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Damien Ketcherside, Vanessa Selimovic, Lu Hu, Robert J. Yokelson, Ellis Robinson, Peter F. DeCarlo, Andrew Holen, Judy Wu, Kerri Pratt, Karolina Cysneiros de Carvalho, Brent J. Williams, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Jingqiu Mao, William R. Simpson, Brice Temime Roussel, Barbara D'Anna. (2022). Wintertime Sources and Sinks of Volatile Organic Compounds in Fairbanks, Alaska.
Abstract: Air pollution in urban valleys has resulted in many being classified as non-att...
Programme: 1215
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David Costantini, Pierre Blévin, Jan Ove Bustnes, Valérie Esteve, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Dorte Herzke, Ségolène Humann-Guilleminot, Børge Moe, Charline Parenteau, Charlotte Récapet, Paco Bustamante, Olivier Chastel. (2022). Integument carotenoid-based colouration reflects contamination to perfluoroalkyl substances, but not mercury, in arctic black-legged kittiwakes (Vol. 10).
Abstract: Anthropogenic activities are introducing multiple chemical contaminants into ecosystems that act as stressors for wildlife. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and mercury (Hg) are two relevant contaminants that may cause detrimental effects on the fitness of many aquatic organisms. However, there is a lack of information on their impact on the expression of secondary sexual signals that animals use for mate choice. We have explored the correlations between integument carotenoid-based colourations, blood levels of carotenoids, and blood levels of seven PFAS and of total Hg (THg) in 50 adult male black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) from the Norwegian Arctic during the pre-laying period, while controlling for other colouration influencing variables such as testosterone and body condition. Kittiwakes with elevated blood concentrations of PFAS (PFOSlin, PFNA, PFDcA, PFUnA, or PFDoA) had less chromatic but brighter bills, and brighter gape and tongue; PFOSlin was the pollutant with the strongest association with bill colourations. Conversely, plasma testosterone was the only significant correlate of hue and chroma of both gape and tongue, and of hue of the bill. Kittiwakes with higher concentrations of any PFAS, but not of THg, tended to have significantly higher plasma concentrations of the carotenoids astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, and cryptoxanthin. Our work provides the first correlative evidence that PFAS exposure might interfere with the carotenoid metabolism and the expression of integument carotenoid-based colourations in a free-living bird species. This outcome may be a direct effect of PFAS exposure or be indirectly caused by components of diet that also correlate with elevated PFAS concentrations (e.g., proteins). It also suggests that there might be no additive effect of THg co-exposure with PFAS on the expression of colourations. These results call for further work on the possible interference of PFAS with the expression of colourations used in mate choice.
Programme: 330
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David Grémillet, Damien Chevallier, Christophe Guinet. (2022). Big data approaches to the spatial ecology and conservation of marine megafauna (Vol. 79). Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: Satellite remote-sensing and wildlife tracking allow researchers to record rapidly increasing volumes of information on the spatial ecology of marine megafauna in the context of global change. This field of investigation is thereby entering the realm of big data science: Information technology allows the design of completely new frameworks for acquiring, storing, sharing, analysing, visualizing, and publicizing data. This review aims at framing the importance of big data for the conservation of marine megafauna, through intimate knowledge of the spatial ecology of these threatened, charismatic animals. We first define marine megafauna and big data science, before detailing the technological breakthroughs leading to pioneering “big data” studies. We then describe the workflow from acquiring megafauna tracking data to the identification and the prediction of their critical habitats under global changes, leading to marine spatial planning and political negotiations. Finally, we outline future objectives for big data studies, which should not take the form of a blind technological race forward, but of a coordinated, worldwide approach to megafauna spatial ecology, based on regular gap analyses, with care for ethical and environmental implications. Employing big data science for the efficient conservation of marine megafauna will also require inventing new pathways from research to action.
Programme: 109,388,1201
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David Renault, Camille Leclerc, Marc-Antoine Colleu, Aude Boutet, Hoel Hotte, Hervé Colinet, Steven L. Chown, Peter Convey. (2022). The rising threat of climate change for arthropods from Earth's cold regions: Taxonomic rather than native status drives species sensitivity (Vol. 28).
Abstract: Polar and alpine regions are changing rapidly with global climate change. Yet, the impacts on biodiversity, especially on the invertebrate ectotherms which are dominant in these areas, remain poorly understood. Short-term extreme temperature events, which are growing in frequency, are expected to have profound impacts on high-latitude ectotherms, with native species being less resilient than their alien counterparts. Here, we examined in the laboratory the effects of short periodic exposures to thermal extremes on survival responses of seven native and two non-native invertebrates from the sub-Antarctic Islands. We found that survival of dipterans was significantly reduced under warming exposures, on average having median lethal times (LT50) of about 30 days in control conditions, which declined to about 20 days when exposed to daily short-term maxima of 24°C. Conversely, coleopterans were either not, or were less, affected by the climatic scenarios applied, with predicted LT50 as high as 65 days under the warmest condition (daily exposures at 28°C for 2 h). The native spider Myro kerguelensis was characterized by an intermediate sensitivity when subjected to short-term daily heat maxima. Our results unexpectedly revealed a taxonomic influence, with physiological sensitivity to heat differing between higher level taxa, but not between native and non-native species representing the same higher taxon. The survival of a non-native carabid beetle under the experimentally imposed conditions was very high, but similar to that of native beetles, while native and non-native flies also exhibited very similar sensitivity to warming. As dipterans are a major element of diversity of sub-Antarctic, Arctic and other cold ecosystems, such observations suggest that the increased occurrence of extreme, short-term, thermal events could lead to large-scale restructuring of key terrestrial ecosystem components both in ecosystems protected from and those exposed to the additional impacts of biological invasions.
Keywords: arachnid Araneae Coleoptera Diptera heat exposure insect sub-Antarctic islands temperature thermal fluctuations warming
Programme: 136
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David Renault, Elena Angulo, Ross N. Cuthbert, Phillip J. Haubrock, César Capinha, Alok Bang, Andrew M. Kramer, Franck Courchamp. (2022). The magnitude, diversity, and distribution of the economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates worldwide (Vol. 835).
Abstract: Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major driver of global biodiversity loss, hampering conservation efforts and disrupting ecosystem functions and services. While accumulating evidence documented ecological impacts of IAS across major geographic regions, habitat types and taxonomic groups, appraisals for economic costs remained relatively sparse. This has hindered effective cost-benefit analyses that inform expenditure on management interventions to prevent, control, and eradicate IAS. Terrestrial invertebrates are a particularly pervasive and damaging group of invaders, with many species compromising primary economic sectors such as forestry, agriculture and health. The present study provides synthesised quantifications of economic costs caused by invasive terrestrial invertebrates on the global scale and across a range of descriptors, using the InvaCost database. Invasive terrestrial invertebrates cost the global economy US$ 712.44 billion over the investigated period (up to 2020), considering only high-reliability source reports. Overall, costs were not equally distributed geographically, with North America (73%) reporting the greatest costs, with far lower costs reported in Europe (7%), Oceania (6%), Africa (5%), Asia (3%), and South America (< 1%). These costs were mostly due to invasive insects (88%) and mostly resulted from direct resource damages and losses (75%), particularly in agriculture and forestry; relatively little (8%) was invested in management. A minority of monetary costs was directly observed (17%). Economic costs displayed an increasing trend with time, with an average annual cost of US$ 11.40 billion since 1960, but as much as US$ 165.01 billion in 2020, but reporting lags reduced costs in recent years. The massive global economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates require urgent consideration and investment by policymakers and managers, in order to prevent and remediate the economic and ecological impacts of these and other IAS groups.
Keywords: Dollar InvaCost Invasion management Monetary impact Non-native Socioeconomic indicators
Programme: 136
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David Renault, Manon C. M. Hess, Julie Braschi, Ross N. Cuthbert, Marta G. Sperandii, Manuele Bazzichetto, Olivier Chabrerie, Gabrielle Thiébaut, Elise Buisson, Frédéric Grandjean, Anne-Kristel Bittebiere, Maud Mouchet, François Massol. (2022). Advancing biological invasion hypothesis testing using functional diversity indices (Vol. 834).
Abstract: Pioneering investigations on the effects of introduced populations on community structure, ecosystem functioning and services have focused on the effects of invaders on taxonomic diversity. However, taxonomic-based diversity metrics overlook the heterogeneity of species roles within and among communities. As the homogenizing effects of biological invasions on community and ecosystem processes can be subtle, they may require the use of functional diversity indices to be properly evidenced. Starting from the listing of major functional diversity indices, alongside the presentation of their strengths and limitations, we focus on studies pertaining to the effects of invasive species on native communities and recipient ecosystems using functional diversity indices. By doing so, we reveal that functional diversity of the recipient community may strongly vary at the onset of the invasion process, while it stabilizes at intermediate and high levels of invasion. As functional changes occurring during the lag phase of an invasion have been poorly investigated, we show that it is still unknown whether there are consistent changes in functional diversity metrics that could indicate the end of the lag phase. Thus, we recommend providing information on the invasion stage under consideration when computing functional diversity metrics. For the existing literature, it is also surprising that very few studies explored the functional difference between organisms from the recipient communities and invaders of the same trophic levels, or assessed the effects of non-native organism establishment into a non-analogue versus an analogue community. By providing valuable tools for obtaining in-depth diagnostics of community structure and functioning, functional diversity indices can be applied for timely implementation of restoration plans and improved conservation strategies. To conclude, our work provides a first synthetic guide for their use in hypothesis testing in invasion biology.
Keywords: Alien invasive species Community-weighted trait mean Diversity indices Functional traits Invasibility Invasiveness
Programme: 136
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Dehouck, A.; Lafon, V.; Regniers, O.; Debonnaire, N.; Pillet, V.; Jensen, M.; Baltzer, A.; Garestier, F. (2022). The Svalbard Archipelago: when distant erosion monitoring warns of the magnitude of climate impacts in the rest of the overpopulated world.
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Delmotte M., Coulon A., Ramonet M., Gest L., Marquestaut N., Mekies D., Hazan L, Lopez M., Kouyaté M., Tulet P. (2022). Greenhouse gases measurements in Southern Ocean on board the Marion Dufresne.
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Denis Mercier, Armelle Decaulne, Emilie Portier, Etienne Cossart. (2022). La datation des glissements de terrain paraglaciaires en Islande.
Abstract: La fonte des glaciers islandais à partir de 15ka a été suivi par des ajustements paraglaciaires dont les glissements de terrain représentent une des manifestations les plus emblématiques. Un travail d’inventaire de leur répartition spatiale permet de comptabiliser plusieurs centaines de glissements, dont 158 dans la région du Skagafjörður au Nord de l’île, 186 dans les Westfjords et 290 dans les fjords de l’est. Les logiques spatiales de leur répartition permettent de montrer un contrôle lithologique à l’échelle globale avec une surreprésentation des glissements dans les basaltes d’âge tertiaire dans des régions où les contrastes topographiques sont par ailleurs majeurs à l’échelle de l’île. Au-delà de ces éléments spatiaux, la question de l’âge de leur mise en place se pose. Si l’on compare la chronologie de la déglaciation de l’Islande avec la répartition spatiale des glissements, nous observons une décroissance de l’occurrence potentielle des glissements de terrain avec le temps. La majorité des glissements se localisent le long des versants qui ont été libérés au tout début de la déglaciation. A l’échelle des glissements eux-mêmes, des études ponctuelles permettent de préciser l’âge de leur mise en place. Différentes approches sont alors mobilisées. La première prédate les glissements en utilisant l’emboîtement des formes géomorphologiques et l’âge des plages soulevées par le rebond glacio-isostatiques sur lesquelles viennent mourir les dépôts des glissements de terrain. La seconde série de mesures postdate les glissements. En effet, des dépressions au sein des glissements ont piégé des cendres volcaniques datées et des végétaux piégés dans des tourbières. Ainsi, par téphrochronologie et datation radiocarbone, il est possible d’obtenir des dates pour caler les événements gravitaires. Les modèles âge-profondeur sont également utilisés pour affiner les résultats. Ainsi, les glissements de terrain islandais, datés avec plus ou moins de précisions, donnent des âges postglaciaires compatibles avec le schéma d’une mise en place paraglaciaire dans les tous premiers temps de l’Holocène.
Keywords: Holocene Climatic Changes Landslides Paraglacial adjustment Rock slope failures
Programme: 1266
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Denis Mercier, Emilie Portier, Armelle Decaulne, Etienne Cossart. (2022). Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation and rock-slope failures deposits in Iceland: inventory, dating and role in landscape evolution.
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