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Author |
Thébault, E.; Schott, J. J.; Mandea, M.; Hoffbeck, J. P. |
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Title |
A new proposal for spherical cap harmonic modelling. |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Geophysical journal international |
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Volume |
159 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
83-103 |
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Keywords |
magnetic field, regional modelling, spherical cap harmonic analysis |
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Abstract |
The geomagnetic field above the surface of the Earth in the current-free region may be expressed as the gradient of a scalar potential solving Laplace's equation. For regions with a fairly dense coverage of data at different altitudes, a regional model ought to offer a better spatial resolution of the regional field over the volume under study than a global field expanded in spherical harmonics (SH). The spherical cap harmonics analysis (SCHA) is an attractive regional modelling tool having close relationship with global SH. With the SCHA adopted so far, difficulties arise in upward continuation and in establishing a relationship between global and local Gauss coefficients. Such a relationship would be useful, for instance, for introducing prior constraint on an inverse problem dealing with the estimation of local Gauss coefficients based upon a local data set. In this paper, we show that these difficulties are overcome if the SCHA modelling is formulated as a boundary value (BV) problem in a cone bounded radially by the surface of the Earth and an upper surface suitable for satellite data, and bounded laterally in order to encompass a specific region of study. Although the example worked out here applies only to a limited class of fields, which verifies some special flux condition, the ideas behind this formalism are quite general and should offer a new way of processing data in a bounded region of space. |
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139;905 |
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0956-540X |
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yes |
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4706 |
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Verrier Delphine, Groscolas René, Guinet Christophe, Arnould John P Y, |
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Title |
Development of fasting abilities in subantarctic fur seal pups: balancing the demands of growth under extreme nutritional restrictions
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
0269-8463 |
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Volume |
25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
704-717 |
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Keywords |
body fat, energy conservation, fuel partitioning, growth strategy, maternal care, offspring survival, pinnipeds, protein sparing, |
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Abstract |
1.Surviving prolonged food deprivation requires various metabolic adaptations such as energy and protein sparing, which can be highly conflicting with energy-demanding stages of an animals life history such as growth. 2.Due to the maternal attendance pattern, subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis Gray) pups must repeatedly endure exceptionally long fasts of increasing duration throughout the 10-month lactation period. Little is known of (i) how these infants adapt to such extreme energetic constraints while sustaining growth and development; and (ii) the ecological implications of repeated prolonged fasting in early life in terms of offspring survival, maternal care and growth strategy in this species, as well as the evolutionary consequences of such life history trait. 3.Physiological responses to prolonged fasting and how they change with development throughout the pre-weaning period were investigated. Results show that beginning with their first fast, subantarctic fur seal pups are able to mobilize lipid reserves preferentially while conserving protein stores in response to nutritional deprivation. As pup age, profound changes in energy expenditure allow the implementation of an efficient strategy of fat storage and lean body mass preservation, which proves highly adaptive in the face of the low maternal provisioning rates experienced. 4.Despite increasing fasting durations, pup mortality decreased markedly throughout the maternal dependence period. Consistent with predictions, field measurements indicate that fasting endurance, although limited in early life, increases up to durations of nearly 3 months with age. Results suggest that the maternal provisioning strategy could be constrained by these ontogenetic changes in pup fasting abilities. 5.Furthermore, extreme energetic constraints and local density-dependent effects appear to exert a strong selective pressure upon the adoption of a convergent growth strategy between the sexes aiming to maximize fat storage and pre-weaning survival. 6.The issues of resulting trade-offs between pre- and post-weaning survival and the evolutionary consequences of extreme fasting abilities are also addressed.
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109;119 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1365-2435 |
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yes |
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3277 |
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Hannah J. Kriesell, Thierry Aubin, Víctor Planas‐Bielsa, Marine Benoiste, Francesco Bonadonna, Hélène Gachot‐Neveu, Yvon Le Maho, Quentin Schull, Benoit Vallas, Sandrine Zahn, Céline Le Bohec |
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Title |
Sex identification in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus through morphological and acoustic cues |
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Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Ibis |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
160 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
755-768 |
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Keywords |
morphology penguins seabird sexing methods sexual selection vocal sex recognition |
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Abstract |
In the context of sexual selection, animals have developed a variety of cues conveying information about the sex of an individual to conspecifics. In many colonial seabird species, where females and males are monomorphic and do not show obvious differences in external morphology, acoustic cues are an important signal for individual and sex recognition. Here, we study the vocal and morphological sex dimorphism in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, a colonial, monomorphic seabird for which our knowledge about the role of vocalizations and morphology in mate choice is very limited. Data were collected at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago, in a breeding colony consisting of about 16 000 breeding pairs. Using measurements of six morphological features and analysing acoustic parameters of call recordings of adult individuals, we show that King Penguins can be sexed based on a single morphological measurement of the beak with an accuracy of 79%. We found a sex-specific syntax in adult King Penguin calls that provided a 100% accurate method to distinguish between the sexes in our study population. To confirm the method at the species level, we analysed calls recorded from King Penguin adults in Kerguelen Island, 1300 km away from our study population and found the same accuracy of the sex-specific syntax. This sex-specific syllable arrangement is rare in non-passerines and is a first step in understanding the mate choice process in this species. Furthermore, it offers a cost-effective, non-invasive technique for researchers to sex King Penguins in the field. |
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Programme |
137,354 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1474-919X |
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1474-919X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7100 |
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Author |
Jérôme Moreau, Lucie Perroud, Loïc Bollache, Glenn Yannic, Maria Teixeira, Niels Martin Schmidt, Jeroen Reneerkens, Olivier Gilg |
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Title |
Discriminating uniparental and biparental breeding strategies by monitoring nest temperature |
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Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Ibis |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
160 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
13-22 |
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Keywords |
arctic Calidris alba discriminant function incubation strategy nest attendance nest temperature parental care shorebirds |
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Abstract |
Birds exhibit a wide diversity of breeding strategies. During incubation or chick-rearing, parental care can be either uniparental, by either the male or the female, or biparental. Understanding the selective pressures that drive these different strategies represents an exciting challenge for ecologists. In this context, assigning the type of parental care at the nest (e.g. biparental or uniparental incubation strategy) is often a prerequisite to answering questions in evolutionary ecology. The aim of this study was to produce a standardized method unequivocally to assign an incubation strategy to any Sanderling Calidris alba nest found in the field by monitoring nest temperature profiles. Using drops of >3 °C in nest temperature (recorded with thermistors) to distinguish incubation and recess periods, we showed that the number of recesses and the total duration of these recesses from 09:00 to 17:00 h UTC allowed us reliably (99.1% after 24 h and 100% when monitoring the nest for at least 4 days) to assign the incubation strategy at the nest for 21 breeding adults (14 nests). Monitoring nest temperature for at least 24 h is an effective method to assign an incubation strategy without having to re-visit nests, thereby saving time in the field and minimizing both disturbance and related increase in predation risk of clutches. Given the advantages of our method, we suggest that it should be used more widely in studies that aim to document incubation strategies and patterns in regions where ambient temperatures are at least 3 °C below the median nest temperature. |
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Programme |
1036 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1474-919X |
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yes |
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Serial |
7236 |
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Author |
Marlee A. Tucker, Olga Alexandrou, Richard O. Bierregaard, Keith L. Bildstein, Katrin Böhning‐Gaese, Chloe Bracis, John N. Brzorad, Evan R. Buechley, David Cabot, Justin M. Calabrese, Carlos Carrapato, Andre Chiaradia, Lisa C. Davenport, Sarah C. Davidson, Mark Desholm, Christopher R. DeSorbo, Robert Domenech, Peter Enggist, William F. Fagan, Nina Farwig, Wolfgang Fiedler, Christen H. Fleming, Alastair Franke, John M. Fryxell, Clara García‐Ripollés, David Grémillet, Larry R. Griffin, Roi Harel, Adam Kane, Roland Kays, Erik Kleyheeg, Anne E. Lacy, Scott LaPoint, Rubén Limiñana, Pascual López‐López, Alan D. Maccarone, Ugo Mellone, Elizabeth K. Mojica, Ran Nathan, Scott H. Newman, Michael J. Noonan, Steffen Oppel, Mark Prostor, Eileen C. Rees, Yan Ropert‐Coudert, Sascha Rösner, Nir Sapir, Dana Schabo, Matthias Schmidt, Holger Schulz, Mitra Shariati, Adam Shreading, João Paulo Silva, Henrik Skov, Orr Spiegel, John Y. Takekawa, Claire S. Teitelbaum, Mariëlle L. van Toor, Vicente Urios, Javier Vidal‐Mateo, Qiang Wang, Bryan D. Watts, Martin Wikelski, Kerri Wolter, Ramūnas Žydelis, Thomas Mueller |
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Title |
Large birds travel farther in homogeneous environments |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Global Ecology and Biogeography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
576-587 |
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Keywords |
enhanced vegetation index landscape complementation movement ecology productivity spatial behaviour terrestrial birds waterbirds |
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Abstract |
Aim Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements are related to resource availability and the spatial arrangement of resources. Using resident bird species and migratory bird species outside the migratory period, we examined how the distribution of resources affects the movement patterns of both large terrestrial birds (e.g., raptors, bustards and hornbills) and waterbirds (e.g., cranes, storks, ducks, geese and flamingos). Location Global. Time period 2003–2015. Major taxa studied Birds. Methods We compiled GPS tracking data for 386 individuals across 36 bird species. We calculated the straight-line distance between GPS locations of each individual at the 1-hr and 10-day time-scales. For each individual and time-scale, we calculated the median and 0.95 quantile of displacement. We used linear mixed-effects models to examine the effect of the spatial arrangement of resources, measured as enhanced vegetation index homogeneity, on avian movements, while accounting for mean resource availability, body mass, diet, flight type, migratory status and taxonomy and spatial autocorrelation. Results We found a significant effect of resource spatial arrangement at the 1-hr and 10-day time-scales. On average, individual movements were seven times longer in environments with homogeneously distributed resources compared with areas of low resource homogeneity. Contrary to previous work, we found no significant effect of resource availability, diet, flight type, migratory status or body mass on the non-migratory movements of birds. Main conclusions We suggest that longer movements in homogeneous environments might reflect the need for different habitat types associated with foraging and reproduction. This highlights the importance of landscape complementarity, where habitat patches within a landscape include a range of different, yet complementary resources. As habitat homogenization increases, it might force birds to travel increasingly longer distances to meet their diverse needs. |
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Programme |
388,1091 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1466-8238 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7490 |
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Manon Clairbaux, William W. L. Cheung, Paul Mathewson, Warren Porter, Nicolas Courbin, Jérôme Fort, Hallvard Strøm, Børge Moe, Per Fauchald, Sebastien Descamps, Hálfdán Helgason, Vegard S. Bråthen, Benjamin Merkel, Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Ingar S. Bringsvor, Olivier Chastel, Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jóhannis Danielsen, Francis Daunt, Nina Dehnhard, Kjell-Einar Erikstad, Alexeï Ezhov, Maria Gavrilo, Yuri Krasnov, Magdalene Langset, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, Mark Newell, Bergur Olsen, Tone Kirstin Reiertsen, Geir Systad, Þorkell L. Þórarinsson, Mark Baran, Tony Diamond, Annette L. Fayet, Michelle G. Fitzsimmons, Morten Frederiksen, Grant H. Gilchrist, Tim Guilford, Nicholas P. Huffeldt, Mark Jessopp, Kasper L. Johansen, Amy L. Kouwenberg, Jannie F. Linnebjerg, Laura McFarlane Tranquilla, Mark Mallory, Flemming R. Merkel, William Montevecchi, Anders Mosbech, Aevar Petersen, David Grémillet |
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Title |
Meeting Paris agreement objectives will temper seabird winter distribution shifts in the North Atlantic Ocean |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1457-1469 |
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Programme |
330, 388 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1365-2486 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7987 |
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Author |
Camille Le Guen, Akiko Kato, Ben Raymond, Christophe Barbraud, Michaël Beaulieu, Charles-André Bost, Karine Delord, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh, Xavier Meyer, Thierry Raclot, Michael Sumner, Akinori Takahashi, Jean-Baptiste Thiebot, Yan Ropert‐Coudert |
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Title |
Reproductive performance and diving behaviour share a common sea-ice concentration optimum in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) |
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Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
5304-5317 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic breeding success diving activity foraging strategies Pygoscelis adeliae sea ice |
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Abstract |
The Southern Ocean is currently experiencing major environmental changes, including in sea-ice cover. Such changes strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning and affect the survival and reproduction of predators such as seabirds. These effects are likely mediated by reduced availability of food resources. As such, seabirds are reliable eco-indicators of environmental conditions in the Antarctic region. Here, based on 9 years of sea-ice data, we found that the breeding success of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) reaches a peak at intermediate sea-ice cover (ca. 20%). We further examined the effects of sea-ice conditions on the foraging activity of penguins, measured at multiple scales from individual dives to foraging trips. Analysis of temporal organisation of dives, including fractal and bout analyses, revealed an increasingly consistent behaviour during years with extensive sea-ice cover. The relationship between several dive parameters and sea-ice cover in the foraging area appears to be quadratic. In years of low and high sea-ice cover, individuals adjusted their diving effort by generally diving deeper, more frequently and by resting at the surface between dives for shorter periods of time than in years with intermediate sea-ice cover. Our study therefore suggests that sea-ice cover is likely to affect the reproductive performance of Adélie penguins through its effects on foraging behaviour, as breeding success and most diving parameters share a common optimum. Some years, however, deviated from this general trend, suggesting that other factors (e.g. precipitation during the breeding season) might sometimes become preponderant over the sea-ice effects on breeding and foraging performance. Our study highlights the value of monitoring fitness parameters and individual behaviour concomitantly over the long-term to better characterize optimal environmental conditions and potential resilience of wildlife. Such an approach is crucial if we want to anticipate the effects of environmental change on Antarctic penguin populations. |
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109,394,1091 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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7191 |
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Author |
D. B. Green, S. Bestley, R. Trebilco, S. P. Corney, P. Lehodey, C. R. McMahon, C. Guinet, Mark A. Hindell |
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Title |
Modelled mid-trophic pelagic prey fields improve understanding of marine predator foraging behaviour |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Ecography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
43 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1014-1026 |
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Keywords |
ecosystem modelling kerguelen plateau micronekton predators prey interaction southern elephant seal Southern Indian Ocean |
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Abstract |
Biophysical interactions are influential in determining the scale of key ecological processes within marine ecosystems. For oceanic predators, this means foraging behaviour is influenced by processes shaping the distribution of prey. However, oceanic prey is difficult to observe and its abundance and distribution is regionally generalised. We use a spatiotemporally resolved simulation model to describe mid-trophic prey distribution within the Southern Ocean and demonstrate insights that this modelled prey field provides into the foraging behaviour of a widely distributed marine predator, the southern elephant seal. From a five-year simulation of prey biomass, we computed climatologies of mean prey biomass (average prey conditions) and prey biomass variability (meso-scale variability). We also compiled spatially gridded metrics of seal density and diving behaviour from 13 yr of tracking data. We statistically modelled these metrics as non-linear functions of prey biomass (both mean and variability) and used these to predict seal distribution and behaviour. Our predictions were consistent with observations (R2adj = 0.23), indicating that seals aggregate in regions of high mesoscale activity where eddies concentrate prey. Here, seals dived deeper (R2marg = 0.12, R2cond = 0.51) and spent less time hunting (R2marg = 0.05, R2cond = 0.56), likely targeting deep but profitable prey patches. Seals generally avoided areas of low eddy activity where prey was likely dispersed. Most seals foraged south of the Subantarctic Front, despite north of the front exhibiting consistently high simulated prey biomasses. This likely reflects seal prey or habitat preferences, but also emphasises the importance of mesoscale prey biomass variability relative to regionally high mean biomass. This work demonstrates the value of coupling mechanistic representations of prey biomass with predator observations to provide insight into how biophysical processes combine to shape species distributions. This will be increasingly important for the robust prediction of species’ responses to rapid system change. |
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Programme |
109,1201 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1600-0587 |
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yes |
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7688 |
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Author |
Charlène Guillaumot, Jonathan Belmaker, Yehezkel Buba, Damien Fourcy, Philippe Dubois, Bruno Danis, Eline Le Moan, Thomas Saucède |
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Title |
Classic or hybrid? The performance of next generation ecological models to study the response of Southern Ocean species to changing environmental conditions |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Diversity and Distributions |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
2286-2302 |
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Keywords |
Bayesian inference data-poor systems integrated approaches Kerguelen Islands sea urchin species distribution modelling |
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Abstract |
Aim In the context of intensifying threats of climate change on marine communities, ecological models are widely applied for conservation strategies, though polar studies remain scarce given the limited number of datasets available. Correlative (e.g. species distribution models, SDM) and mechanistic (e.g. dynamic energy budget models, DEB) modelling approaches are usually used independently in studies. Using both approaches in integrative, hybrid models could help to better estimate the species potential ecological niche, as mechanistic and correlative models complement each other very well, giving more insights into species potential response to fast-changing environmental conditions. Location The study focusses on the Baie du Morbihan, a silled basin located in the east of the Kerguelen Islands (sub-Antarctic). Methods A hybrid, correlative-mechanistic model was implemented to predict the response of the endemic sea urchin Abatus cordatus (Verrill, 1876). We compared the performances of classic and integrated approaches to predict A. cordatus distribution according to two dates representing seasonal contrasts. Two integrated approaches were studied and performed by either (1) including the spatial projection of the DEB model as an input layer inside the SDM (‘integrated SDM-DEB’) or (2) using a Bayesian procedure to use DEB model outputs as priors of the SDM (‘integrated Bayesian’ approach). Results Results show higher performances of ‘integrated Bayesian’ approaches to evaluate A. cordatus potential ecological niche compared with ‘classic’ and ‘integrated SDM-DEB’ methods. The influence of environmental conditions on model predictions is further captured with these Bayesian procedures and better highlights the environmental influence on the species-predicted distribution. Model performance is good for the different simulations, and uncertainty in predictions is well-highlighted. Main conclusions The good performances of ‘integrated Bayesian’ approaches to estimate species potential ecological niche opens perspectives for future applications to a broad panel of natural examples, noteworthy for decision-making and conservation management purposes. |
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688,1044 |
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1472-4642 |
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yes |
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8316 |
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Author |
Luis R. Pertierra, Nicolás I. Segovia, Daly Noll, Pablo A. Martinez, Patricio Pliscoff, Andrés Barbosa, Pedro Aragón, Andrea Raya Rey, Pierre Pistorius, Phil Trathan, Andrea Polanowski, Francesco Bonadonna, Céline Le Bohec, Ke Bi, Cynthia Y. Wang-Claypool, Daniel González-Acuña, Gisele P. M. Dantas, Rauri C. K. Bowie, Elie Poulin, Juliana A. Vianna |
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Title |
Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change |
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2020 |
Publication |
Diversity and distributions |
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26 |
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8 |
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958-975 |
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Keywords |
diversification ecological niche overlap gentoo penguin subspecies |
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Abstract |
Aim The conservation of biodiversity is hampered by data deficiencies, with many new species and subspecies awaiting description or reclassification. Population genomics and ecological niche modelling offer complementary new tools for uncovering functional units of phylogenetic diversity. We hypothesize that phylogenetically delineated lineages of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) distributed across Antarctica and sub-Antarctic Islands are subject to spatially explicit ecological conditions that have limited gene flow, facilitating genetic differentiation, and thereby speciation processes. Location Antarctica and sub-Antarctic area. Methods We identify divergent lineages for gentoo penguins using ddRAD-seq and mtDNA, and generated species distribution models (SDMs) based on terrestrial and marine parameters. Results Analyses of our genomic data supports the existence of four major lineages of gentoo penguin: (i) spanning the sub-Antarctic archipelagos north of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF); (ii) Kerguelen Island; (iii) South America; and (iv) across maritime Antarctic and the Scotia Arc archipelagos. The APF, a major current system around Antarctica, acts as the most important barrier separating regional sister lineages. Our ecological analyses spanning both the terrestrial (breeding sites) and marine (feeding sites) realms recover limited niche overlap among the major lineages of gentoo penguin. We observe this pattern to correspond more closely with regional differentiation of marine conditions than to terrestrial macroenvironmental features. Main conclusions Recognition of regional genetic lineages as discrete evolutionary entities that occupy distinct ecological niches and also differ morphologically should be considered a priority for conservation. Gentoo penguins provide a good example of how conservation policy can be directly impacted by new insights obtained through the integration of larger genomic datasets with novel approaches to ecological modelling. This is particularly pertinent to polar environments that are among the most rapidly changing environments on earth. |
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137,354 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1472-4642 |
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yes |
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7950 |
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