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7850 |
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Michael Lockwood, Mathew J. Owens, Carl Haines, Luke Barnard, Christopher John Scott, Aude Chambodut, Kathryn A. McWilliams, Alan W. P. Thomson |
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Title |
Universal Time Variations in Space Weather |
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2020 |
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Earth and space science open archive |
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12 |
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We introduce the inductive effects of polar cap motions towards and way from the Sun into magnetospheric electrodynamics and show how this explains observed Universal Time variations in hemispheric geomagnetic indices. The large (and growing) hemispheric asymmetry in the offsets of the geomagnetic (dip or eccentric dipole) poles from Earth’s rotational axis means that the effect is not cancelled out in global indices. By adding this effect to that of the Russell-McPherron effect on solar wind-magnetosphere coupling, that of ionospheric conductivities, and that of the solar wind dynamic pressure and dipole tilt on the near-Earth tail lobe field and cross-tail current sheet, we are able to model the persistent “equinoctial” time-of-day/time-of-year pattern (with additional net Universal time variations) observed in the an, as and am geomagnetic indices since 1959. We discuss the implications for the longitudinal dependence of the effects of extreme space weather events |
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139 |
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yes |
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8464 |
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Ronan Autret, Pierre Stéphan, David Didier, Serge Suanez, Bernard Fichaut, Sigurður Sigurðarson, Björn Erlingsson, Jérôme Ammann, Peter Weiss, Samuel Etienne |
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First steps towards a long-term monitoring of storm impact on the coastal morphology of the Reykjanes Peninsula |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2018 |
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13th coastgis symposium, 27-29 september 2018, ísafjörður in the westfjords, icela |
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1216 |
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7615 |
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Téchiné P., Buisson B. , Alory G. , Testut L., André F. |
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Acquisition, traitement et diffusion des données de réseaux d’observations océanographiques – SSS et ROSAME |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2019 |
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Journées Séries Interopérables et Systèmes de Traitement (SIST), 5-8 novembre 2019, Toulouse |
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688 |
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yes |
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8757 |
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Abadi Fitsum, Barbraud Christophe, Gimenez Olivier |
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Integrated population modeling reveals the impact of climate on the survival of juvenile emperor penguins |
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2017 |
Publication |
Global change biology |
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23 |
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3 |
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1353-1359 |
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Bayesian climate change emperor penguins integrated population model sea ice concentration southern annular mode survival |
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Early‐life demographic traits are poorly known, impeding our understanding of population processes and sensitivity to climate change. Survival of immature individuals is a critical component of population dynamics and recruitment in particular. However, obtaining reliable estimates of juvenile survival (i.e., from independence to first year) remains challenging, as immatures are often difficult to observe and to monitor individually in the field. This is particularly acute for seabirds, in which juveniles stay at sea and remain undetectable for several years. In this work, we developed a Bayesian integrated population model to estimate the juvenile survival of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), and other demographic parameters including adult survival and fecundity of the species. Using this statistical method, we simultaneously analyzed capture–recapture data of adults, the annual number of breeding females, and the number of fledglings of emperor penguins collected at Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, for the period 1971–1998. We also assessed how climate covariates known to affect the species foraging habitats and prey [southern annular mode (SAM), sea ice concentration (SIC)] affect juvenile survival. Our analyses revealed that there was a strong evidence for the positive effect of SAM during the rearing period (SAMR) on juvenile survival. Our findings suggest that this large‐scale climate index affects juvenile emperor penguins body condition and survival through its influence on wind patterns, fast ice extent, and distance to open water. Estimating the influence of environmental covariates on juvenile survival is of major importance to understand the impacts of climate variability and change on the population dynamics of emperor penguins and seabirds in general and to make robust predictions on the impact of climate change on marine predators. |
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109 |
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1354-1013 |
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1354-1013 |
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yes |
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6632 |
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Barruol Guilhem, Cordier Emmanuel, Bascou Jérôme, Fontaine Fabrice R., Legrésy Benoit, Lescarmontier Lydie |
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Tide‐induced microseismicity in the Mertz glacier grounding area, East Antarctica |
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2013 |
Publication |
Geophysical Research Letters |
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40 |
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20 |
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5412-5416 |
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Adélie land Antarctica cryoseismology icequakes Mertz glacier tide |
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AbstractThe deployment of a seismic network along the Adélie and George V coasts in East Antarctica during the period 2009?2012 provides the opportunity to monitor cryoseismic activity and to obtain new insights on the relationship between tidal cycles and coastal glacier dynamics. Here we focus on records from a seismometer located on a rocky outcrop in the vicinity of the grounding line of the 35 km broad Mertz glacier, a major outflow of this region. We detect numerous icequakes (50,000 events within 10 months and up to 100 events/h) and demonstrate their clear tidal modulation. We suggest that they result from ice friction and fracturing around the rocky peak and from the glacier flexure in response to the falling and rising tides at its grounding area. We propose that such icequake monitoring could be used as a climate proxy since grounding lines are subject to migrate with sea level changes. |
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688 |
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0094-8276 |
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0094-8276 |
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yes |
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6826 |
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Bernard Éric, Friedt J. M., Tolle F., Griselin M., Marlin Ch., Prokop A. |
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Investigating snowpack volumes and icing dynamics in the moraine of an Arctic catchment using UAV photogrammetry |
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Book Chapter |
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2017 |
Publication |
The Photogrammetric Record |
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32 |
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160 |
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497-512 |
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1108,1111 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0031-868X |
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0031-868X |
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yes |
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6963 |
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Author |
Carravieri Alice, Weimerskirch Henri, Bustamante Paco, Cherel Yves |
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Title |
Progressive ontogenetic niche shift over the prolonged immaturity period of wandering albatrosses |
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2017 |
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Royal Society Open Science |
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4 |
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10 |
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171039 |
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Very little is known about trophic ontogenetic changes over the prolonged immaturity period of long-lived, wide-ranging seabirds. By using blood and feather trophic tracers (δ13C and δ15N, and mercury, Hg), we studied age-related changes in feeding ecology during the immature phase of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans when they gradually change from a pure oceanic life to visits to their future breeding grounds. Immatures fed in subtropical waters at high trophic positions during moult. Between- and within-individual variations in isotopic niche were very high, irrespective of age, highlighting wide-ranging exploratory behaviours. In summer, while acting as central-place foragers from their future breeding colony, individuals progressively relied on lower trophic level prey and/or southern latitudes as they aged, until occupying a similar isotopic niche to that of adults. Immatures had exceptionally high Hg burdens, with males having lower Hg concentrations than females, suggesting that they foraged more in subantarctic waters. Our findings suggest a progressive ontogenetic niche shift during central-place foraging of this long-lived species. |
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109 |
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2054-5703 |
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yes |
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7150 |
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Author |
Chenuil Anne, Saucède Thomas, Hemery Lenaïg G., Eléaume Marc, Féral Jean‐Pierre, Améziane Nadia, David Bruno, Lecointre Guillaume, Havermans Charlotte |
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Title |
Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Biological Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
481-504 |
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Keywords |
adaptive radiation competition diversification ecological niche endemicity extinction life‐history trait phylogeny |
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Abstract |
Species flocks (SFs) fascinate evolutionary biologists who wonder whether such striking diversification can be driven by normal evolutionary processes. Multiple definitions of SFs have hindered the study of their origins. Previous studies identified a monophyletic taxon as a SF if it displays high speciosity in an area in which it is endemic (criterion 1), high ecological diversity among species (criterion 2), and if it dominates the habitat in terms of biomass (criterion 3); we used these criteria in our analyses. Our starting hypothesis is that normal evolutionary processes may provide a sufficient explanation for most SFs. We thus clearly separate each criterion and identify which biological (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) traits are most favourable to their realization. The first part focuses on evolutionary processes. We highlight that some popular putative causes of SFs, such as key innovations or ecological speciation, are neither necessary nor sufficient to fulfill some or all of the three criteria. Initial differentiation mechanisms are diverse and difficult to identify a posteriori because a primary differentiation of one type (genetic, ecological or geographical) often promotes other types of differentiation. Furthermore, the criteria are not independent: positive feedbacks between speciosity and ecological diversity among species are expected whatever the initial cause of differentiation, and ecological diversity should enhance habitat dominance at the clade level. We then identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that favour each criterion. Low dispersal emerges as a convincing driver of speciosity. Except for a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation, for which assessment is difficult, high effective population sizes are the single intrinsic factor that directly enhances speciosity, ecological diversity and habitat dominance. No extrinsic factor appeared to enhance all criteria simultaneously but a combination of factors (insularity, fragmentation and environmental stability) may favour the three criteria, although the effect is indirect for habitat dominance. We then apply this analytical framework to Antarctic marine environments by analysing data from 18 speciose clades belonging to echinoderms (five unrelated clades), notothenioid fishes (five clades) and peracarid crustaceans (eight clades). Antarctic shelf environments and history appear favourable to endemicity and speciosity, but not to ecological specialization. Two main patterns are distinguished among taxa. (i) In echinoderms, many brooding, species?rich and endemic clades are reported, but without remarkable ecological diversity or habitat dominance. In these taxa, loss of the larval stage is probably a consequence of past Antarctic environmental factors, and brooding is suggested to be responsible for enhanced allopatric speciation (via dispersal limitation). (ii) In notothenioids and peracarids, many clades fulfill all three SF criteria. This could result from unusual features in fish and crustaceans: chromosome instability and key innovations (antifreeze proteins) in notothenioids, ecological opportunity in peracarids, and a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation in both groups. Therefore, the data do not support our starting point that normal evolutionary factors or processes drive SFs because in these two groups uncommon intrinsic features or ecological opportunity provide the best explanation. The utility of the three?criterion SF concept is therefore questioned and guidelines are given for future studies. |
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1044 |
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1464-7931 |
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1464-7931 |
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yes |
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6688 |
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Author |
Collet Julien, Patrick Samantha C., Weimerskirch Henri |
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Title |
Behavioral responses to encounter of fishing boats in wandering albatrosses |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Ecology and evolution |
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7 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
3335-3347 |
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competition fisheries foraging decisions movement ecology seabirds vessel monitoring system |
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Abstract |
Animals are attracted to human food subsidies worldwide. The behavioral response of individuals to these resources is rarely described in detail, beyond chances of encounters. Seabirds for instance scavenge in large numbers at fishing boats, triggering crucial conservation issues, but how the response to boats varies across encounters is poorly known. Here we examine the behavioral response of wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans), equipped with GPS tags, to longline fishing boats operating near their colony for which we had access to vessel monitoring system data. We distinguish between encounters (flying within 30 km of a boat) and attendance behavior (sitting on the sea within 3 km of a boat), and examine factors affecting each. In particular, we test hypotheses that the response to encountered boats should vary with sex and age in this long‐lived dimorphic species. Among the 60% trips that encountered boats at least once, 80% of them contained attendance (but attendance followed only 60% of each single encounter). Birds were more attracted and remained attending longer when boats were hauling lines, despite the measures enforced by this fleet to limit food availability during operations. Sex and age of birds had low influence on the response to boats, except the year when fewer boats came fishing in the area, and younger birds were attending further from boats compared to older birds. Net mass gain of birds was similar across sex and not affected by time spent attending boats. Our results indicate albatrosses extensively attend this fishery, with no clear advantages, questioning impacts on foraging time budgets. Factors responsible for sex foraging segregation at larger scale seem not to operate at this fleet near the colony and are not consistent with predictions of optimal foraging theory on potential individual dominance asymmetries. This approach complements studies of large‐scale overlap of animals with human subsidies. |
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109 |
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2045-7758 |
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2045-7758 |
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yes |
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6636 |
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