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2022 |
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Et pourtant elle tourne ! Eds. FONTANA, Laure et DE BEAUNE Sophie. Paris : CNRS Editions. |
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1217 |
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8693 |
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Title |
Shedding Light on a Dark Lake: How the Sun Transforms the Chemistry of Lakes |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2022 |
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1042 |
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8694 |
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Title |
Selection-driven adaptation to the extreme Antarctic environment in the Emperor penguin |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Heredity |
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Volume |
129 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
317-326 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological Animals Antarctic Regions Genome Phylogeny Spheniscidae |
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Abstract |
The eco-evolutionary history of penguins is characterised by shifting from temperate to cold environments. Breeding in Antarctica, the Emperor penguin appears as an extreme outcome of this process, with unique features related to insulation, heat production and energy management. However, whether this species actually diverged from a less cold-adapted ancestor, more ecologically similar to its sister species, the King penguin, is still an open question. As the Antarctic colonisation likely resulted in vast changes in selective pressure experienced by the Emperor penguin, the relative quantification of the genomic signatures of selection, unique to each sister species, could answer this question. Applying phylogeny-based selection tests on 7651 orthologous genes, we identified a more pervasive selection shift in the Emperor penguin than in the King penguin, supporting the hypothesis that its extreme cold adaptation is a derived state. Furthermore, among candidate genes under selection, four (TRPM8, LEPR, CRB1, and SFI1) were identified before in other cold-adapted homeotherms, like the woolly Mammoth, while other 161 genes can be assigned to biological functions relevant to cold adaptation identified in previous studies. Location and structural effects of TRPM8 substitutions in Emperor and King penguin lineages support their functional role with putative divergent effects on thermal adaptation. We conclude that extreme cold adaptation in the Emperor penguin largely involved unique genetic options which, however, affect metabolic and physiological traits common to other cold-adapted homeotherms. |
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137 |
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1365-2540 |
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yes |
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8700 |
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Title |
No evidence of microplastic ingestion in emperor penguin chicks (Aptenodytes forsteri) from the Atka Bay colony (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) |
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Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
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Volume |
851 |
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Pages |
158314 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica ATR-FTIR Microplastics Stomach content Weddell Sea & Dronning Maud Land |
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Abstract |
Microplastic (<5 mm; MP) pollution has been an emerging threat for marine ecosystems around the globe with increasing evidence that even the world's most remote areas, including Antarctica, are no longer unaffected. Few studies however, have examined MP in Antarctic biota, and especially those from Antarctic regions with low human activity, meaning little is known about the extent to which biota are affected. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the occurrence of MP in the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), the only penguin species breeding around Antarctica during the austral winter, and an endemic apex predator in the Southern Ocean. To assess MP ingestion, the gizzards of 41 emperor penguin chicks from Atka Bay colony (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica), were dissected and analyzed for MP >500 ?m using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. A total of 85 putative particles, mostly in the shape of fibers (65.9 %), were sorted. However, none of the particles were identified as MP applying state-of-the-art methodology. Sorted fibers were further evidenced to originate from contamination during sample processing and analyses. We find that MP concentrations in the local food web of the Weddell Sea and Dronning Maud Land coastal and marginal sea-ice regions; the feeding grounds to chick-rearing emperor penguin adults, are currently at such low levels that no detectable biomagnification is occurring via trophic transfer. Being in contrast to MP studies on other Antarctic and sub-Antarctic penguin species, our comparative discussion including these studies, highlights the importance for standardized procedures for sampling, sample processing and analyses to obtain comparable results. We further discuss other stomach contents and their potential role for MP detection, as well as providing a baseline for the long-term monitoring of MP in apex predator species from this region. |
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137 |
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0048-9697 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8702 |
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Title |
Juvenile emperor penguin range calls for extended conservation measures in the Southern Ocean |
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2022 |
Publication |
Royal Society Open Science |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
211708 |
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Keywords |
conservation biology early life MPA network polar regions seabirds |
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To protect the unique and rich biodiversity of the Southern Ocean, conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs) have been implemented. Currently, the establishment of several additional protection zones is being considered based on the known habitat distributions of key species of the ecosystems including emperor penguins and other marine top predators. However, the distribution of such species at sea is often insufficiently sampled. Specifically, current distribution models focus on the habitat range of adult animals and neglect that immatures and juveniles can inhabit different areas. By tracking eight juvenile emperor penguins in the Weddell Sea over 1 year and performing a meta-analysis including previously known data from other colonies, we show that conservation efforts in the Southern Ocean are insufficient for protecting this highly mobile species, and particularly its juveniles. We find that juveniles spend approximately 90% of their time outside the boundaries of proposed and existing MPAs, and that their distribution extends beyond (greater than 1500 km) the species' extent of occurrence as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Our data exemplify that strategic conservation plans for the emperor penguin and other long-lived ecologically important species should consider the dynamic habitat range of all age classes. |
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137 |
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yes |
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8703 |
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Title |
Global Carbon Budget 2022 |
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2022 |
Publication |
Earth System Science Data |
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14 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
4811-4900 |
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416 |
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1866-3508 |
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8701 |
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2022 |
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PLOS ONE |
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17 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
e0265849 |
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Animal behavior Animal sociality Birds Equipment Feathers Legs Molting Penguins |
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137 |
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1932-6203 |
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8704 |
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2022 |
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11 |
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1080 |
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2108-6532 |
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8705 |
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Author |
Eleonora Fossile |
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Ice-related environmental changes in Arctic fjords : new insights from benthic foraminifera |
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2022 |
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310 p |
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1223 |
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8721 |
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Tranchant Y.-T. |
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2022 |
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688 |
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8352 |
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