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Souchez, R.; Petit, J.-R.; Jouzel, J.; Simões, J.; de Angelis, M.; Barkov, N.; Stiévenard, M.; Vimeux, F.; Sleewaegen, S.; Lorrain, R. |
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Title |
Highly deformed basal ice in the Vostok core, Antarctica |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Geophysical research letters |
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Volume |
29 |
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Keywords |
1040 Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry; 1827 Hydrology: Glaciology; 4540 Oceanography: Physical: Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes; 9310 Information Related to Geographic Region: Antarctica |
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Abstract |
Our paper documents the build-up of a highly deformed basal ice layer in the basal part of the Vostok ice core. This is done mainly on the basis of an isotopic composition investigation of the ice. Complex deformation in the lower 228 m of the ice sheet has resulted in folding and intermixing of ice at a submetric scale and, for the upper part of this basal sequence, in interbedding of ice layers from distinct origins at a larger scale. This complex deformation occurred at a temperature largely below the pressure-melting point. The basal ice layer has built upwards and size-selective incorporation of bed material into the ice has taken place. The documentation of this complex basal deformation has implications for the maximum age of ice that will be useful in paleoclimate studies and for ice sheet dynamics. |
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902 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0094-8276 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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5599 |
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Flückiger, J.; Monnin, E.; Stauffer, B.; Schwander, J.; Stocker, T.F.; Chappellaz, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barnola, J.-M. |
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Title |
High-resolution Holocene N2O ice core record and its relationship with CH4 and CO2 |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Global biogeochemical cycles |
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Volume |
16 |
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Keywords |
0325 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Evolution of the atmosphere; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere; 3344 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology |
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration records exist for the last 1000 years and for time periods of rapid climatic changes like the transition from the last glacial to today's interglacial and for one of the fast climate variations during the last ice age. Little is known, however, about possible N2O variations during the more stable climate of the present interglacial (Holocene) spanning the last 11 thousand years. Here we fill this gap with a high-resolution N2O record measured along the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C Antarctic ice core. On the same ice we obtained high-resolution methane and carbon dioxide records. This provides the unique opportunity to compare variations of the three most important greenhouse gases (after water vapor) without any uncertainty in their relative timing. The CO2 and CH4 records are in good agreement with previous measurements on other ice cores. The N2O concentration started to decrease in the early Holocene and reached minimum values around 8 ka (<260 ppbv) before a slow increase to its preindustrial concentration of ?265 ppbv. |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0886-6236 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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5545 |
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Legrand, M.; Sciare, J.; Jourdain, B.; Genthon, C. |
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Title |
Subdaily variations of atmospheric dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoxide, methanesulfonate, and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer at Dumont d'Urville (coastal Antarctica) during summer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
106 |
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A study of atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was conducted on a subdaily basis during austral summer months (450 samples from mid-December 1998 to late-February 1999) at Dumont d'Urville, a coastal Antarctic site (66° 40'S, 140° 01'E). In addition, subdaily aerosol samplings were analyzed for particulate methanesulfonate (MSA) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO4 2?). During these summer months, DMS and DMSO levels fluctuated from 34 to 2923 pptv (mean of 290 ± 305 pptv) and from 0.4 to 57 pptv (mean of 3.4 ± 4.4 pptv), respectively. Mean MSA and non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO4 2?) mixing ratios were close to 12.5 ± 8.2 pptv and 68.1 ± 35.0 pptv, respectively. In two occasions characterized by stable wind conditions and intense insolation, it was possible to examine the local photochemistry of DMS. During these events, DMSO levels tracked quite closely the solar flux and particulate MSA levels were enhanced during the afternoons. Photochemical calculations reproduce quite well observed diurnal variations of DMSO when we assume an 0.8 yield of DMSO from the DMS/OH addition channel and an heterogeneous loss rate of DMSO proportional to the OH radical concentration: 0.5×10?10 [OH] + 5.5x10?5 (in s?1). If correct, on a 24 hour average the heterogeneous loss of DMSO is estimated to be 2 times faster than the DMSO/OH gas phase oxidation in these regions. Very low levels of DMSO were found in the aerosol phase (less than 0.01 pptv), suggesting that an efficient oxidation of DMSO subsequently takes place onto the aerosol surface. The observed increase of MSA levels which takes place quasi-immediately after the noon DMSO maximum suggests that an heterogeneous oxidation of DMSO onto aerosols represents a more efficient pathway producing MSA compared to the gas phase DMSO/OH pathway. Since only a third of the total amount of DMSO lost can be explained by the observed enhancement of MSA levels, further studies investigating other species including methanesulfinic acid and dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) formed during the oxidation of DMS are here needed. When katabatic winds took place, bringing continental Antarctic air at the site, enrichments of DMSO relative to DMS and MSA relative to non-sea-salt sulfate levels were observed. That is in agreement with the hypothesis of an accumulation of DMSO and probably of gaseous MSA in the free Antarctic troposphere in relation to a less efficient heterogeneous loss rate of DMSO. |
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241;415 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5636 |
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Author |
Reijmer, C.H.; Oerlemans, J. |
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Title |
Temporal and spatial variability of the surface energy balance in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
107 |
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Keywords |
1827 Hydrology: Glaciology; 1863 Hydrology: Snow and ice; 3307 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes; 3349 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Polar meteorology; 9310 Information Related to Geographic Region: Antarctica |
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Abstract |
We present data of nine Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), which are located in Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, since the austral summer of 1997. Potential temperature and wind speed are maximum at the sites with the steepest surface slope, i.e., at the edge of the Antarctic plateau. Specific humidity and accumulation decrease with elevation and distance from the coast. The annual average energy gain at the surface from the downward sensible heat flux varies between ?3 W m?2 and ?25 W m?2, with the highest values at the sites with the largest surface inclination and wind speeds. The net radiative flux is negative and largely balances this sensible heat flux and ranges from ??2 W m?2 to ??28 W m?2; maximum values can be linked to maxima in surface slope and wind speed, and suggest a strong connection between the heat budget and the katabatic flow in DML. The average latent heat flux is generally small and negative (??1 W m?2) indicating a slight net mass loss through sublimation. |
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960 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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5638 |
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Author |
Barnes, P.R.F.; Wolff, E.W.; Mulvaney, R.; Udisti, R.; Castellano, E.; Röthlisberger, R.; Steffensen, J.-P. |
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Title |
Effect of density on electrical conductivity of chemically laden polar ice |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
107 |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
0634 Electromagnetics: Measurement and standards; 1863 Hydrology: Snow and ice; 1894 Hydrology: Instruments and techniques; 9310 Information Related to Geographic Region: Antarctica |
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Abstract |
Electrical conductivity measurements made using the dielectric profiling technique (DEP) are compared to chemical data from the top 350 m of the Dome C ice core in Antarctica. The chemical data are used to calculate the concentration of the major acidic impurities in the core: sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The conductivity coefficients in solid ice for sulphuric acid (?H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (?HCl) are found to be 4.9 and 4.5 S m?1M?1. These are consistent with previously found values for the acid conductivity coefficient at different sites and suggest that the same conductivity mechanisms are important in all polar ice. A method of rolling regression analysis is used to find the variation of the pure ice conductivity (?? pure) and the conductivity coefficient of sulphuric acid, ?H2SO4, with depth. Then ?? pure and ?H2SO4are assessed against changes in core density and hence volume fraction of ice, v, due to the inclusion of air bubbles in the firn. Looyenga's model for dielectric mixtures applied to conduction in firn broadly predicts the variation observed in ?? purebut does not fit well for ice above 110 m. A previous application of the theory of percolation in random lattices is used to model the conductivity coefficient in firn. The coefficient ?H2SO4 is linked to vby the power law: ?H2SO4(v) ? ?H2SO4(1) (v ? vc)t; where vc is a threshold volume fraction below which no conduction can take place and is related to the geometry of the conducting lattice being modeled. The value of the exponent tis also dependent on the structure of the lattice and is here found to be t = 2.5, which is slightly lower than the previously obtained value of t = 2.7 for a structure where each grain has between 14 and 16 nearest neighbors. This model is consistent with the concept of conduction, via liquid H2SO4, taking place at two grain boundaries for firn. The model does not, however, preclude conduction taking place via acid situated at three grain boundaries or in an interconnected vein network at densities above 640 kg m?3. |
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960 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5640 |
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Author |
Schwander, J.; Jouzel, J.; Hammer, C.U.; Petit, J.-R.; Udisti, R.; Wolff, E. |
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Title |
A Tentative Chronology for the EPICA Dome Concordia Ice Core |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Geophysical research letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
28 |
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Abstract |
A tentative age scale (EDC1) for the last 45 kyr is established for the new 788-m EPICA Dome C ice core using a simple ice flow model. The age of volcanic eruptions, the end of the Younger Dryas event, and the estimated depth and age of elevated 10Be, about 41 kyr ago were used to calibrate the model parameters. The uncertainty of EDC1 is estimated to ± 10 yr for 0 to 700 yr BP, up to ± 200 yr back to 10 kyr BP, and up to ± 2 kyr back to 41 kyr BP. The age of the air in the bubbles is calculated with a firn densification model. In the Holocene the air is about 2000 yr younger than the ice and about 5500 yr during the last glacial maximum. |
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960 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0094-8276 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5558 |
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Author |
Sciare, J.; Baboukas, E.; Kanakidou, M.; Krischke, U.; Belviso, S.; Bardouki, H.; Mihalopoulos, N. |
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Title |
Spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric sulfur-containing gases and particles during the Albatross campaign |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
105 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Abstract |
To investigate the oxidation chemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the marine atmosphere, atmospheric DMS, SO2, as well as several DMS oxidation products in aerosol phase such as non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4), methanesulfonate (MSA), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSOp) have been measured during the Albatross campaign in the Atlantic Ocean from October 9 to November 2, 1996. Long-range transport, local sea-to-air flux of DMS (F DMS), marine boundary layer (MBL) height variation, and photochemistry were found to be the major factors controlling atmospheric DMS concentration which ranged from 29 to 396 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) (mean of 120±68 pptv) over the cruise. The spatial variability of MSA and DMSOp follows the latitudinal variations of F DMS. A 2-day period of intensive photochemistry associated with quite stable atmospheric conditions south of the equator allowed the observation of anticorrelated diurnal variations between DMS and its main oxidation products. A chemical box model describing sulfur chemistry in the marine atmosphere was used to reproduce these variations and investigate coherence of experimentally calculated fluxes F DMS with observed DMS atmospheric concentrations. The model results reveal that the measured OH levels are not sufficient to explain the observed DMS daytime variation. Oxidizing species other than OH, probably BrO, must be involved in the oxidation of DMS to reproduce the observed data. |
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344 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5632 |
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Author |
Karlöf, L.; Winther, J.-G.; Isaksson, E.; Kohler, J.; Pinglot, J.F.; Wilhelms, F.; Hansson, M.; Holmlund, P.; Nyman, M.; Pettersson, R.; Stenberg, M.; Thomassen, M.P.A.; van der Veen, C.; van de Wal, R.S.W. |
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Title |
A 1500 year record of accumulation at Amundsenisen western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, derived from electrical and radioactive measurements on a 120 m ice core |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
105 |
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During the Nordic EPICA pre-site survey in Dronning Maud Land in 1997/1998 a 120 m long ice core was retrieved (76°00'S 08°03'W, 2400 m above sea level). The whole core has been measured using the electric conductivity measurement (ECM) and dielectric profiling (DEP) techniques, and the core chronology has been established by detecting major volcanic eruptions. In a nearby shallow core radioactive traces from nuclear tests conducted during the 1950s and 1960s have been identified. Altogether, 13 ECM and DEP peaks in the long core are identified as originating from specific volcanic eruptions. In addition two peaks of increased total ? activity are identified in the short core. Accumulation is calculated as averages over the time periods between these dated events. Accumulation rate is 62 millimetres (w. eq./yr) for the last 181 years (1816 A.D. to present) and 61 mm w. eq./yr for the last 1457 years (540 A.D. to present). Our record shows an 8% decrease in accumulation between 1452 and 1641 A.D. (i.e. part of the Little Ice Age), compared to the long-term mean. |
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265 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5571 |
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Author |
Bousquet, P.; Ciais, P.; Peylin, P.; Ramonet, M.; Monfray, P. |
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Title |
Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric CO2 sources and sinks 1. Method and control inversion |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
104 |
Issue |
d21 |
Pages |
26,161–26,178 |
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Abstract |
A primary goal of developing the CO2 atmospheric measurement network is to better characterize the sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2. Atmospheric transport models can be used to interpret atmospheric measurements in terms of surface fluxes using inverse methodology. In this paper we present a three-dimensional (3-D) inversion of CO2 measurements in order to infer annual sources and sinks of CO2 at a continental scale (continents and ocean basins) for a climatological year representing the 1985–1995 period. Solving this inverse problem requires (1) a data space representing monthly CO2 measurements, here at 77 sites (surface, ships, planes), (2) a flux space describing a priori fluxes between carbon reservoirs, and (3) a 3-D transport model linking the flux space to the data space. Knowledge of these three elements, together with their associated errors, allows one to reduce the uncertainties of the CO2 sources and sinks. In the 1985–1995 period, for our control inversion, the global continental sink is found to be 2.7±1.5 Gt C yr1 for an optimized deforestation source of 1.4±0.6 Gt C yr1, yielding a net land uptake of 1.3±1.6 Gt C yr1 (fossil fuel removed). The continental partition of this budget is (in units of Gt C yr1): Arctic +0.2±0.3, North America ?0.5±0.6, Europe ?0.3±0.8, north Asia ?1.5±0.7, tropics (except Asia) +0.3±0.9, tropical Asia +0.8±0.4, and Southern Hemisphere ?0.1±0.3. The inferred partition for the controversial Northern Hemisphere CO2 sink reveals that a major sink is located over the north Asia continent. For oceans we find a net global sink of 1.5±0.5 Gt C yr1 with the following partition (in units of Gt C yr1): North Pacific ?0.3±0.2, North Atlantic ?0.8±0.3, equator +0.6±0.2, 20°S–50°S oceans ?0.9±0.3, and austral ocean ?0.1±0.1. |
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146;344 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5606 |
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Author |
Dommergue Aurelien, Larose Catherine, Fain Xavier, Clarisse Olivier, Foucher Delphine, Hintelmann Holger, Schneider Dominique, Ferrari Christophe P, |
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Title |
Deposition of Mercury Species in the Ny-Ålesund Area (79°N) and Their Transfer during Snowmelt |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Environmental Science & Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
901 -907 |
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Abstract |
Arctic snowpacks are often considered as temporary reservoirs for atmospheric mercury (Hg) deposited during springtime deposition events (AMDEs). The fate of deposited species is of utmost importance because melt leads to the transfer of contaminants to snowmelt-fed ecosystems. Here, we examined the deposition, fate, and transfer of mercury species (total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg)) in an arctic environment from the beginning of mass deposition of Hg during AMDEs to the full melt of the snow. Following these events, important amounts of THg were deposited onto the snow surface with concentrations reaching 373 ng·L-1 and estimated deposition fluxes of 200-2160 ng·m-2. Most of the deposited Hg was reemitted to the atmosphere via photochemical reactions. However, a fraction remained stored in the snow and we estimated that the spring melt contributed to an input of 1.5-3.6 kg·year-1 of THg to the fjord (i.e., 8-21% of the fjord’s THg content). A monitoring of MeHg in snow using a new technique (DGT sensors) is also presented. |
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Programme |
399 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Publisher |
American Chemical Society |
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ISSN |
0013-936X |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
267 |
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