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Author |
Bascou J, Delpech G, Vauchez A, Moine B N, Cottin J Y, Barruol G, |
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Title |
An integrated study of microstructural, geochemical, and seismic properties of the lithospheric mantle above the Kerguelen plume (Indian Ocean)
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
Q04036- |
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Keywords |
Kerguelen, mantle plume, seismic anisotropy, metasomatism, crystallographic fabric, lithosphere, 8121 Tectonophysics: Dynamics: convection currents, and mantle plumes, 8030 Structural Geology: Microstructures, 7208 Seismology: Mantle, |
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Abstract |
Peridotite xenoliths brought up to the surface by the volcanism of the Kerguelen Islands represent a mantle that has been affected by a high degree of partial melting followed by intense melt percolation above the Kerguelen plume. These xenoliths are therefore particularly suitable to investigate effects of melt-rock interaction on crystallographic fabrics (lattice-preferred orientation (LPO)) of peridotite minerals and on the LPO-induced seismic properties of peridotites above a mantle plume. We have studied a suite of 16 ultramafic samples representative of different degrees of partial melting and magma-rock interaction among which the protogranular harzburgites are the least metasomatised xenoliths and dunites are the ultimate stage of metasomatism. Olivine LPO is characterized by high concentration of [010] axes perpendicular to the foliation and [100] axes close to the lineation or distributed in the foliation plane in harzburgites, whereas the high concentration of [100] axes is parallel to the lineation and [010] axes is perpendicular to the assumed foliation in dunites. Olivine LPO in harzburgites is interpreted as being due to a deformation regime in axial compression or transpression. The fabric strength of olivine decreases progressively from protogranular to poikilitic harzburgites and finally to dunites, for which it remains nevertheless significant (J index $\geq$ 3.8). Seismic properties calculated from LPO of minerals indicate that metasomatism at higher melt/rock ratio lowers the P wave velocities. The most significant difference between harzburgites and dunites corresponds to the distribution of S wave anisotropy. Harzburgites display the maximum of anisotropy within the foliation plane and the minimum of anisotropy perpendicular to the foliation plane, whereas the lowest anisotropy is parallel to the lineation for dunites. These modifications of seismic properties as a result of metasomatic processes may induce seismic heterogeneities in the mantle above the Kerguelen plume. In addition, assuming a lithospheric mantle primarily harzburgitic and structured with a horizontal foliation, the seismic properties calculated for the Kerguelen xenoliths reconcile the rather high anisotropy evidenced by the horizontally propagating surface waves with the apparent isotropy revealed by the absence of splitting of vertically propagating teleseismic SKS waves recorded by the GEOSCOPE Kerguelen station.
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133;444 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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AGU |
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ISSN |
1525-2027 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
2814 |
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Author |
Xu, G.; Frey, F.A.; Weis, D.; Scoates, J.S.; Giret, A. |
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Title |
Flood basalts from Mt. Capitole in the central Kerguelen Archipelago: Insights into the growth of the archipelago and source components contributing to plume-related volcanism |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Kerguelen mantle plume; Kerguelen Archipelago; Mt. Capitole; lower continental crust; Sr; Nd; Hf; Pb isotopic ratios; 1037 Geochemistry: Magma genesis and partial melting; 1038 Geochemistry: Mantle processes; 1065 Geochemistry: Major and trace element geochemistry |
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Abstract |
The Kerguelen Archipelago, constructed on the submarine Northern Kerguelen Plateau, is attributed to Cenozoic volcanism arising from the Kerguelen hot spot. Geochemical studies of 325 to 1000 m thick lava sections of the ?30 to 25 Ma flood basalt forming the bulk of the archipelago show a temporal change from older tholeiitic basalt to younger slightly alkalic basalt. This compositional transition is expressed in a 630 m lava section at Mt. Capitole where the lava sequence is lowermost tholeiitic basalt overlain by slightly alkalic basalt overlain by plagioclase-rich cumulates that are mixtures of plagioclase-phyric basalt and more evolved magmas. During growth of the archipelago, magma supply from the hot spot was variable and at times sufficiently low to enable extensive crystal fractionation; e.g., at Mt. Capitole and nearby Mt. Tourmente only 10 of 120 lava flows have >6 wt% MgO. On the basis of this study and previous isotopic data for the ?34 Ma submarine lavas erupted on the Northern Kerguelen Plateau, other flood basalt sections in the Kerguelen Archipelago, and younger lavas erupted in the archipelago and at Heard Island, there is significant Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic heterogeneity that can be explained by two stages of mixing. The first mixing event, best shown by the submarine lavas, is between components that are related to Indian Ocean mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and the Kerguelen hot spot. From ?34 Ma to <1 Ma, on average the proportion of the MORB-related component decreased. Subsequently, a second mixing process involved addition of a component with relatively high 87Sr/86Sr (>0.7060) and low 143Nd/144Nd (<0.5125) and 176Hf/177Hf (<0.2827) and nonradiogenic Pb isotope ratios (<17.9 for 206Pb/204Pb). We infer that this component was lower continental crust. |
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Programme |
444 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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ISSN |
1525-2027 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5532 |
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Author |
Garcia, S.; Angelier, J.; Bergerat, F.; Homberg, C.; Dauteuil, O. |
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Title |
Influence of rift jump and excess loading on the structural evolution of northern Iceland |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Tectonics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
rift jump; structural evolution; lava dip; dyke; fault; flexure zone; Iceland; 8010 Structural Geology: Fractures and faults; 8036 Structural Geology: Paleoseismology; 8178 Tectonophysics: Tectonics and magmatism; 8137 Tectonophysics: Hotspots, large igneous provinces, and flood basalt volcanism; 9325 Geographic Location: Atlantic Ocean |
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Abstract |
New structural data combined with published structural and geochronological data allow reconstruction of the structural evolution that followed the last rift jump across northern Iceland. Tertiary lava flows erupted along the Skagafjördur paleo-rift have been down-bent under the weight of, and in the direction of, Plio-Pleistocene lava flows emitted from the Northern Volcanic Zone and the central part of Iceland. This down-bending process involved development of local flexure zones and a flexural extension along the resulting monoclines. This structural reorganization explains the existence of the Húnaflói-Skagi synform without need for a paleo-rift axis along it, in agreement with previous radiometric dating. The large amount of Plio-Pleistocene lava flows erupted in Central Iceland may have been enhanced by ice cap loading. |
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Programme |
316 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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ISSN |
0278-7407 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5497 |
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Author |
Eisen, O.; Frezzotti, M.; Genthon, C.; Isaksson, E.; Magand, O.; van den Broeke, M.R.; Dixon, D.A.; Ekaykin, A.; Holmlund, P.; Kameda, T.; Karlöf, L.; Kaspari, S.; Lipenkov, V.Y.; Oerter, H.; Takahashi, S.; Vaughan, D.G. |
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Title |
Ground-based measurements of spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation in East Antarctica |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Reviews of geophysics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
surface mass balance; East Antarctica; measurements; ground-truthing; 0762 Cryosphere: Mass balance; 0726 Cryosphere: Ice sheets; 0794 Cryosphere: Instruments and techniques; 9310 Geographic Location: Antarctica; 1621 Global Change: Cryospheric change |
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Abstract |
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest, highest, coldest, driest, and windiest ice sheet on Earth. Understanding of the surface mass balance (SMB) of Antarctica is necessary to determine the present state of the ice sheet, to make predictions of its potential contribution to sea level rise, and to determine its past history for paleoclimatic reconstructions. However, SMB values are poorly known because of logistic constraints in extreme polar environments, and they represent one of the biggest challenges of Antarctic science. Snow accumulation is the most important parameter for the SMB of ice sheets. SMB varies on a number of scales, from small-scale features (sastrugi) to ice-sheet-scale SMB patterns determined mainly by temperature, elevation, distance from the coast, and wind-driven processes. In situ measurements of SMB are performed at single points by stakes, ultrasonic sounders, snow pits, and firn and ice cores and laterally by continuous measurements using ground-penetrating radar. SMB for large regions can only be achieved practically by using remote sensing and/or numerical climate modeling. However, these techniques rely on ground truthing to improve the resolution and accuracy. The separation of spatial and temporal variations of SMB in transient regimes is necessary for accurate interpretation of ice core records. In this review we provide an overview of the various measurement techniques, related difficulties, and limitations of data interpretation; describe spatial characteristics of East Antarctic SMB and issues related to the spatial and temporal representativity of measurements; and provide recommendations on how to perform in situ measurements. |
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411;454 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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ISSN |
8755-1209 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5492 |
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Author |
Courtillot, V.; Le Mouël, J.-L. |
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Title |
The study of Earth's magnetism (1269–1950): A foundation by Peregrinus and subsequent development of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Reviews of geophysics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
history; geomagnetism; paleomagnetism; 1599 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: General or miscellaneous; 1714 History of Geophysics: Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; 5440 Planetary Sciences: Solid Surface Planets: Magnetic fields and magnetism; 7999 Space Weather: General or miscellaneous; 9820 General or Miscellaneous: Techniques applicable in three or more fields |
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Abstract |
This paper summarizes the histories of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (1269–1950). The role of Peregrinus is emphasized. In the sixteenth century a debate on local versus global departures of the field from that of an axial dipole pitted Gilbert against Le Nautonier. Regular measurements were undertaken in the seventeenth century. At the turn of the nineteenth century, de Lamanon, de Rossel, and von Humboldt discovered the decrease of intensity as one approaches the equator. Around 1850, three figures of rock magnetism were Fournet (remanent and induced magnetizations), Delesse (remagnetization in a direction opposite to the original), and Melloni (direction of lava magnetization acquired at time of cooling). Around 1900, Brunhes discovered magnetic reversals. In the 1920s, Chevallier produced the first magnetostratigraphy and hypothesized that poles had undergone enormous displacements. Matuyama showed that the Earth's field had reversed before the Pleistocene. Our review ends in the 1940s, when exponential development of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism starts. |
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Programme |
139 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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8755-1209 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5486 |
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Author |
Tripathi, O.P.; Godin-Beekmann, S.; Lefèvre, F.; Pazmiño, A.; Hauchecorne, A.; Chipperfield, M.; Feng, W.; Millard, G.; Rex, M.; Streibel, M.; von der Gathen, P. |
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Title |
Comparison of polar ozone loss rates simulated by one-dimensional and three-dimensional models with Match observations in recent Antarctic and Arctic winters |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
112 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Ozone loss rates; transport model; trajectory model; 0340 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry; 0341 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry; 3334 Atmospheric Processes: Middle atmosphere dynamics; 3360 Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing; 3319 Atmospheric Processes: General circulation |
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Abstract |
Simulations of ozone loss rates using a three-dimensional chemical transport model and a box model during recent Antarctic and Arctic winters are compared with experimental loss rates. The study focused on the Antarctic winter 2003, during which the first Antarctic Match campaign was organized, and on Arctic winters 1999/2000, 2002/2003. The maximum ozone loss rates retrieved by the Match technique for the winters and levels studied reached 6 ppbv/sunlit hour and both types of simulations could generally reproduce the observations at 2-sigma error bar level. In some cases, for example, for the Arctic winter 2002/2003 at 475 K level, an excellent agreement within 1-sigma standard deviation level was obtained. An overestimation was also found with the box model simulation at some isentropic levels for the Antarctic winter and the Arctic winter 1999/2000, indicating an overestimation of chlorine activation in the model. Loss rates in the Antarctic show signs of saturation in September, which have to be considered in the comparison. Sensitivity tests were performed with the box model in order to assess the impact of kinetic parameters of the ClO-Cl2O2 catalytic cycle and total bromine content on the ozone loss rate. These tests resulted in a maximum change in ozone loss rates of 1.2 ppbv/sunlit hour, generally in high solar zenith angle conditions. In some cases, a better agreement was achieved with fastest photolysis of Cl2O2 and additional source of total inorganic bromine but at the expense of overestimation of smaller ozone loss rates derived later in the winter. |
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Programme |
209 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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ISSN |
0148-0227 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5648 |
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Author |
McCabe, J.R.; Thiemens, M.H.; Savarino, J. |
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Title |
A record of ozone variability in South Pole Antarctic snow: Role of nitrate oxygen isotopes |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
112 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
nitrate; isotopes; ozone; 1041 Geochemistry: Stable isotope geochemistry; 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles; 3344 Atmospheric Processes: Paleoclimatology; 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere; 0776 Cryosphere: Glaciology |
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Abstract |
The information contained in polar nitrate has been an unresolved issue for over a decade. Here we demonstrate that atmospheric nitrate's oxygen isotopic composition (?17O-NO3) reflects stratospheric chemistry in winter and tropospheric chemistry in summer. Surface snow isotope mass balance indicates that nitrate oxygen isotopic composition is the result of a mixture of 25% stratospheric and 75% tropospheric origin. Analysis of trends in ?17O-NO3 in a 6 m snow pit that provides a 26-year record reveals a strong 2.70-year cycle that anticorrelates (R = ?0.77) with October–November–December column ozone. The potential mechanisms linking the records are either denitrification or increased boundary layer photochemical ozone production. We suggest that the latter is dominating the observed trend and find that surface ozone and ?17O-NO3 correlate well before 1991 (R = 0.93). After 1991, however, the records show no significant relationship, indicating an altered oxidative environment consistent with current understanding of a highly oxidizing atmosphere at the South Pole. The disappearance of seasonal ?17O-NO3 trends in the surface layer at depth remain unresolved and demand further investigation of how postdepositional processes affect nitrate's oxygen isotope composition. Overall, the findings of this study present a new paleoclimate technique to investigate Antarctic nitrate records that appear to reflect trends in stratospheric ozone depletion by recording tropospheric surface ozone variability. |
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Programme |
1011 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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ISSN |
0148-0227 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5510 |
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Author |
Tackett, P.J.; Cavender, A.E.; Keil, A.D.; Shepson, P.B.; Bottenheim, J.W.; Morin, S.; Deary, J.; Steffen, A.; Doerge, C. |
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Title |
A study of the vertical scale of halogen chemistry in the Arctic troposphere during Polar Sunrise at Barrow, Alaska |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
112 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Arctic; halogen chemistry; vertical profiles; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry; 0736 Cryosphere: Snow; 0738 Cryosphere: Ice; 0312 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes; 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks |
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Abstract |
The vertical extent and impact of halogen chemistry in the Arctic springtime was investigated through balloon-based measurement of several atmospheric chemical components. Various chemical species, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, and elemental mercury, that are modified by halogen chemistry were measured from the surface to ?300 m during late March through mid-April 2005 in Barrow, Alaska. It is observed that the halogen chemistry appears to be most active in the lowest 100–200 m of the atmosphere. The Hg vertical concentration profiles are consistent with destruction by chemistry that evolves from a species emitted from the snowpack, most likely Br2 and BrCl, and the VOC profiles also demonstrate the limited vertical scale of halogen-initiated chemistry taking place above the Arctic snowpack. |
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Programme |
457 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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ISSN |
0148-0227 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5635 |
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Author |
Magand, O.; Genthon, C.; Fily, M.; Krinner, G.; Picard, G.; Frezzotti, M.; Ekaykin, A.A. |
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Title |
An up-to-date quality-controlled surface mass balance data set for the 90°–180°E Antarctica sector and 1950–2005 period |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
112 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
surface mass balance; East Antarctica; data quality; 0762 Cryosphere: Mass balance; 9310 Geographic Location: Antarctica; 0736 Cryosphere: Snow; 0776 Cryosphere: Glaciology; 0794 Cryosphere: Instruments and techniques |
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Abstract |
On the basis of thousands of surface mass balance (SMB) field measurements over the entire Antarctic ice sheet it is currently estimated that more than 2 Gt of ice accumulate each year at the surface of Antarctica. However, these estimates suffer from large uncertainties. Various problems affect Antarctic SMB measurements, in particular, limited or unwarranted spatial and temporal representativeness, measurement inaccuracy, and lack of quality control. We define quality criteria on the basis of (1) an up-to-date review and quality rating of the various SMB measurement methods and (2) essential information (location, dates of measurements, time period covered by the SMB values, and primary data sources) related to each SMB data. We apply these criteria to available SMB values from Queen Mary to Victoria lands (90°–180°E Antarctic sector) from the early 1950s to present. This results in a new set of observed SMB values for the 1950–2005 time period with strong reduction in density and coverage but also expectedly reduced inaccuracies and uncertainties compared to other compilations. The quality-controlled SMB data set also contains new results from recent field campaigns (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE), Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE), and Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) projects) which comply with the defined quality criteria. A comparative evaluation of climate model results against the quality-controlled updated SMB data set and other widely used ones illustrates that such Antarctic SMB studies are significantly affected by the quality of field SMB values used as reference. |
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411;454 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0148-0227 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5502 |
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Author |
Preunkert, S.; Legrand, M.; Jourdain, B.; Moulin, C.; Belviso, S.; Kasamatsu, N.; Fukuchi, M.; Hirawake, T. |
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Title |
Interannual variability of dimethylsulfide in air and seawater and its atmospheric oxidation by-products (methanesulfonate and sulfate) at Dumont d'Urville, coastal Antarctica (1999–2003) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
112 |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
sulfur cycle; Antarctica; dimethylsulfure; 0312 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes; 0330 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry |
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Abstract |
A multiple year-round study of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) (from December 1998 to April 2003) as well as sulfur-derived aerosols (methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt sulfate) (from March 1991 to February 2003) was conducted at Dumont d'Urville, coastal Antarctica. The three sulfur-derived species exhibit a seasonal cycle characterized by maxima in midsummer (January). Whereas the interannual variability of winter levels remains low, a strong interannual variability is shown in summer, particularly for DMS and MSA, and to a lesser extent for non-sea-salt sulfate. Over the 1998–2003 time period, January 2002 stands out with high values for all sulfur species. These interannual variabilities of atmospheric summer levels are examined in the light of seawater chlorophyll a content derived from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data (themselves compared to field measurements made south of 60°S), oceanic DMS levels estimated from chlorophyll a SeaWiFS data, and various sea-ice indices. |
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Programme |
414 |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0148-0227 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5603 |
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