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Author |
Varlamov A., Keptuke G., Lavrillier A. |
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Title |
Electronic Devices for Safeguarding Indigenous Languages and Cultures (Eastern Siberia) |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic |
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58-75 |
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1127 |
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978036722039-6 |
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yes |
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8346 |
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Fabrizio Magrini, Dario Jozinović, Fabio Cammarano, Alberto Michelini, Lapo Boschi |
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Title |
Local earthquakes detection: A benchmark dataset of 3-component seismograms built on a global scale |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences |
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Volume |
1 |
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Pages |
1-10 |
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Keywords |
Benchmark dataset Earthquake detection algorithm Seismology Supervised machine learning |
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Abstract |
Machine learning is becoming increasingly important in scientific and technological progress, due to its ability to create models that describe complex data and generalize well. The wealth of publicly-available seismic data nowadays requires automated, fast, and reliable tools to carry out a multitude of tasks, such as the detection of small, local earthquakes in areas characterized by sparsity of receivers. A similar application of machine learning, however, should be built on a large amount of labeled seismograms, which is neither immediate to obtain nor to compile. In this study we present a large dataset of seismograms recorded along the vertical, north, and east components of 1487 broad-band or very broad-band receivers distributed worldwide; this includes 629,095 3-component seismograms generated by 304,878 local earthquakes and labeled as EQ, and 615,847 ones labeled as noise (AN). Application of machine learning to this dataset shows that a simple Convolutional Neural Network of 67,939 parameters allows discriminating between earthquakes and noise single-station recordings, even if applied in regions not represented in the training set. Achieving an accuracy of 96.7, 95.3, and 93.2% on training, validation, and test set, respectively, we prove that the large variety of geological and tectonic settings covered by our data supports the generalization capabilities of the algorithm, and makes it applicable to real-time detection of local events. We make the database publicly available, intending to provide the seismological and broader scientific community with a benchmark for time-series to be used as a testing ground in signal processing. |
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133 |
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2666-5441 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8017 |
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Author |
Vincent Zvénigorosky, Sylvie Duchesne, Liubomira Romanova, Patrice Gérard, Christiane Petit, Michel Petit, Anatoly Alexeev, Olga Melnichuk, Angéla Gonzalez, Jean-Luc Fausser, Aisen Solovyev, Georgii Romanov, Nikolay Barashkov, Sardana Fedorova, Bertrand Ludes, Eric Crubézy, Christine Keyser |
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Title |
The genetic legacy of legendary and historical Siberian chieftains |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Communications Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-9 |
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Abstract |
Seventeen years of archaeological and anthropological expeditions in North-Eastern Siberia (in the Sakha Republic, Yakutia) have permitted the genetic analysis of 150 ancient (15th-19th century) and 510 modern individuals. Almost all males were successfully analysed (Y-STR) and this allowed us to identify paternal lineages and their geographical expansion through time. This genetic data was confronted with mythological, historical and material evidence to establish the sequence of events that built the modern Yakut genetic diversity. We show that the ancient Yakuts recovered from this large collection of graves are not representative of an ancient population. Uncommonly, we were also able to demonstrate that the funerary preference observed here involved three specific male lineages, especially in the 18th century. Moreover, this dominance was likely caused by the Russian conquest of Siberia which allowed some male clans to rise to new levels of power. Finally, we give indications that some mythical and historical figures might have been the actors of those genetic changes. These results help us reconsider the genetic dynamics of colonization in some regions, question the distinction between fact and myth in national histories and provide a rare insight into a funerary ensemble by revealing the biased process of its composition. |
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Programme |
1038 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
2399-3642 |
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2399-3642 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7790 |
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Author |
Héloïse Barbel, Dominique Todisco, Najat Bhiry |
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Title |
A geochemical investigation of an Early Inuit semi-subterranean winter dwelling in a periglacial context |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of archaeological science: reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
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Pages |
102552 |
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Keywords |
C-N analysis Cryosolic soils geochemistry FTIR ICP-AES Inuit archaeology Nunavik Semi-subterranean house |
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Abstract |
Geochemical investigations using FTIR, ICP-AES and C-N analyses were carried out on a single-family semi-subterranean Inuit house in order to assess the contribution of Inuit domestic activities in the formation of cryosolic soils in a periglacial archaeological context (Kuuvik Bay, Nunavik, Canada). The geochemical elements data were analyzed using box plots and enrichment factors. The information was also summarized and visualized through principal component analysis (PCA). These complementary statistical approaches provided evidence of a moderate but identifiable and significant imprint of Inuit domestic activities on soil geochemistry. The box plots indicate moderate Ca, Mn, Cu and P enrichments and more noticeable Mg, Fe and S enrichments. These enrichment factors and the ICP-AES data show that samples from the peripheral wall and the tunnel entrance of the house and its vicinity are significantly enriched. While FTIR analysis highlighted the main soil element contents (e.g., organic and mineral components), ICP-AES analysis was used to further document variations in the background elements throughout the site. However, the obtained results do not allow us to undertake a spatial analysis of Inuit activities or to describe them in detail. In addition, the data highlight the difficulty of documenting the natural variability of element contents in cryosolic soils, especially in archaeological contexts. Cryo-pedological processes in the active layer as well as house cleaning and nutrient inputs resulting from Inuit occupations may have attenuated chemical signatures of previous Inuit domestic activities. |
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Programme |
1080 |
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LOTECHAIN |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
2352-409X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8206 |
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Author |
Blanche Saint-Béat, Brian D. Fath, Cyril Aubry, Jonathan Colombet, Julie Dinasquet, Louis Fortier, Virginie Galindo, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Fabien Joux, Catherine Lalande, Mathieu LeBlanc, Patrick Raimbault, Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Jean-Eric Tremblay, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Maps, Marcel Babin |
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Title |
Contrasting pelagic ecosystem functioning in eastern and western Baffin Bay revealed by trophic network modeling |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: science of the anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
Baffin Bay, located at the Arctic Ocean’s ‘doorstep’, is a heterogeneous environment where a warm and salty eastern current flows northwards in the opposite direction of a cold and relatively fresh Arctic current flowing along the west coast of the bay. This circulation affects the physical and biogeochemical environment on both sides of the bay. The phytoplanktonic species composition is driven by its environment and, in turn, shapes carbon transfer through the planktonic food web. This study aims at determining the effects of such contrasting environments on ecosystem structure and functioning and the consequences for the carbon cycle. Ecological indices calculated from food web flow values provide ecosystem properties that are not accessible by direct in situ measurement. From new biological data gathered during the Green Edge project, we built a planktonic food web model for each side of Baffin Bay, considering several biological processes involved in the carbon cycle, notably in the gravitational, lipid, and microbial carbon pumps. Missing flow values were estimated by linear inverse modeling. Calculated ecological network analysis indices revealed significant differences in the functioning of each ecosystem. The eastern Baffin Bay food web presents a more specialized food web that constrains carbon through specific and efficient pathways, leading to segregation of the microbial loop from the classical grazing chain. In contrast, the western food web showed redundant and shorter pathways that caused a higher carbon export, especially via lipid and microbial pumps, and thus promoted carbon sequestration. Moreover, indirect effects resulting from bottom-up and top-down control impacted pairwise relations between species differently and led to the dominance of mutualism in the eastern food web. These differences in pairwise relations affect the dynamics and evolution of each food web and thus might lead to contrasting responses to ongoing climate change. |
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1164 |
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ISSN |
2325-1026 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8113 |
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Author |
Mathieu Ardyna, C. J. Mundy, Matthew M. Mills, Laurent Oziel, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Léo Lacour, Gauthier Verin, Gert van Dijken, Joséphine Ras, Eva Alou-Font, Marcel Babin, Michel Gosselin, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Patrick Raimbault, Philipp Assmy, Marcel Nicolaus, Hervé Claustre, Kevin R. Arrigo |
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Title |
Environmental drivers of under-ice phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Arctic Ocean |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
30 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
The decline of sea-ice thickness, area, and volume due to the transition from multi-year to first-year sea ice has improved the under-ice light environment for pelagic Arctic ecosystems. One unexpected and direct consequence of this transition, the proliferation of under-ice phytoplankton blooms (UIBs), challenges the paradigm that waters beneath the ice pack harbor little planktonic life. Little is known about the diversity and spatial distribution of UIBs in the Arctic Ocean, or the environmental drivers behind their timing, magnitude, and taxonomic composition. Here, we compiled a unique and comprehensive dataset from seven major research projects in the Arctic Ocean (11 expeditions, covering the spring sea-ice-covered period to summer ice-free conditions) to identify the environmental drivers responsible for initiating and shaping the magnitude and assemblage structure of UIBs. The temporal dynamics behind UIB formation are related to the ways that snow and sea-ice conditions impact the under-ice light field. In particular, the onset of snowmelt significantly increased under-ice light availability (>0.1–0.2 mol photons m–2 d–1), marking the concomitant termination of the sea-ice algal bloom and initiation of UIBs. At the pan-Arctic scale, bloom magnitude (expressed as maximum chlorophyll a concentration) was predicted best by winter water Si(OH)4 and PO43– concentrations, as well as Si(OH)4:NO3– and PO43–:NO3– drawdown ratios, but not NO3– concentration. Two main phytoplankton assemblages dominated UIBs (diatoms or Phaeocystis), driven primarily by the winter nitrate:silicate (NO3–:Si(OH)4) ratio and the under-ice light climate. Phaeocystis co-dominated in low Si(OH)4 (i.e., NO3:Si(OH)4 molar ratios >1) waters, while diatoms contributed the bulk of UIB biomass when Si(OH)4 was high (i.e., NO3:Si(OH)4 molar ratios <1). The implications of such differences in UIB composition could have important ramifications for Arctic biogeochemical cycles, and ultimately impact carbon flow to higher trophic levels and the deep ocean. |
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1164 |
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ISSN |
2325-1026 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8115 |
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Author |
Tonya M. Burgers, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Brent G. T. Else, Tim N. Papakyriakou |
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Title |
Estimates of net community production from multiple approaches surrounding the spring ice-edge bloom in Baffin Bay |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
Measurements of net community production (NCP) provide an upper constraint on the strength of the oceanic biological pump, the dominant mechanism for removing CO2 from the ocean surface and sequestering it at depth. In this investigation, our objectives were to describe the spatial and temporal variability of NCP associated with the spring ice-edge bloom in Baffin Bay and to identify the key environmental drivers controlling its variability. Using data collected between June 9 and July 10, 2016, we estimated NCP based on (1) underway measurements of surface water oxygen to argon ratios (O2:Ar), (2) underway measurements of the partial pressure of CO2, and (3) seasonal nitrate drawdown from discrete samples. These multiple approaches displayed high NCP (up to 5.7 mol C m–2) in eastern Baffin Bay, associated with modified Atlantic waters, and low NCP (<1 mol C m–2) in the presence of Arctic outflow waters in western Baffin Bay. Arctic outflow waters were characterized by low surface salinities and nitrate concentrations, suggesting that high freshwater content may have limited the nutrient availability of these waters. Different integration depths and timescales associated with each NCP approach were exploited to understand the temporal progression and succession of the bloom, revealing that the bloom was initiated under ice up to 15 days prior to ice retreat and that a large portion of NCP in eastern Baffin Bay (potentially up to 70%) was driven by primary production occurring below the surface-mixed layer. |
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1164 |
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2325-1026 |
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yes |
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8116 |
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Julie Sansoulet, Michèle Therrien, Joseph Delgove, Guilhem Pouxviel, Julie Desriac, Noé Sardet, Jean-Paul Vanderlinden |
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Title |
An update on Inuit perceptions of their changing environment, Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island, Nunavut) |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
The Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island) have developed a deep respect for their natural environment and are able to report not only changes in weather, ice, and natural resources but also changes in their communities as a result of climate change. The objective of this study was to shed light on how the impacts of climate change are currently perceived in the communities of Kanngiqtugaapik, Pangniqtuuq, and Qikiqtarjuaq. In order to construct a shared knowledge base, we conducted qualitative video interviews and participated in a hunting camp with multigenerational and multigender Inuit hunters and fishers. First, Inuit continue to see the world in which they cohabit with other living things, particularly animals, as a world that they cannot control on their own—a world they must adapt to, passing learning from one generation to the next. Second, they report that changes in the ice have been among the major and most important transformations to have occurred in recent decades. Observations made by these local populations also indicate changes in hunted species, with fewer caribou and narwhal, more birds, insects, and fish, including from more southerly regions, and an uncertainty about polar bear populations. Seal hunting remains stable, and this meat is still the most popular and healthy food, physically and psychologically. Third, sociological and economic changes (e.g., lifestyle change, monetary economies, quotas), in addition to environmental changes (e.g., climate change, species change), have had a significant impact on food harvesting activities as well as food consumption in the region. A final perspective concerns the needs of the Qikiqtaaluk communities to further develop collaboration with scientists. This need for partnership is not only perceived as a scientific necessity but also recognized by Inuit as essential to their communities, with some local leaders ready to work toward a fruitful collaboration. |
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1164 |
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ISSN |
2325-1026 |
ISBN |
2325-1026 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8117 |
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Author |
Rémi Amiraux, Christopher Burot, Patricia Bonin, Guillaume Massé, Sophie Guasco, Marcel Babin, Frédéric Vaultier, Jean-François Rontani |
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Title |
Stress factors resulting from the Arctic vernal sea-ice melt: Impact on the viability of bacterial communities associated with sympagic algae |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
During sea-ice melt in the Arctic, primary production by sympagic (sea-ice) algae can be exported efficiently to the seabed if sinking rates are rapid and activities of associated heterotrophic bacteria are limited. Salinity stress due to melting ice has been suggested to account for such low bacterial activity. We further tested this hypothesis by analyzing samples of sea ice and sinking particles collected from May 18 to June 29, 2016, in western Baffin Bay as part of the Green Edge project. We applied a method not previously used in polar regions—quantitative PCR coupled to the propidium monoazide DNA-binding method—to evaluate the viability of bacteria associated with sympagic and sinking algae. We also measured cis-trans isomerase activity, known to indicate rapid bacterial response to salinity stress in culture studies, as well as free fatty acids known to be produced by algae as bactericidal compounds. The viability of sympagic-associated bacteria was strong in May (only approximately 10% mortality of total bacteria) and weaker in June (average mortality of 43%; maximum of 75%), with instances of elevated mortality in sinking particle samples across the time series (up to 72%). Short-term stress reflected by cis-trans isomerase activity was observed only in samples of sinking particles collected early in the time series. Following snow melt, however, and saturating levels of photosynthetically active radiation in June, we observed enhanced ice-algal production of bactericidal compounds (free palmitoleic acid; up to 4.8 mg L–1). We thus suggest that protection of sinking sympagic material from bacterial degradation early in a melt season results from low bacterial activity due to salinity stress, while later in the season, algal production of bactericidal compounds induces bacterial mortality. A succession of bacterial stressors during Arctic ice melt helps to explain the efficient export of sea-ice algal material to the seabed. |
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1164 |
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ISSN |
2325-1026 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8118 |
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Author |
Gustavo Yunda-Guarin, Thomas A. Brown, Loïc N. Michel, Blanche Saint-Béat, Rémi Amiraux, Christian Nozais, Philippe Archambault |
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Title |
Reliance of deep-sea benthic macrofauna on ice-derived organic matter highlighted by multiple trophic markers during spring in Baffin Bay, Canadian Arctic |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
Benthic organisms depend primarily on seasonal pulses of organic matter from primary producers. In the Arctic, declines in sea ice due to warming climate could lead to changes in this food supply with as yet unknown effects on benthic trophic dynamics. Benthic consumer diets and food web structure were studied in a seasonally ice-covered region of Baffin Bay during spring 2016 at stations ranging in depth from 199 to 2,111 m. We used a novel combination of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers and stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) to better understand the relationship between the availability of carbon sources in spring on the seafloor and their assimilation and transfer within the benthic food web. Organic carbon from sea ice (sympagic carbon [SC]) was an important food source for benthic consumers. The lipid biomarker analyses revealed a high relative contribution of SC in sediments (mean SC% ± standard deviation [SD] = 86% ± 16.0, n = 17) and in benthic consumer tissues (mean SC% ± SD = 78% ± 19.7, n = 159). We also detected an effect of sea-ice concentration on the relative contribution of SC in sediment and in benthic consumers. Cluster analysis separated the study region into three different zones according to the relative proportions of SC assimilated by benthic macrofauna. We observed variation of the benthic food web between zones, with increases in the width of the ecological niche in zones with less sea-ice concentration, indicating greater diversity of carbon sources assimilated by consumers. In zones with greater sea-ice concentration, the higher availability of SC increased the ecological role that primary consumers play in driving a stronger transfer of nutrients to higher trophic levels. Based on our results, SC is an important energy source for Arctic deep-sea benthos in Baffin Bay, such that changes in spring sea-ice phenology could alter benthic food-web structure. |
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2325-1026 |
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yes |
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8119 |
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