catégorie « peuples autochtones » comme un donné, mais au contraire, de penser l’autochtonie comme un positionnement social dynamique, qui se recompose selon les contextes, selon des logiques de race, de classe et de genre, mais également selon les trajectoires des individus. |
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Programme |
1213 |
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ISSN |
0755-7809 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7641 |
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Author |
L. Edel, C. Claud, C. Genthon, C. Palerme, N. Wood, T. L’Ecuyer, D. Bromwich |
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Title |
Arctic Snowfall from CloudSat Observations and Reanalyses |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
2093-2109 |
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Abstract |
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Programme |
1013 |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Summary Language |
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ISSN |
0894-8755 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7657 |
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Author |
M. Belke-Brea, F. Domine, M. Barrere, G. Picard, L. Arnaud |
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Title |
Impact of Shrubs on Winter Surface Albedo and Snow Specific Surface Area at a Low Arctic Site: In Situ Measurements and Simulations |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
597-609 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Erect shrubs in the Arctic reduce surface albedo when branches protrude above the snow and modify snow properties, in particular specific surface area (SSA). Important consequences are changes in the land surface–atmosphere energy exchange and the increase of snow melting in autumn, possibly inducing reduced soil thermal insulation and in turn permafrost cooling. Near Umiujaq (56.5°N, 76.5°W) in the Canadian low Arctic where dwarf birches (Betula glandulosa) are expanding, spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) under diffuse light and vertical profiles of SSA were measured in November and December 2015 at four sites: three with protruding branches and one with only snow. At the beginning of the snow season (8 November), shrub-induced albedo reductions were found to be wavelength dependent and as high as 55% at 500 nm and 18% at 1000 nm, which, integrated over the measurement range (400–1080 nm), corresponds to 70 W m−2 of additional absorbed energy. The impact of shrubs is not just snow darkening. They also affect snow SSA in multiple ways, by accumulating snow with high SSA during cold windy precipitation and favoring SSA decrease by inducing melting during warm spells. However, the impact on the radiation budget of direct darkening from shrubs likely dominates over the indirect change in SSA. Spectral albedo was simulated with a linear mixing equation (LME), which fitted well with observed spectra. The average root-mean-square error was 0.009. We conclude that LMEs are a suitable tool to parameterize mixed surface albedo in snow and climate models. |
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Programme |
1042 |
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ISSN |
0894-8755, 1520-0442 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7972 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Christophe Barbraud, Adrien Chaigne, Maxime Loubon, Olivier Lamy, Fabrice Le Bouard |
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Title |
An estimate of the South Georgia diving petrel Pelecanoides georgicus population at Ile de la Possession, Crozet archipelago |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
248-254 |
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Keywords |
acoustic playback burrowing petrel detection probability distance sampling Procellariiformes |
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Abstract |
Burrow-nesting seabirds constitute an important part of seabird diversity, yet accurate estimates of their abundance are largely lacking, limiting our understanding of their population dynamics and conservation status. We conducted a survey to estimate the number of South Georgia diving petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) burrows during the 2013–14 breeding season on Ile de la Possession, Crozet archipelago, southern Indian Ocean. We used distance sampling and acoustic playback in order to estimate burrow densities in a priori-selected favourable nesting areas. A total of 855 burrows were detected. The mean altitude of burrows was 601.8 ± 69.4 m. The mean burrow detection distance was 1.77 ± 1.63 m. The burrow density was estimated at 15.649 burrows ha-1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.245–23.903) and the slope-corrected total favourable area was 2365.53 ha, which yielded an estimate 37 018 burrows (95% CI: 24 235–56 544). The playback response rate was 15.8 ± 1.3%, and 40.8 ± 1.7% of burrows were occupied or showed signs of occupation. Occupancy rates were low compared to those measured by systematic burrow inspection in other studies. Assuming that laying occurred in 80–93% of the estimated number of burrows, as estimated by previous studies, gives an estimate of 29 614 (95% CI: 19 388–45 235) to 34 426 (95% CI: 22 538–52 585) breeding pairs. |
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Programme |
109 |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7571 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Encelyn Voisine, Yann Rolland, Matthias Bernet, Julien Carcaillet, Guillaume Duclaux, Jérôme Bascou, Christian Sue, Mélanie Balvay, René-Pierre Ménot |
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Title |
Antarctic erosion history reconstructed by Terre Adélie moraine geochronology |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-14 |
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Keywords |
cosmogenic nuclide dating deglaciation exhumation fission-track dating Late Palaeozoic Ice Age subglacial incision |
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Abstract |
We report apatite fission-track and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating of 14 moraine boulders originating from inland Terre Adélie, East Antarctica. These data show cooling of the Proterozoic Terre Adélie craton at < ~120°C between 350 and 300 Ma, suggesting > 4 km temperate glacial erosion during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, followed by nearly null Mesozoic erosion and low glacial erosion (< 2 km) in the Cenozoic. Based on glacial flux maps, the origin of the boulders may be located ~400 km upstream. Preliminary TCN (10Be) datings of moraine boulders cluster within the last 30 ka. Cosmogenic ages from the Lacroix Nunatak suggest a main deglaciation after the Younger Dryas at c. 10 ka, while those of Cap Prud'homme mostly cluster at 0.6 ka, in agreement with an exhumation of boulders during the Little Ice Age. |
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1003 |
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0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
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7692 |
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