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Author |
C. Michelot, A. Kato, T. Raclot, K. Shiomi, P. Goulet, P. Bustamante, Y. Ropert-Coudert |
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Title |
Sea-ice edge is more important than closer open water access for foraging Adélie penguins: evidence from two colonies |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
640 |
Issue |
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Pages  |
215-230 |
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Keywords |
Colony Diet GPS Incubation trip Pygoscelis adeliae Sea-ice edge Stable isotopes |
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Abstract |
Sentinel species, like Adélie penguins, have been used to assess the impact of environmental changes, and their link with sea ice has received considerable attention. Here, we tested if foraging Adélie penguins from 2 colonies in East Antarctica target the distant sea-ice edge or take advantage of closer open waters that are readily available near their colony. We examined the foraging behaviour of penguins during the incubation trips of females in 2016 and males in 2017, using GPS tracking and diet data in view of daily sea-ice data and bathymetry. In 2016-2017, sea-ice cover was extensive during females’ trips but flaw leads and polynyas were close to both study sites. Sea ice receded rapidly during males’ trips in 2017-2018. Despite close open water near both colonies in both years, females and males preferentially targeted the continental slope and the sea-ice edge to forage. In addition, there was no difference in the diet of penguins from both colonies: all penguins fed mostly on Antarctic krill and males also foraged on Antarctic silverfish. Our results highlight the importance of the sea-ice edge for penguins, an area where food abundance is predictable. It is likely that resource availability was not sufficient in closer open water areas at such an early stage in the breeding season. The behaviours displayed by the penguins from both colonies were similar, suggesting a common behaviour across colonies in Terre Adélie, although additional sites would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis. |
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1091 |
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ISSN |
0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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7680 |
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Author |
David Boertmann, Flemming Merkel, Olivier Gilg |
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Title |
Seabird Breeding Colonies in East and North Greenland: A Baseline |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
ARCTIC |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
20-39 |
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Keywords |
climate change colonial seabirds distribution Greenland |
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Abstract |
This paper presents the results of a number of aircraft- and boat-based surveys for seabird breeding colonies in East and North Greenland carried out in the period 2003 to 2018 and gives the first comprehensive overview of the distribution and size of the seabird breeding colonies in this remote and mainly uninhabited region. Seventeen seabird species breed in approximately 800 sites distributed very unevenly along the coasts, with high concentrations at the polynyas and long stretches with very few breeding seabirds. Climate changes are in full progress in East and North Greenland, especially affecting the sea ice regime, and seabirds are expected to respond to these changes in different ways. For example, since the 1980s, Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) have extended their breeding range more than two latitudinal degrees towards the north, now reaching the northernmost land on Earth. Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) and Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) have immigrated, and Sabine’s Gulls (Xema sabini) have increased and extended their range. Besides presenting survey results, this report may also serve as a baseline for future studies of the abundance of breeding seabirds in East and North Greenland. |
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1036 |
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1923-1245 |
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yes |
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7681 |
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Author |
David T. Iles, Heather Lynch, Rubao Ji, Christophe Barbraud, Karine Delord, Stephanie Jenouvrier |
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Title |
Sea ice predicts long-term trends in Adélie penguin population growth, but not annual fluctuations: Results from a range-wide multiscale analysis |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
3788-3798 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica environmental variation habitat suitability niche predictability state-space stochastic uncertainty |
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Abstract |
Understanding the scales at which environmental variability affects populations is critical for projecting population dynamics and species distributions in rapidly changing environments. Here we used a multilevel Bayesian analysis of range-wide survey data for Adélie penguins to characterize multidecadal and annual effects of sea ice on population growth. We found that mean sea ice concentration at breeding colonies (i.e., “prevailing” environmental conditions) had robust nonlinear effects on multidecadal population trends and explained over 85% of the variance in mean population growth rates among sites. In contrast, despite considerable year-to-year fluctuations in abundance at most breeding colonies, annual sea ice fluctuations often explained less than 10% of the temporal variance in population growth rates. Our study provides an understanding of the spatially and temporally dynamic environmental factors that define the range limits of Adélie penguins, further establishing this iconic marine predator as a true sea ice obligate and providing a firm basis for projection under scenarios of future climate change. Yet, given the weak effects of annual sea ice relative to the large unexplained variance in year-to-year growth rates, the ability to generate useful short-term forecasts of Adélie penguin breeding abundance will be extremely limited. Our approach provides a powerful framework for linking short- and longer term population processes to environmental conditions that can be applied to any species, facilitating a richer understanding of ecological predictability and sensitivity to global change. |
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109 |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7682 |
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Author |
Henri Weimerskirch, Julien Collet, Alexandre Corbeau, Adrien Pajot, Floran Hoarau, Cédric Marteau, Dominique Filippi, Samantha C. Patrick |
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Title |
Ocean sentinel albatrosses locate illegal vessels and provide the first estimate of the extent of nondeclared fishing |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
3006-3014 |
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Keywords |
bio-logging conservation illegal fisheries seabird vessel attraction |
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Abstract |
With threats to nature becoming increasingly prominent, in order for biodiversity levels to persist, there is a critical need to improve implementation of conservation measures. In the oceans, the surveillance of fisheries is complex and inadequate, such that quantifying and locating nondeclared and illegal fisheries is persistently problematic. Given that these activities dramatically impact oceanic ecosystems, through overexploitation of fish stocks and bycatch of threatened species, innovative ways to monitor the oceans are urgently required. Here, we describe a concept of “Ocean Sentinel” using animals equipped with state-of-the-art loggers which monitor fisheries in remote areas. Albatrosses fitted with loggers detecting and locating the presence of vessels and transmitting the information immediately to authorities allowed an estimation of the proportion of nondeclared fishing vessels operating in national and international waters of the Southern Ocean. We found that in international waters, more than one-third of vessels had no Automatic Identification System operating; in national Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), this proportion was lower on average, but variable according to EEZ. Ocean Sentinel was also able to provide unpreceded information on the attraction of seabirds to vessels, giving access to crucial information for risk-assessment plans of threatened species. Attraction differed between species, age, and vessel activity. Fishing vessels attracted more birds than other vessels, and juveniles both encountered fewer vessels and showed a lower attraction to vessels than adults. This study shows that the development of technologies offers the potential of implementing conservation policies by using wide-ranging seabirds to patrol oceans. |
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109 |
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ISSN |
0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
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yes |
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7684 |
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Author |
Zhiyong Xie, Zhen Wang, Olivier Magand, Alban Thollot, Ralf Ebinghaus, Wenying Mi, Aurelien Dommergue |
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Title |
Occurrence of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in snow at Dome C in the Antarctic |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
741 |
Issue |
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Pages |
140200 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Organophosphate esters PAH PFAS Snow |
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Abstract |
Concentrations of 9 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 16 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface snow samples collected at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau in summer 2016. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) were the dominant compounds of OPEs, with mean concentrations of 8157 ± 4860, 1128 ± 928 and 1232 ± 1147 pg/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, mean: 358 ± 71 pg/L) was the dominant compound of PFASs, and following by perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, mean: 222 ± 97 pg/L), perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, 183 ± 60 pg/L) and perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA, 175 ± 105 pg/L). 2-(Heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA, mean: 9.2 ± 2.6 pg/L) was determined in the Antarctic for the first time. Significantly positive correlations were observed between HFPO-DA and the short-chain PFASs, implying they have similar emission sources and long-range transport potential. High levels of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene, as well as the ratios of PAH congeners indicated PAHs were attributable mostly to combustion origin. Occurrence and profiles of the indicators of OPEs, PFASs and PAHs, as well as air mass back-trajectory analysis provided direct evidences of human activities on Concordia station and posed obvious impacts on local environments in the Antarctic. Nevertheless, the exchange processes among different environmental matrices may drive the long-range transport and redistribution of the legacy and emerging Organic contaminants from coast to inland in the Antarctic. |
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1028 |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
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yes |
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7685 |
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Author |
Tuomas Kankaanpää, Eero Vesterinen, Bess Hardwick, Niels M. Schmidt, Tommi Andersson, Paul E. Aspholm, Isabel C. Barrio, Niklas Beckers, Joël Bêty, Tone Birkemoe, Melissa DeSiervo, Katherine H. I. Drotos, Dorothee Ehrich, Olivier Gilg, Vladimir Gilg, Nils Hein, Toke T. Høye, Kristian M. Jakobsen, Camille Jodouin, Jesse Jorna, Mikhail V. Kozlov, Jean-Claude Kresse, Don-Jean Leandri-Breton, Nicolas Lecomte, Maarten Loonen, Philipp Marr, Spencer K. Monckton, Maia Olsen, Josée-Anne Otis, Michelle Pyle, Ruben E. Roos, Katrine Raundrup, Daria Rozhkova, Brigitte Sabard, Aleksandr Sokolov, Natalia Sokolova, Anna M. Solecki, Christine Urbanowicz, Catherine Villeneuve, Evgenya Vyguzova, Vitali Zverev, Tomas Roslin |
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Title |
Parasitoids indicate major climate-induced shifts in arctic communities |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
6276-6295 |
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Keywords |
Arctic climate change DNA barcoding Dryas food webs functional traits host–parasitoid interactions insect herbivory pollinators |
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Abstract |
Climatic impacts are especially pronounced in the Arctic, which as a region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe. Here, we investigate how mean climatic conditions and rates of climatic change impact parasitoid insect communities in 16 localities across the Arctic. We focus on parasitoids in a widespread habitat, Dryas heathlands, and describe parasitoid community composition in terms of larval host use (i.e., parasitoid use of herbivorous Lepidoptera vs. pollinating Diptera) and functional groups differing in their closeness of host associations (koinobionts vs. idiobionts). Of the latter, we expect idiobionts—as being less fine-tuned to host development—to be generally less tolerant to cold temperatures, since they are confined to attacking hosts pupating and overwintering in relatively exposed locations. To further test our findings, we assess whether similar climatic variables are associated with host abundances in a 22 year time series from Northeast Greenland. We find sites which have experienced a temperature rise in summer while retaining cold winters to be dominated by parasitoids of Lepidoptera, with the reverse being true for the parasitoids of Diptera. The rate of summer temperature rise is further associated with higher levels of herbivory, suggesting higher availability of lepidopteran hosts and changes in ecosystem functioning. We also detect a matching signal over time, as higher summer temperatures, coupled with cold early winter soils, are related to high herbivory by lepidopteran larvae, and to declines in the abundance of dipteran pollinators. Collectively, our results suggest that in parts of the warming Arctic, Dryas is being simultaneously exposed to increased herbivory and reduced pollination. Our findings point to potential drastic and rapid consequences of climate change on multitrophic-level community structure and on ecosystem functioning and highlight the value of collaborative, systematic sampling effort. |
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1036 |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7686 |
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Author |
Stefano Santini, Michele Dragoni |
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Title |
Moment rate of the 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake |
Type |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
298 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106336 |
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Keywords |
Asperity models Fault mechanics Nonlinear dynamical systems Seismic moment rates Theoretical seismology |
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Abstract |
The 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake (Mw 7.9) occurred in a region of the Pacific plate southwest of the Alaskan subduction zone. The earthquake was a strike-slip event, with the hypocenter located at a depth of about 25 km and a seismic moment equal to 0.96 × 1021 Nm. Two observed moment rates have been obtained by the Geoscope Observatory, France, and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Both of them can be interpreted as due to the failure of two asperities on the fault surface. We consider a discrete fault model, with two asperities of different areas and strengths, and show that the observed moment rates can be reproduced by appropriate values of the model parameters, as inferred from the available data. A good fit to the observed moment rates is obtained by a sequence of three dynamic modes of the system, including a phase of simultaneous slip of the asperities. The two moment rates are however characterized by different initial conditions, in terms of different initial shear stress distributions on the fault. Shear stresses on the asperities are calculated as functions of time during the event and show a similar evolution in the two cases, but with different final values. The model results show that the presence of simultaneous asperity motion can significantly increase the seismic moment of a large earthquake. |
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133 |
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0031-9201 |
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yes |
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7687 |
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Author |
Marion Leduc-Leballeur, Ghislain Picard, Giovanni Macelloni, Arnaud Mialon, Yann H. Kerr |
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Title |
Melt in Antarctica derived from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) observations at L band |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
The Cryosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
539-548 |
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Abstract |
Melt occurrence in Antarctica is derived from L-band observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite between the austral summer 2010–2011 and 2017–2018. The detection algorithm is adapted from a threshold method previously developed for 19 GHz passive microwave measurements from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) and special sensor microwave imager sounder (SSMIS). The comparison of daily melt occurrence retrieved from 1.4 and 19 GHz observations shows an overall close agreement, but a lag of few days is usually observed by SMOS at the beginning of the melt season. To understand the difference, a theoretical analysis is performed using a microwave emission radiative transfer model. It shows that the sensitivity of 1.4 GHz signal to liquid water is significantly weaker than at 19 GHz if the water is only present in the uppermost tens of centimetres of the snowpack. Conversely, 1.4 GHz measurements are sensitive to water when spread over at least 1 m and when present in depths up to hundreds of metres. This is explained by the large penetration depth in dry snow and by the long wavelength (21 cm). We conclude that SMOS and higher-frequency radiometers provide interesting complementary information on melt occurrence and on the location of the water in the snowpack. |
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1110 |
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1994-0416 |
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yes |
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7689 |
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Author |
Jeroen Reneerkens, Tom S. L. Versluijs, Theunis Piersma, José A. Alves, Mark Boorman, Colin Corse, Olivier Gilg, Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson, Johannes Lang, Bob Loos, Yaa Ntiamoa‐Baidu, Alfred A. Nuoh, Peter M. Potts, Job ten Horn, Tamar Lok |
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Title |
Low fitness at low latitudes: Wintering in the tropics increases migratory delays and mortality rates in an Arctic breeding shorebird |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
89 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
691-703 |
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Keywords |
demography fitness migration nutrient storage strategies site fidelity solar geolocation survival timing |
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Abstract |
Evolutionary theories of seasonal migration generally assume that the costs of longer migrations are balanced by benefits at the non-breeding destinations. We tested, and rejected, the null hypothesis of equal survival and timing of spring migration for High Arctic breeding sanderling Calidris alba using six and eight winter destinations between 55°N and 25°S, respectively. Annual apparent survival was considerably lower for adult birds wintering in tropical West Africa (Mauritania: 0.74 and Ghana: 0.75) than in three European sites (0.84, 0.84 and 0.87) and in subtropical Namibia (0.85). Moreover, compared with adults, second calendar-year sanderlings in the tropics, but not in Europe, often refrained from migrating north during the first possible breeding season. During northward migration, tropical-wintering sanderlings occurred at their final staging site in Iceland 5–15 days later than birds wintering further north or south. Namibia-wintering sanderlings tracked with solar geolocators only staged in West Africa during southward migration. The low annual survival, the later age of first northward migration and the later passage through Iceland during northward migration of tropical-wintering sanderlings, in addition to the skipping of this area during northward but not southward migration by Namibia-wintering sanderlings, all suggest they face issues during the late non-breeding season in West Africa. Migrating sanderlings defy long distances but may end up in winter areas with poor fitness prospects. We suggest that ecological conditions in tropical West Africa make the fuelling prior to northward departure problematic. |
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1036 |
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ISSN |
1365-2656 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7690 |
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Author |
Encelyn Voisine, Yann Rolland, Matthias Bernet, Julien Carcaillet, Guillaume Duclaux, Jérôme Bascou, Christian Sue, Mélanie Balvay, René-Pierre Ménot |
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Title |
Antarctic erosion history reconstructed by Terre Adélie moraine geochronology |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-14 |
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cosmogenic nuclide dating deglaciation exhumation fission-track dating Late Palaeozoic Ice Age subglacial incision |
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We report apatite fission-track and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating of 14 moraine boulders originating from inland Terre Adélie, East Antarctica. These data show cooling of the Proterozoic Terre Adélie craton at < ~120°C between 350 and 300 Ma, suggesting > 4 km temperate glacial erosion during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, followed by nearly null Mesozoic erosion and low glacial erosion (< 2 km) in the Cenozoic. Based on glacial flux maps, the origin of the boulders may be located ~400 km upstream. Preliminary TCN (10Be) datings of moraine boulders cluster within the last 30 ka. Cosmogenic ages from the Lacroix Nunatak suggest a main deglaciation after the Younger Dryas at c. 10 ka, while those of Cap Prud'homme mostly cluster at 0.6 ka, in agreement with an exhumation of boulders during the Little Ice Age. |
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1003 |
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0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
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yes |
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7692 |
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