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Salam Alex P, |
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Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space
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2012 |
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425-439 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences, |
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Concordia Antarctic research station is one of the most isolated research stations on the planet and shares many stressor characteristics with deep space-long duration missions (DSLD). I spent a year at the Concordia in 2009 as a researcher in human biology and medicine for the European Space Agency, investigating the consequences of chronic stress on immunity and sleep. I discuss my experience and offer some brief thoughts on the parallels with DSLD missions. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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Schull Q., Stier A., Robin J.P., Roussel D., Viblanc V.A., Bize P. |
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Title |
Linking ornamentation to mitochondrial function in breeding king penguins |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2019 |
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10th International Penguin Congress Dunedin (New Zealand), 24-28 août 2019 |
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7767 |
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Étienne Vignon, Ghislain Picard, Claudio Durán-Alarcón, Simon P. Alexander, Hubert Gallée, Alexis Berne |
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Gravity Wave Excitation during the Coastal Transition of an Extreme Katabatic Flow in Antarctica |
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2020 |
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Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |
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77 |
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4 |
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1295-1312 |
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The offshore extent of Antarctic katabatic winds exerts a strong control on the production of sea ice and the formation of polynyas. In this study, we make use of a combination of ground-based remotely sensed and meteorological measurements at Dumont d’Urville (DDU) station, satellite images, and simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to analyze a major katabatic wind event in Adélie Land. Once well developed over the slope of the ice sheet, the katabatic flow experiences an abrupt transition near the coastal edge consisting of a sharp increase in the boundary layer depth, a sudden decrease in wind speed, and a decrease in Froude number from 3.5 to 0.3. This so-called katabatic jump manifests as a turbulent “wall” of blowing snow in which updrafts exceed 5 m s−1. The wall reaches heights of 1000 m and its horizontal extent along the coast is more than 400 km. By destabilizing the boundary layer downstream, the jump favors the trapping of a gravity wave train—with a horizontal wavelength of 10.5 km—that develops in a few hours. The trapped gravity waves exert a drag that considerably slows down the low-level outflow. Moreover, atmospheric rotors form below the first wave crests. The wind speed record measured at DDU in 2017 (58.5 m s−1) is due to the vertical advection of momentum by a rotor. A statistical analysis of observations at DDU reveals that katabatic jumps and low-level trapped gravity waves occur frequently over coastal Adélie Land. It emphasizes the important role of such phenomena in the coastal Antarctic dynamics. |
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0022-4928, 1520-0469 |
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7996 |
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Rune Dietz, Christian Sonne, Niladri Basu, Birgit Braune, Todd O'Hara, Robert J. Letcher, Tony Scheuhammer, Magnus Andersen, Claus Andreasen, Dennis Andriashek, Gert Asmund, Aurore Aubail, Hans Baagøe, Erik W. Born, Hing M. Chan, Andrew E. Derocher, Philippe Grandjean, Katrina Knott, Maja Kirkegaard, Anke Krey, Nick Lunn, Francoise Messier, Marty Obbard, Morten T. Olsen, Sonja Ostertag, Elizabeth Peacock, Aristeo Renzoni, Frank F. Rigét, Janneche Utne Skaare, Gary Stern, Ian Stirling, Mitch Taylor, Øystein Wiig, Simon Wilson, Jon Aars |
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What are the toxicological effects of mercury in Arctic biota? |
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2013 |
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Science of The Total Environment |
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443 |
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775-790 |
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Birds Exposure Fish Heavy metals Mammals Threshold levels |
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This review critically evaluates the available mercury (Hg) data in Arctic marine biota and the Inuit population against toxicity threshold values. In particular marine top predators exhibit concentrations of mercury in their tissues and organs that are believed to exceed thresholds for biological effects. Species whose concentrations exceed threshold values include the polar bears (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), pilot whale (Globicephala melas), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), a few seabird species, and landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Toothed whales appear to be one of the most vulnerable groups, with high concentrations of mercury recorded in brain tissue with associated signs of neurochemical effects. Evidence of increasing concentrations in mercury in some biota in Arctic Canada and Greenland is therefore a concern with respect to ecosystem health. |
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0048-9697 |
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8476 |
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Author |
René Pierre Ménot |
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Title |
Geology of the Antarctic Continent |
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2011 |
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Synthèse sur la géologie de l'Est Antarctique
dans la série “Beiträge zur regionalen Geology der Erde” (Regional Geology of the World. Editeur: G. Kleinschmidt |
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157 |
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Bascou, J., Henry, B., Ménot, R. P., Funaki, M., Barruol, G., Lamarque, G. |
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Cartographie des structures tectoniques de Pointe Géologie : apport de l’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique (ASM) |
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Conference - National - Communication |
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2012 |
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L’archipel de Pointe Géologie (PG) en Terre Adélie est constitué de gneiss variés, recoupés par des filons de granite rose, d’épaisseur métrique à décamétrique et à épontes nettes. Ces différents gneiss se distinguent par la nature de leurs protolites, pélitiques ou grauwackeux, et surtout par le degré de la fusion partielle (migmatisation) [1, 2, 3]. On rencontre ainsi des gneiss migmatitiques fortement foliés et rubanés et des anatexites dont l’orientation floue des structures n’est marquée que par quelques passées micacées. Les gneiss migmatitiques montrent un rubanement aux limites diffuses associant des niveaux clairs quartzo-feldspathiques (leucosomes) et des lits sombres (mélanosomes) riches en minéraux ferromagnésiens, micas noirs et grenat, associés à la sillimanite et à la cordiérite. Ces lits représentent respectivement le produit et le résidu de la fusion partielle. Localement les niveaux clairs s’anastomosent et s’individualisent en filonets centimétriques traduisant le processus de collecte et d’extraction des liquides. Cette anatexie est associée à une pic de métamorphisme, caractérisé par des assemblages minéralogiques à cordiérite, ±sillimanite, ±grenat, ±K-feldspath, ±plagioclase, ±quartz, ±biotite, ±ilménite, ±magnétite qui indiquent des conditions d’une croûte moyenne particulièrement chaude (facies amphibolite ; Températures : 700–750°C ; Pressions 4-6 kbar, [1, 3]).
Sur le terrain, les plans structuraux préférentiels (foliations) parfaitement observables dans les gneiss ont été systématiquement cartographiés au cours des missions du programme IPEV-GEOLETA. Ces structures définissent de grandes zones de cisaillement qui juxtaposent de grands dômes d’échelle kilométrique qui sont interprétés comme résultant d’un événement tectonique en régime de transpression et d’âge Paléoprotérozoïque (1.7 Ga, [2, 4]).
Les structures de déformation linéaire (linéations) des gneiss ainsi que les structures linéaires et planaires des filons pluri-centimétrique à kilométrique de composition granitique restaient mal-cartographiées car difficilement identifiables à l’affleurement. Afin de pouvoir intégrer les structures de l’ensemble des terrains de PG, une étude structurale basée sur des mesures d’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique (ASM) a donc été menée dans le cadre du programme IPEV-ArLiTA. Les mesures d’ASM ont été réalisées en laboratoire, dans une enceinte en champ magnétique faible (200 A/m), sur des spécimens provenant de carottes prélevées au cours de trois missions (par M. Funaki il y a une quinzaine d’années, et pour le programme ArLiTA en 2009 et 2011). Du fait de la proximité du pôle sud magnétique, l’orientation des carottes a été réalisée en utilisant un compas solaire.
Les lithologies gneissiques et granitiques sont marquées par des propriétés magnétiques très contrastées. Dans les niveaux sombres des gneiss, les valeurs de susceptibilité magnétique (Km) sont très élevés (Km de l’ordre de 10-2 – 10-1 SI) associées à des concentrations plus ou moins fortes de grains de magnétite alors que dans les leucosomes et les filons granitiques les valeurs de susceptibilité magnétique sont relativement faibles (Km de l’ordre de 10-4 SI). De plus, les gneiss et les filons granitiques se distinguent par leurs structures magnétiques. Dans les gneiss, l’orientation des foliations magnétiques est conforme à celle mesurée sur le terrain : plans de direction N-S, fortement inclinés dans les couloirs de cisaillement et faiblement inclinés au niveau des dômes. Les mesures d’ASM dans les gneiss indiquent une linéation sub-horizontale et de direction dominante N-S. Dans les zones les plus affectées par l’anatexie, les mesures d’ASM révèlent des linéations magnétiques sub-verticales. Ces structures magnétiques qui caractérisent les produits de fusion chenalisés dans des filons de taille centimétrique à kilométrique (granites roses) sont associées à la mise en place des magmas au cours de l’évènement Paléoprotérozoïque à1.7 Ga.
[1] MONNIER O., MÉNOT R. P., PEUCAT J.J., FANNING M., GIRET A. (1996) – Actualisation des données géologiques sur Terre Adélie (Antarctique Est) : mise en évidence d’un socle protérozoïque hétérogène. . C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 322, IIa, 55-62.
[2] GAPAIS D., PELLETIER A., MÉNOT R.P., PEUCAT J.J., (2008) – Paleoproterozoic tectonics in the Terre Adélie Craton (East Antarctica). Precambrian Research, 162, 3-4, 531-539, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres2007
[3] PELLETIER A., GUIRAUD M., MÉNOT R.P. (2005) – From partial melting to retrogression in the Pointe Géologie migmatitic complex (East Antarctica): a history of heterogeneous distribution of fluids. Lithos, 81, 153-166
[4] PEUCAT J.J., MÉNOT R.P., MONNIER O., FANNING M., (1999) – The Terre Adélie basement in the East-Antarctica Shield : geological and isotopic evidence for a major 1.7 Ga thermal event ; comparison with the Gawler Craton in South Australia. Precamb. Res. .94, 205-224
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Lamarque G. |
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Déformation et propriétés physiques anisotropes d’une zone de cisaillement ductile ; Mertz Shear Zone, Antarctique de l’Est |
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2012 |
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4653 |
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Bascou Jérôme, Barruol Guilhem, Ménot René-Pierre, Bernard Henry, Rolland Yann, Duclaux Guillaume |
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The ArLiTA project (IPEV): How to get a view of the lithosphere structures beneath the Terre Adélie Craton (East Antarctica) |
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2011 |
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The ArLiTA (Architecture de la Lithosphère de Terre Adélie) project is supported by the French Polar Institute (IPEV) program and started in October 2009. The main goal of this project is to characterize the lithospheric structures and the deformation patterns of the Terre Adélie and George Vth Land basement (East Antarctica: 135 to 145° E). The ArLiTA project corresponds to a multidisciplinary approach and combines a set of various analysis and interpretation methods, in order to relate field observations to the geodynamic models. Lithospheric structures are characterised using a multi-scale approach from the study of the crystalline structures using electron microscopy to regional structures revealed by seismological data. At the field scale, the use of petrophysical tools such as the measurement of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) allows a systematic mapping of the deformation patterns. All these various studies are performed on the different crustal blocks that build up the Terre Adélie Craton and which are considered as contrasted levels of the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic continental crust. Moreover, the ArLiTA project also includes geochemical investigations in order to precise the relationships between the deformation structures and the transfers of geological fluids through a warm and buoyant crust.
Concerning the seismological section of the project, six temporary seismic stations are scheduled to be installed all along the Terre Adélie-George Vth Land coast, in addition to the permanent seismic station from the GEOSCOPE network located at the Dumont d’Urville French base. Four seismic stations have already been deployed since October 2009. This new network will improve the instrumental cover of the East Antarctica region that was recently deployed for the International Polar Year (IPY). The ArLiTA project would provide an essential contribution to the current knowledge of the Mawson Block, i.e. of piece of the Rodinia supercontinent.
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Jérôme Bascou |
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Architecture de la Lithosphère de Terre Adélie: présentation du programme ArLiTA |
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2011 |
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Le projet ArLiTA a pour objectif de caractériser l'architecture et les structures de déformation de la lithosphère néoarchéenne et paléoprotérozoique en Terre Adélie et Terre George V (135°/ 145°E). Il combine diverses approches : imagerie à partir de données sismologiques, cartographie systématique des structures par analyse tectonique, pétrophysique (ASM), caractérisation des matériaux et des paléofluides (pétrologie, géochimie) et thermomécanique (thermobarométrie). La première campagne de terrain avait pour objectif la mise en oeuvre simultanéé des 3 volets méthodologiques du projet : séismologie, analyse structurale par ASM, caractérisation des paléofluides. |
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