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Gilbert C., Le Maho Y., Perret M. & Ancel A. (2007). Body temperature changes induced by huddling in breeding male emperor penguins. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 292, R176–R185.
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Monnin, E.; Indermuhle, A.; Dallenbach, A.; Fluckiger, J.; Stauffer, B.; Stocker, T.F.; Raynaud, D.; Barnola, J.-M. (2001). Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination. Science, 291(5501), 112–114.
Abstract: A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations
Programme: 960
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Schmidt, A.; Alard, F.; Handrich, Y. (2006). Changes in body temperatures in king penguins at sea: the result of fine adjustments in peripheral heat loss? Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 291(3), R608–618.
Abstract: To investigate thermoregulatory adjustments at sea, body temperatures (the pectoral muscle and the brood patch) and diving behavior were monitored during a foraging trip of several days at sea in six breeding king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus. During inactive phases at sea (water temperature: 4-7{degrees}C), all tissues measured were maintained at normothermic temperatures. The brood patch temperature was maintained at the same values as those measured when brooding on shore (38{degrees}C). This high temperature difference causes a significant loss of heat. We hypothesize that high-energy expenditure associated with elevated peripheral temperature when resting at sea is the thermoregulatory cost that a postabsorptive penguin has to face for the restoration of its subcutaneous body fat. During diving, mean pectoral temperature was 37.6 {+/-} 1.6{degrees}C. While being almost normothermic on average, the temperature of the pectoral muscle was still significantly lower than during inactivity in five out of the six birds and underwent temperature drops of up to 5.5{degrees}C. Mean brood patch temperature was 29.6 {+/-} 2.5{degrees}C during diving, and temperature decreases of up to 21.6{degrees}C were recorded. Interestingly, we observed episodes of brood patch warming during the descent to depth, suggesting that, in some cases, king penguins may perform active thermolysis using the brood patch. It is hypothesized that functional pectoral temperature may be regulated through peripheral adjustments in blood perfusion. These two paradoxical features, i.e., lower temperature of deep tissues during activity and normothermic peripheral tissues while inactive, may highlight the key to the energetics of this diving endotherm while foraging at sea.
Programme: 394
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Fahlman, A.; Handrich, Y.; Woakes, A.J.; Bost, C.-A.; Holder, R.; Duchamp, C.; Butler, P.J. (2004). Effect of fasting on the VO2-fh relationship in king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 287(4), R870–877.
Abstract: King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) may fast for up to 30 days during their breeding period. As such extended fasting may affect the relationship between the rate of O2 consumption (O2) and heart rate (fH), five male king penguins were exercised at various speeds on repeated occasions during a fasting period of 24-31 days. In addition, O2 and fH were measured in the same animals during rest in cold air and water (4{degrees}C). O2 and fH at rest and O2 during exercise decreased with fasting. There was a significant relation between O2 and fH (r2 = 0.56) that was improved by including speed, body mass (Mb), number of days fasting (t), and a cross term between fH and t (r2 = 0.92). It was concluded that there was a significant change in the O2-fH relationship with fasting during exercise. As t is measurable in the field and was shown to be significant and, therefore, a practical covariate, a regression equation for use when birds are ashore was obtained by removing speed and Mb. When this equation was used, predicted O2 was in good agreement with the observed data, with an overall error of 3.0%. There was no change in the O2-fH relationship in penguins at rest in water.
Programme: 131;137;394
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Thouzeau C., Le Maho Y., Froget G., Sabatier L., Le Bohec C., Hoffmann J. & Bulet P. (2004). Spheniscins: avian beta-defensins in preserved stomach content of king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus. J. Biol. Chem., 278(51), 51053–51058.
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Berman M., Gaillard J.-M., Weimerskirch H. (2009). Contrasted patterns of age-specific reproduction in long-lived seabirds. Proc. Biol. Sci., 276, 375–382.
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Ancel A., Beaulieu M., Le Maho Y. & Gilbert C. (2009). Emperor penguin mates: keeping together in the crowd. Proc. Biol. Sci., 276, 2163–2169.
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Staszewski, V., McCoy, K.D. & Boulinier, T. 2008. (2008). Variable exposure and immunological response to Lyme disease Borrelia among North Atlantic seabird species. Proc. Biol. Sci., 275, 2101–2109.
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Dobson F S & Jouventin P. (2007). How slow breeding can be selected in seabirds: testing Lack’s hypothesis. Proc. Biol. Sci., 274, 275–279.
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Cotté,C., Park, Y.H., Guinet,C., Bost, C.A. (2007). King penguins foraging in a dynamic marine environment. Proc. Biol. Sci., 274, 2385–2391.
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