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Author |
Boulinier, T., Betoulle, S., Caza, F., St Pierre, Y., Tornos, J., Gamble, A. &Amp; Tasiemski, A |
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Title |
Panorama des recherches et des derniers résultats sur les pathogènes en milieu polaire |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Ipev 2020: rapport d'activité − campagne 2018 2019 |
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Pages |
54-65 |
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Abstract  |
Approches complémentaires des interactions hôte-parasite en zones polaire: de la détection de parasites et agents infectieux à l'étude fonctionnelle, écologique et évolutive de leurs interactions avec leurs hôtes. |
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333,1151 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1246-7375 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6951 |
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Author |
M. Belke-Brea, F. Domine, S. Boudreau, G. Picard, M. Barrere, L. Arnaud, M. Paradis |
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Title |
New Allometric Equations for Arctic Shrubs and Their Application for Calculating the Albedo of Surfaces with Snow and Protruding Branches |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Hydrometeorology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
2581-2594 |
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Abstract |
Arctic shrubs reduce surface albedo in winter when branches protrude above the snow. To calculate the albedo of those mixed surfaces, the branch area index (BAI) of Arctic shrubs needs to be known. Moreover, an exposed-vegetation function is required to determine the BAI for protruding branches only. This study used a structural analysis of 30 Betula glandulosa shrubs, sampled near Umiujaq, northern Quebec, to (i) establish an allometric relationship between shrub height and BAI and (ii) determine a specific exposed-vegetation function for Arctic shrubs. The spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) of mixed surfaces was then simulated with the equations derived from this study and validated with in situ measured spectra. Shrubs were sampled from two sites, one along the coast and the other in a nearby valley. The shrub height–BAI relationship varied between both sites. BAI values of shrubs growing in the wind-sheltered valley were 30%–50% lower. The exposed-vegetation function obtained here differed from the linear functions found in the literature. The linear functions strongly overestimated the BAI of exposed branches. Albedo was well simulated with an accuracy of 3% when using an allometric relationship adapted to the environmental conditions of our study site. However, simulated albedo values were consistently higher than field measurements, probably because radiation absorbed by impurities and buried branches was neglected in the model. We conclude that specific exposed-vegetation and allometric equations need to be implemented in models to accurately simulate the albedo of mixed snow–shrub surfaces. |
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Programme |
1042 |
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1525-7541, 1525-755X |
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yes |
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Serial |
7970 |
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Author |
Blanche Saint-Béat, Brian D. Fath, Cyril Aubry, Jonathan Colombet, Julie Dinasquet, Louis Fortier, Virginie Galindo, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Fabien Joux, Catherine Lalande, Mathieu LeBlanc, Patrick Raimbault, Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Jean-Eric Tremblay, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Maps, Marcel Babin |
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Title |
Contrasting pelagic ecosystem functioning in eastern and western Baffin Bay revealed by trophic network modeling |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: science of the anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
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Abstract |
Baffin Bay, located at the Arctic Ocean’s ‘doorstep’, is a heterogeneous environment where a warm and salty eastern current flows northwards in the opposite direction of a cold and relatively fresh Arctic current flowing along the west coast of the bay. This circulation affects the physical and biogeochemical environment on both sides of the bay. The phytoplanktonic species composition is driven by its environment and, in turn, shapes carbon transfer through the planktonic food web. This study aims at determining the effects of such contrasting environments on ecosystem structure and functioning and the consequences for the carbon cycle. Ecological indices calculated from food web flow values provide ecosystem properties that are not accessible by direct in situ measurement. From new biological data gathered during the Green Edge project, we built a planktonic food web model for each side of Baffin Bay, considering several biological processes involved in the carbon cycle, notably in the gravitational, lipid, and microbial carbon pumps. Missing flow values were estimated by linear inverse modeling. Calculated ecological network analysis indices revealed significant differences in the functioning of each ecosystem. The eastern Baffin Bay food web presents a more specialized food web that constrains carbon through specific and efficient pathways, leading to segregation of the microbial loop from the classical grazing chain. In contrast, the western food web showed redundant and shorter pathways that caused a higher carbon export, especially via lipid and microbial pumps, and thus promoted carbon sequestration. Moreover, indirect effects resulting from bottom-up and top-down control impacted pairwise relations between species differently and led to the dominance of mutualism in the eastern food web. These differences in pairwise relations affect the dynamics and evolution of each food web and thus might lead to contrasting responses to ongoing climate change. |
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1164 |
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ISSN |
2325-1026 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8113 |
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Author |
Viblanc V.A., Schull Q.; Stier A., Durand L., Lefol E., Robin J.-P., Zahn S., Bize P., Criscuolo F |
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Title |
Foster rather than biological parental telomere length predicts offspring survival and telomere length in king penguins |
Type |
Peer-reviewed symposium |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
16émes journées scientifiques du cnfra, 22-23 septembre 2020, la rochelle, france |
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Abstract |
Because Telomere Length (Tl) And Dynamics Relate To Growth, Reproductive Investment And Survival, Telomeres Might Be Markers Of Individual Quality. In The King Penguin, We Tested The Hypothesis That Parental Tl Can Be A Marker Of Parental Quality. We Swapped The Egg Of Breeding Pairs To Disentangle The Contribution Of Pre And/or Post -Laying Parental Quality On Chick’s Growth, Tl And Survival. Parental Quality Was Estimated Through The Effects Of Biological And Foster Parent Tl On Offspring Traits, 10 Or 105 Days After Hatching. We Show That Chick Survival Up To 10 Days Was Negatively Related To Biological Fathers’ Tl Whereas Survival Up To 105 Days Was Positively Related To Foster Fathers’ Tl. Chick Growth Was Not Related To Parents’ Tl. Chick Tl Was Positively Related To Foster Mothers’ Tl At Both 10 And 105 Days. Overall, We Show That, In A Species With Bi-parental Care, Parents’ Tl Is Foremost A Proxy Of Parental Care Quality, Supporting The Telomere &Ndash; Parental Quality Hypothesis. |
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Programme |
119 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8048 |
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Author |
Vincent A. Viblanc, Quentin Schull, Antoine Stier, Laureline Durand, Emilie Lefol, Jean-Patrice Robin, Sandrine Zahn, Pierre Bize, François Criscuolo |
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Title |
Foster rather than biological parental telomere length predicts offspring survival and telomere length in king penguins |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Molecular Ecology |
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Keywords |
gene and early life environmental effects growth penguins reproduction investment telomere |
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Abstract |
Because telomere length and dynamics relate to individual growth, reproductive investment and survival, telomeres have emerged as possible markers of individual quality. Here, we tested the hypothesis that, in species with parental care, parental telomere length can be a marker of parental quality that predicts offspring phenotype and survival. In king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), we experimentally swapped the single egg of 66 breeding pairs just after egg laying to disentangle the contribution of prelaying parental quality (e.g., genetics, investment in the egg) and/or postlaying parental quality (e.g., incubation, postnatal feeding rate) on offspring growth, telomere length and survival. Parental quality was estimated through the joint effects of biological and foster parent telomere length on offspring traits, both soon after hatching (day 10) and at the end of the prewinter growth period (day 105). We expected that offspring traits would be mostly related to the telomere lengths (i.e., quality) of biological parents at day 10 and to the telomere lengths of foster parents at day 105. Results show that chick survival up to 10 days was negatively related to biological fathers’ telomere length, whereas survival up to 105 days was positively related to foster fathers’ telomere lengths. Chick growth was not related to either biological or foster parents’ telomere length. Chick telomere length was positively related to foster mothers’ telomere length at both 10 and 105 days. Overall, our study shows that, in a species with biparental care, parents’ telomere length is foremost a proxy of postlaying parental care quality, supporting the “telomere – parental quality hypothesis.” |
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Programme |
119 |
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ISSN |
1365-294X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7665 |
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Author |
Gustavo Yunda-Guarin, Thomas A. Brown, Loïc N. Michel, Blanche Saint-Béat, Rémi Amiraux, Christian Nozais, Philippe Archambault |
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Title |
Reliance of deep-sea benthic macrofauna on ice-derived organic matter highlighted by multiple trophic markers during spring in Baffin Bay, Canadian Arctic |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
Benthic organisms depend primarily on seasonal pulses of organic matter from primary producers. In the Arctic, declines in sea ice due to warming climate could lead to changes in this food supply with as yet unknown effects on benthic trophic dynamics. Benthic consumer diets and food web structure were studied in a seasonally ice-covered region of Baffin Bay during spring 2016 at stations ranging in depth from 199 to 2,111 m. We used a novel combination of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers and stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) to better understand the relationship between the availability of carbon sources in spring on the seafloor and their assimilation and transfer within the benthic food web. Organic carbon from sea ice (sympagic carbon [SC]) was an important food source for benthic consumers. The lipid biomarker analyses revealed a high relative contribution of SC in sediments (mean SC% ± standard deviation [SD] = 86% ± 16.0, n = 17) and in benthic consumer tissues (mean SC% ± SD = 78% ± 19.7, n = 159). We also detected an effect of sea-ice concentration on the relative contribution of SC in sediment and in benthic consumers. Cluster analysis separated the study region into three different zones according to the relative proportions of SC assimilated by benthic macrofauna. We observed variation of the benthic food web between zones, with increases in the width of the ecological niche in zones with less sea-ice concentration, indicating greater diversity of carbon sources assimilated by consumers. In zones with greater sea-ice concentration, the higher availability of SC increased the ecological role that primary consumers play in driving a stronger transfer of nutrients to higher trophic levels. Based on our results, SC is an important energy source for Arctic deep-sea benthos in Baffin Bay, such that changes in spring sea-ice phenology could alter benthic food-web structure. |
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Programme |
1164 |
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ISSN |
2325-1026 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8119 |
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Author |
Pauline Goulet, Christophe Guinet, Claudio Campagna, Julieta Campagna, Peter Lloyd Tyack, Mark Johnson |
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Title |
Flash and grab: deep-diving southern elephant seals trigger anti-predator flashes in bioluminescent prey |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
223 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
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Abstract |
Bioluminescence, which occurs in approximately 80% of the world's mesopelagic fauna, can take the form of a low-intensity continuous glow (e.g. for counter-illumination or signalling) or fast repetitions of brighter anti-predatory flashes. The southern elephant seal (SES) is a major consumer of mesopelagic organisms, in particular the abundant myctophid fish, yet the fine-scale relationship between this predator's foraging behaviour and bioluminescent prey remains poorly understood. We hypothesised that brief, intense light emissions should be closely connected with prey strikes when the seal is targeting bioluminescent prey that reacts by emitting anti-predator flashes. To test this, we developed a biologging device containing a fast-sampling light sensor together with location and movement sensors to measure simultaneously anti-predator bioluminescent emissions and the predator's attack motions with a 20 ms resolution. Tags were deployed on female SES breeding at Kerguelen Islands and Península Valdés, Argentina. In situ light levels in combination with duration of prey capture attempts indicated that seals were targeting a variety of prey types. For some individuals, bioluminescent flashes occurred in a large proportion of prey strikes, with the timing of flashes closely connected with the predator's attack motion, suggestive of anti-predator emissions. Marked differences across individuals and location indicate that SES do exploit bioluminescent organisms but the proportion of these in the diet varies widely with location. The combination of wideband light and acceleration data provides new insight into where and when different prey types are encountered and how effectively they might be captured. |
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Programme |
1201 |
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ISSN |
0022-0949 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8008 |
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Author |
D. B. Green, S. Bestley, R. Trebilco, S. P. Corney, P. Lehodey, C. R. McMahon, C. Guinet, Mark A. Hindell |
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Title |
Modelled mid-trophic pelagic prey fields improve understanding of marine predator foraging behaviour |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Ecography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
43 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1014-1026 |
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Keywords |
ecosystem modelling kerguelen plateau micronekton predators prey interaction southern elephant seal Southern Indian Ocean |
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Abstract |
Biophysical interactions are influential in determining the scale of key ecological processes within marine ecosystems. For oceanic predators, this means foraging behaviour is influenced by processes shaping the distribution of prey. However, oceanic prey is difficult to observe and its abundance and distribution is regionally generalised. We use a spatiotemporally resolved simulation model to describe mid-trophic prey distribution within the Southern Ocean and demonstrate insights that this modelled prey field provides into the foraging behaviour of a widely distributed marine predator, the southern elephant seal. From a five-year simulation of prey biomass, we computed climatologies of mean prey biomass (average prey conditions) and prey biomass variability (meso-scale variability). We also compiled spatially gridded metrics of seal density and diving behaviour from 13 yr of tracking data. We statistically modelled these metrics as non-linear functions of prey biomass (both mean and variability) and used these to predict seal distribution and behaviour. Our predictions were consistent with observations (R2adj = 0.23), indicating that seals aggregate in regions of high mesoscale activity where eddies concentrate prey. Here, seals dived deeper (R2marg = 0.12, R2cond = 0.51) and spent less time hunting (R2marg = 0.05, R2cond = 0.56), likely targeting deep but profitable prey patches. Seals generally avoided areas of low eddy activity where prey was likely dispersed. Most seals foraged south of the Subantarctic Front, despite north of the front exhibiting consistently high simulated prey biomasses. This likely reflects seal prey or habitat preferences, but also emphasises the importance of mesoscale prey biomass variability relative to regionally high mean biomass. This work demonstrates the value of coupling mechanistic representations of prey biomass with predator observations to provide insight into how biophysical processes combine to shape species distributions. This will be increasingly important for the robust prediction of species’ responses to rapid system change. |
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Programme |
109,1201 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1600-0587 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7688 |
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Author |
Samantha C. Patrick, Alexandre Corbeau, Denis Réale, Henri Weimerskirch |
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Title |
Coordination in parental effort decreases with age in a long-lived seabird |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Oikos |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
129 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1763-1772 |
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Keywords |
albatrosses biologging foraging bout incubation shift duration life history tradeoffs parental care sexual conflict |
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Abstract |
Biparental care is widespread in avian species. Individuals may match the contribution of their partner, resulting in equal parental effort, or may exploit their partner, to minimise their own investment. These two hypotheses have received much theoretical and empirical attention in short-lived species, that change mates between seasons. However, in species with persistent pair bonds, where divorce is rare and costly, selective pressures are different, as partners share the value of future reproduction. In such species, coordination has been suggested to be adaptive and to increase early in life, as a consequence of the importance of mate familiarity. However, as birds age, an increase in re-pairing probability occurs in parallel to a decline in their survival probability. At the point when partners no longer share future reproductive success, exploitation of a partner could become adaptive, reducing selection for coordinated effort. As such, we suggest that coordination in parental effort will decline with age in long-lived species. Using incubation bout duration data, estimated from salt-water immersion bio-loggers, deployed on black-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophris, we examined the correlation in incubation bout durations for sequential bouts, as a measure of coordination. Our results show that coordination is highest in inexperienced pairs (early in reproductive life) and declines throughout the lifetime of birds. This suggests that both cooperation, indicated by coordinated effort, and conflict over care occurs in this species. We find no change in individual bout duration with increasing breeding experience, and hence no support for the hypothesis that aging leads to changes in individual incubation behaviour. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate strong coordination in parental care when pairs share future reproductive success, but a decline in coordination with age, as sexual conflict increases. |
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Programme |
109 |
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ISSN |
1600-0706 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8078 |
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Author |
Wenjie Lei, Youyi Ruan, Ebru Bozdağ, Daniel Peter, Matthieu Lefebvre, Dimitri Komatitsch, Jeroen Tromp, Judith Hill, Norbert Podhorszki, David Pugmire |
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Title |
Global adjoint tomography—model GLAD-M25 |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Geophysical Journal International |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
223 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-21 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Building on global adjoint tomography model GLAD-M15, we present transversely isotropic global model GLAD-M25, which is the result of 10 quasi-Newton tomographic iterations with an earthquake database consisting of 1480 events in the magnitude range 5.5 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.2, an almost sixfold increase over the first-generation model. We calculated fully 3-D synthetic seismograms with a shortest period of 17 s based on a GPU-accelerated spectral-element wave propagation solver which accommodates effects due to 3-D anelastic crust and mantle structure, topography and bathymetry, the ocean load, ellipticity, rotation and self-gravitation. We used an adjoint-state method to calculate Fréchet derivatives in 3-D anelastic Earth models facilitated by a parsimonious storage algorithm. The simulations were performed on the Cray XK7 ‘Titan’ and the IBM Power 9 ‘Summit’ at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility. We quantitatively evaluated GLAD-M25 by assessing misfit reductions and traveltime anomaly histograms in 12 measurement categories. We performed similar assessments for a held-out data set consisting of 360 earthquakes, with results comparable to the actual inversion. We highlight the new model for a variety of plumes and subduction zones. |
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133 |
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ISSN |
0956-540X |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7990 |
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