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Author |
Karen D. McCoy, Céline Toty, Marlène Dupraz, Jérémy Tornos, Amandine Gamble, Romain Garnier, Sébastien Descamps, Thierry Boulinier |
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Title |
Climate change in the Arctic: Testing the poleward expansion of ticks and tick-borne diseases |
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Journal |
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Year  |
2023 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1729-1740 |
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Keywords |
Borrelia colonial seabirds invasion Ixodes uriae Ixodidae Lyme disease Rissa tridactyla Svalbard Uria lomvia |
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Abstract |
Climate change is most strongly felt in the polar regions of the world, with significant impacts on the species that live there. The arrival of parasites and pathogens from more temperate areas may become a significant problem for these populations, but current observations of parasite presence often lack a historical reference of prior absence. Observations in the high Arctic of the seabird tick Ixodes uriae suggested that this species expanded poleward in the last two decades in relation to climate change. As this tick can have a direct impact on the breeding success of its seabird hosts and vectors several pathogens, including Lyme disease spirochaetes, understanding its invasion dynamics is essential for predicting its impact on polar seabird populations. Here, we use population genetic data and host serology to test the hypothesis that I. uriae recently expanded into Svalbard. Both black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) were sampled for ticks and blood in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen. Ticks were genotyped using microsatellite markers and population genetic analyses were performed using data from 14 reference populations from across the tick's northern distribution. In contrast to predictions, the Spitsbergen population showed high genetic diversity and significant differentiation from reference populations, suggesting long-term isolation. Host serology also demonstrated a high exposure rate to Lyme disease spirochaetes (Bbsl). Targeted PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of Borrelia garinii in a Spitsbergen tick, demonstrating the presence of Lyme disease bacteria in the high Arctic for the first time. Taken together, results contradict the notion that I. uriae has recently expanded into the high Arctic. Rather, this tick has likely been present for some time, maintaining relatively high population sizes and an endemic transmission cycle of Bbsl. Close future observations of population infestation/infection rates will now be necessary to relate epidemiological changes to ongoing climate modifications. |
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333 |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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8499 |
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Jelena Kralj, Aurore Ponchon, Daniel Oro, Barbara Amadesi, Juan Arizaga, Nicola Baccetti, Thierry Boulinier, Jacopo G. Cecere, Robin M. Corcoran, Anna-Marie Corman, Leonie Enners, Abram Fleishman, Stefan Garthe, David Grémillet, Ann Harding, José Manuel Igual, Luka Jurinović, Ulrike Kubetzki, Donald E. Lyons, Rachael Orben, Rosana Paredes, Simone Pirrello, Bernard Recorbet, Scott Shaffer, Philipp Schwemmer, Lorenzo Serra, Anouk Spelt, Giacomo Tavecchia, Jill Tengeres, Davorin Tome, Cara Williamson, Shane Windsor, Hillary Young, Marco Zenatello, Ruben Fijn |
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Title |
Active breeding seabirds prospect alternative breeding colonies |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
201 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
341-354 |
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Keywords |
Behavioural ecology Dispersal Gulls Movements Terns Tracking devices |
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Abstract |
Compared to other animal movements, prospecting by adult individuals for a future breeding site is commonly overlooked. Prospecting influences the decision of where to breed and has consequences on fitness and lifetime reproductive success. By analysing movements of 31 satellite- and GPS-tracked gull and tern populations belonging to 14 species in Europe and North America, we examined the occurrence and factors explaining prospecting by actively breeding birds. Prospecting in active breeders occurred in 85.7% of studied species, across 61.3% of sampled populations. Prospecting was more common in populations with frequent inter-annual changes of breeding sites and among females. These results contradict theoretical models which predict that prospecting is expected to evolve in relatively predictable and stable environments. More long-term tracking studies are needed to identify factors affecting patterns of prospecting in different environments and understand the consequences of prospecting on fitness at the individual and population level. |
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333 |
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ISSN |
1432-1939 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8500 |
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Author |
Sarah Albertin, Joël Savarino, Slimane Bekki, Albane Barbero, Roberto Grilli, Quentin Fournier, Irène Ventrillard, Nicolas Caillon, Kathy Law |
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Title |
Diurnal variations in oxygen and nitrogen isotopes of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and nitrate: implications for tracing NOx oxidation pathways and emission sources |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
EGUsphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-44 |
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Abstract |
The oxygen (????17O) and nitrogen (????15N) isotopic compositions of atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) are widely used as tracers of its formation pathways, precursor (nitrogen oxides NOx = nitric oxide NO + nitrogen NO2) emission sources, and physico-chemical processing. However, the critical lack of observations on the multi-isotopic composition of NO2 maintains significant uncertainties regarding the links between the isotopic composition of NOx and NO3-, which may bias estimates of the NO3- formation processes and the distribution of sources. We report here on the first simultaneous atmospheric observations of ????17O and ????15N in NO2 and NO3-. The measurements were carried out at sub-daily (ca. 3 h) resolution over two non-consecutive days in an Alpine city in February 2021. Important diurnal variabilities are observed in both NO2 and NO3- multi-isotopic composition. ????17O of NO2 and NO3- range from 19.6 to 40.8 ‰ and 18.7 to 26 ‰, respectively. During both daytime and nighttime, the variability of ????17O(NO2) is mainly driven by the oxidation of NO by ozone, with a substantial contribution from peroxy radicals in the morning. NO3- local mass balance equations, constrained by observed ????17O(NO2), suggest that during the first day of sampling NO3- was formed locally from the oxidation of NO2 by hydroxyl radicals during the day, and via heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide during the night. For the second day, calculated and observed ????17O(NO3-) do not match, particularly daytime values. The effects on ????17O(NO3-) of a Saharan dust event that occurred during the second day and winter boundary layer dynamics are discussed. ????15N of NO2 and NO3- ranged from -10.0 to 19.7 ‰ and -4.2 to 14.8 ‰, respectively. Consistent with theoretical predictions of N isotope fractionation, the important variability of ????15N(NO2) is explained by significant post-emission equilibrium N fractionation. After accounting for this effect, vehicle exhaust is found to be the primary source of NOx emissions at the sampling site. ????15N(NO3-) is closely linked to ????15N(NO2) variability, which bring further evidence of fast and local processing, but uncertainties on current N fractionation factors during NO2 to NO3- conversion are underscored. Overall, this detailed investigation highlights the potential and the necessity to use ????17O and ????15N in NO2 and NO3- to trace quantitatively the sources and formation chemistry of NO3-, particularly in urban environments in winter. |
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1215 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8022 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Thierry Boulinier |
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Title |
Avian influenza spread and seabird movements between colonies |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
38 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
391-395 |
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Keywords |
colonial breeding foraging HPAI H5N1 migration movement ecology prospecting spatial disease dynamics |
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Abstract |
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Programme |
333,1151 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
0169-5347 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8502 |
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Author |
Eleftherios Ioannidis, Kathy S. Law, Jean-Christophe Raut, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Rachel M. Kirpes, Lucia M. Upchurch, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Patricia K. Quinn, Kerri A. Pratt |
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Title |
Modelling wintertime sea-spray aerosols under Arctic haze conditions |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Atmospheric chemistry and physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
5641-5678 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Anthropogenic and natural emissions contribute to enhanced concentrations of aerosols in the Arctic winter and early spring, with most attention being paid to anthropogenic aerosols that contribute to so-called Arctic haze. Less-well-studied wintertime sea-spray aerosols (SSAs) under Arctic haze conditions are the focus of this study, since they can make an important contribution to wintertime Arctic aerosol abundances. Analysis of field campaign data shows evidence for enhanced local sources of SSAs, including marine organics at Utqiaġvik (formerly known as Barrow) in northern Alaska, United States, during winter 2014. Models tend to underestimate sub-micron SSAs and overestimate super-micron SSAs in the Arctic during winter, including the base version of the Weather Research Forecast coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model used here, which includes a widely used SSA source function based on Gong et al. (1997). Quasi-hemispheric simulations for winter 2014 including updated wind speed and sea-surface temperature (SST) SSA emission dependencies and sources of marine sea-salt organics and sea-salt sulfate lead to significantly improved model performance compared to observations at remote Arctic sites, notably for coarse-mode sodium and chloride, which are reduced. The improved model also simulates more realistic contributions of SSAs to inorganic aerosols at different sites, ranging from 20 %–93 % in the observations. Two-thirds of the improved model performance is from the inclusion of the dependence on SSTs. The simulation of nitrate aerosols is also improved due to less heterogeneous uptake of nitric acid on SSAs in the coarse mode and related increases in fine-mode nitrate. This highlights the importance of interactions between natural SSAs and inorganic anthropogenic aerosols that contribute to Arctic haze. Simulation of organic aerosols and the fraction of sea-salt sulfate are also improved compared to observations. However, the model underestimates episodes with elevated observed concentrations of SSA components and sub-micron non-sea-salt sulfate at some Arctic sites, notably at Utqiaġvik. Possible reasons are explored in higher-resolution runs over northern Alaska for periods corresponding to the Utqiaġvik field campaign in January and February 2014. The addition of a local source of sea-salt marine organics, based on the campaign data, increases modelled organic aerosols over northern Alaska. However, comparison with previous available data suggests that local natural sources from open leads, as well as local anthropogenic sources, are underestimated in the model. Missing local anthropogenic sources may also explain the low modelled (sub-micron) non-sea-salt sulfate at Utqiaġvik. The introduction of a higher wind speed dependence for sub-micron SSA emissions, also based on Arctic data, reduces biases in modelled sub-micron SSAs, while sea-ice fractions, including open leads, are shown to be an important factor controlling modelled super-micron, rather than sub-micron, SSAs over the north coast of Alaska. The regional results presented here show that modelled SSAs are more sensitive to wind speed dependence but that realistic modelling of sea-ice distributions is needed for the simulation of local SSAs, including marine organics. This study supports findings from the Utqiaġvik field campaign that open leads are the primary source of fresh and aged SSAs, including marine organic aerosols, during wintertime at Utqiaġvik; these findings do not suggest an influence from blowing snow and frost flowers. To improve model simulations of Arctic wintertime aerosols, new field data on processes that influence wintertime SSA production, in particular for fine-mode aerosols, are needed as is improved understanding about possible local anthropogenic sources. |
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1215 |
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ISSN |
1680-7316 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8504 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Cynthia H. Whaley, Kathy S. Law, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Henrik Skov, Stephen R. Arnold, Joakim Langner, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Garance Bergeron, Ilann Bourgeois, Jesper H. Christensen, Rong-You Chien, Makoto Deushi, Xinyi Dong, Peter Effertz, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Greg Huey, Ulas Im, Rigel Kivi, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Jeff Peischl, David A. Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Tom Ryerson, Ragnhild Skeie, Sverre Solberg, Manu A. Thomas, Chelsea Thompson, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven T. Turnock, Knut von Salzen, David W. Tarasick |
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Title |
Arctic tropospheric ozone: assessment of current knowledge and model performance |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
637-661 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
As the third most important greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), tropospheric ozone (O3) is also an air pollutant causing damage to human health and ecosystems. This study brings together recent research on observations and modeling of tropospheric O3 in the Arctic, a rapidly warming and sensitive environment. At different locations in the Arctic, the observed surface O3 seasonal cycles are quite different. Coastal Arctic locations, for example, have a minimum in the springtime due to O3 depletion events resulting from surface bromine chemistry. In contrast, other Arctic locations have a maximum in the spring. The 12 state-of-the-art models used in this study lack the surface halogen chemistry needed to simulate coastal Arctic surface O3 depletion in the springtime; however, the multi-model median (MMM) has accurate seasonal cycles at non-coastal Arctic locations. There is a large amount of variability among models, which has been previously reported, and we show that there continues to be no convergence among models or improved accuracy in simulating tropospheric O3 and its precursor species. The MMM underestimates Arctic surface O3 by 5 % to 15 % depending on the location. The vertical distribution of tropospheric O3 is studied from recent ozonesonde measurements and the models. The models are highly variable, simulating free-tropospheric O3 within a range of ±50 % depending on the model and the altitude. The MMM performs best, within ±8 % for most locations and seasons. However, nearly all models overestimate O3 near the tropopause (∼300 hPa or ∼8 km), likely due to ongoing issues with underestimating the altitude of the tropopause and excessive downward transport of stratospheric O3 at high latitudes. For example, the MMM is biased high by about 20 % at Eureka. Observed and simulated O3 precursors (CO, NOx, and reservoir PAN) are evaluated throughout the troposphere. Models underestimate wintertime CO everywhere, likely due to a combination of underestimating CO emissions and possibly overestimating OH. Throughout the vertical profile (compared to aircraft measurements), the MMM underestimates both CO and NOx but overestimates PAN. Perhaps as a result of competing deficiencies, the MMM O3 matches the observed O3 reasonably well. Our findings suggest that despite model updates over the last decade, model results are as highly variable as ever and have not increased in accuracy for representing Arctic tropospheric O3. |
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1215 |
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ISSN |
1680-7316 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8507 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Chuxian Li, Maxime Enrico, Oliver Magand, Beatriz F. Araujo, Gaël Le Roux, Stefan Osterwalder, Aurélien Dommergue, Yann Bertrand, Jérôme Brioude, François De Vleeschouwer, Jeroen E. Sonke |
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Title |
A peat core Hg stable isotope reconstruction of Holocene atmospheric Hg deposition at Amsterdam Island (37.8oS) |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
341 |
Issue |
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Pages |
62-74 |
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Keywords |
Hg deposition Hg stable isotopes Peat Rain Southern Hemisphere |
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Abstract |
Mercury (Hg) stable isotopes have been broadly used to investigate the sources, transformation and deposition of atmospheric Hg during the industrial era thanks to the multiple isotope signatures deriving from mass-dependent (represented by δ202Hg) and mass-independent fractionation (represented by ΔxxxHg) in the environment. Less is known about the impact of past climate change on atmospheric Hg deposition and cycling, and whether Hg isotopes covary with past climate. Here, we investigate Hg concentration and Hg isotope signatures in a 6600-year-old ombrotrophic peat record from Amsterdam Island (AMS, 37.8oS), and in modern AMS rainfall and gaseous elemental Hg (Hg0) samples. Results show that Holocene atmospheric Hg deposition and plant Hg uptake covary with dust deposition, and are both lower under a high humidity regime associated with enhanced Southern Westerly Winds. Modern AMS gaseous Hg0 and rainfall HgII isotope signatures are similar to those in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Holocene peat Δ199Hg and Δ200Hg are significantly correlated (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001, n = 58), consistently oscillating between the modern Hg0 and rainfall HgII end-members. Peat Δ200Hg and Δ199Hg provide evidence of plant uptake of Hg0 as the dominant pathway of Hg deposition to AMS peatland, with some exceptions during humid periods. In contrast to NH archives generally documenting a modern increase in Δ199Hg, recent peat layers (post-1900CE) from AMS show the lowest Δ199Hg in the peat profile (−0.42 ± 0.27 ‰, 1σ, n = 8). This likely reflects a significant change in the post-depositional process on deposited anthropogenic Hg in 20th century (i.e. dark abiotic reduction), enabling more negative Δ199Hg to be observed in AMS peat. We further find that the oscillations of Hg isotopes are consistent with established Holocene climate variability from dust proxies. We suggest peat Hg isotope records might be a valid rainfall indicator. |
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1028 |
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ISSN |
0016-7037 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8527 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Pepen Supendi, Nicholas Rawlinson, Bambang Setiyo Prayitno, Dimas Sianipar, Andrean Simanjuntak, Sri Widiyantoro, Kadek Hendrawan Palgunadi, Andri Kurniawan, Hasbi Ash Shiddiqi, Andri Dian Nugraha, David P. Sahara, Daryono Daryono, Rahmat Triyono, Suko Prayitno Adi, Dwikorita Karnawati, Gatut Daniarsyad, Suaidi Ahadi, Iman Fatchurochman, Suci Dewi Anugrah, Nova Heryandoko, Ajat Sudrajat |
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Title |
A previously unidentified fault revealed by the February 25, 2022 (Mw 6.1) Pasaman Earthquake, West Sumatra, Indonesia |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
334 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106973 |
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Keywords |
Earthquake Focal mechanism Kajai Fault Relocation Rupture Stress-change |
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Abstract |
A destructive earthquake (Mw 6.1) struck Pasaman, West Sumatra, Indonesia, on 25 February 2022, resulting in at least 18 deaths and damage to 1765 buildings. Our relocated foreshock, mainshock, and aftershocks and their source mechanisms reveal a previously unknown ∼20 km long segment of the Sumatran Fault as a result of dextral strike-slip motion (strike N132oE and dip 72oSW) along what we have called the Kajai Fault. The inverted rupture model indicates a single, compact asperity with an approximate depth range of 2–11 km. This asperity extends ∼14 km along strike, and ∼9 km in the down-dip direction. The Coulomb stress change of the mainshock shows that areas to the north and south experienced an increase in stress, which is consistent with the observed aftershock pattern. The nearby Great Sumatran Fault segments (Angkola and Sumpur) experienced a significant increase in stress without any accompanying aftershocks, which likely increases the risk of them rupturing in the future. |
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Programme |
133 |
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ISSN |
0031-9201 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8528 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Henri Weimerskirch, Alexandre Corbeau, Adrien Pajot, Samantha C. Patrick, Julien Collet |
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Title |
Albatrosses develop attraction to fishing vessels during immaturity but avoid them at old age |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
290 |
Issue |
1990 |
Pages |
20222252 |
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Keywords |
albatross attraction conservation learning process personality vessels |
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Abstract |
Animals have to develop novel behaviours to adapt to anthropogenic activities or environmental changes. Fishing vessels constitute a recent feature that attracts albatrosses in large numbers. While they provide a valuable food source through offal and bait, they cause mortalities through bycatch, such that selection on vessel attraction will depend on the cost–benefit balance. We examine whether attraction to fishing and other vessels changes through the lifetime of great albatrosses, and show that attraction differed between age classes, sexes and personality. Juveniles encountered fewer vessels than adults, but also showed a lower attraction to vessels when encountered. Attraction rates, especially for fishing vessels, increased through immaturity to peak during adulthood, decreasing with old age. Shy females had lower attraction to vessels and shy males remained at vessels longer, suggesting that bolder individuals may outcompete shyer ones, with positive consequences for mass gain. These results suggest that attraction to vessels is a learned process, leading to an increase with age, and is not the result of preferential attraction to new objects by juveniles. Overall, our findings have important conservation implications as a result of potential strong differential selection on the risk of bycatch for age classes, personality types, populations and species. |
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Federico Scoto, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Mauro Mazzola, Antonio Donateo, Roberto Salzano, Matteo Monzali, Fabrizio de Blasi, Catherine Larose, Jean-Charles Gallet, Stefano Decesari, Andrea Spolaor |
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Automated observation of physical snowpack properties in Ny-Ålesund |
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2023 |
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Frontiers in Earth Science |
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The snow season in the Svalbard archipelago generally lasts 6–10 months a year and significantly impacts the regional climate, glaciers mass balance, permafrost thermal regime and ecology. Due to the lack of long-term continuous snowpack physical data, it is still challenging for the numerical snow physics models to simulate multi-layer snowpack evolution, especially for remote Arctic areas. To fill this gap, in November 2020, an automated nivometric station (ANS) was installed ∼1 km Southwest from the settlement of Ny-Ålesund (Spitzbergen, Svalbard), in a flat area over the lowland tundra. It automatically provides continuous snow data, including NIR images of the fractional snow-cover area (fSCA), snow depth (SD), internal snow temperature and liquid water content (LWC) profiles at different depths with a 10 min time resolution. Here we present the first-year record of automatic snow preliminary measurements collected between November 2020 and July 2021 together with weekly manual observations for comparison. The snow season at the ANS site lasted for 225 days with an annual net accumulation of 117 cm (392 mm of water equivalent). The LWC in the snowpack was generally low (<4%) during wintertime, nevertheless, we observed three snow-melting events between November and February 2021 and one in June 2021, connected with positive temperature and rain on snow events (ROS). In view of the foreseen future developments, the ANS is the first automated, comprehensive snowpack monitoring system in Ny-Ålesund measuring key essential climate variables needed to understand the seasonal evolution of the snow cover on land. |
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