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Author Rémi Amiraux, Christopher Burot, Patricia Bonin, Guillaume Massé, Sophie Guasco, Marcel Babin, Frédéric Vaultier, Jean-François Rontani
Title Stress factors resulting from the Arctic vernal sea-ice melt: Impact on the viability of bacterial communities associated with sympagic algae Type Journal
Year 2020 Publication Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene Abbreviated Journal
Volume 8 Issue 1 Pages
Keywords
Abstract During sea-ice melt in the Arctic, primary production by sympagic (sea-ice) algae can be exported efficiently to the seabed if sinking rates are rapid and activities of associated heterotrophic bacteria are limited. Salinity stress due to melting ice has been suggested to account for such low bacterial activity. We further tested this hypothesis by analyzing samples of sea ice and sinking particles collected from May 18 to June 29, 2016, in western Baffin Bay as part of the Green Edge project. We applied a method not previously used in polar regions—quantitative PCR coupled to the propidium monoazide DNA-binding method—to evaluate the viability of bacteria associated with sympagic and sinking algae. We also measured cis-trans isomerase activity, known to indicate rapid bacterial response to salinity stress in culture studies, as well as free fatty acids known to be produced by algae as bactericidal compounds. The viability of sympagic-associated bacteria was strong in May (only approximately 10% mortality of total bacteria) and weaker in June (average mortality of 43%; maximum of 75%), with instances of elevated mortality in sinking particle samples across the time series (up to 72%). Short-term stress reflected by cis-trans isomerase activity was observed only in samples of sinking particles collected early in the time series. Following snow melt, however, and saturating levels of photosynthetically active radiation in June, we observed enhanced ice-algal production of bactericidal compounds (free palmitoleic acid; up to 4.8 mg L–1). We thus suggest that protection of sinking sympagic material from bacterial degradation early in a melt season results from low bacterial activity due to salinity stress, while later in the season, algal production of bactericidal compounds induces bacterial mortality. A succession of bacterial stressors during Arctic ice melt helps to explain the efficient export of sea-ice algal material to the seabed.
Programme 1164
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2325-1026 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 8118
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Author Julie Sansoulet, Michèle Therrien, Joseph Delgove, Guilhem Pouxviel, Julie Desriac, Noé Sardet, Jean-Paul Vanderlinden
Title An update on Inuit perceptions of their changing environment, Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island, Nunavut) Type Journal
Year 2020 Publication Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene Abbreviated Journal
Volume 8 Issue 1 Pages
Keywords
Abstract The Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island) have developed a deep respect for their natural environment and are able to report not only changes in weather, ice, and natural resources but also changes in their communities as a result of climate change. The objective of this study was to shed light on how the impacts of climate change are currently perceived in the communities of Kanngiqtugaapik, Pangniqtuuq, and Qikiqtarjuaq. In order to construct a shared knowledge base, we conducted qualitative video interviews and participated in a hunting camp with multigenerational and multigender Inuit hunters and fishers. First, Inuit continue to see the world in which they cohabit with other living things, particularly animals, as a world that they cannot control on their own—a world they must adapt to, passing learning from one generation to the next. Second, they report that changes in the ice have been among the major and most important transformations to have occurred in recent decades. Observations made by these local populations also indicate changes in hunted species, with fewer caribou and narwhal, more birds, insects, and fish, including from more southerly regions, and an uncertainty about polar bear populations. Seal hunting remains stable, and this meat is still the most popular and healthy food, physically and psychologically. Third, sociological and economic changes (e.g., lifestyle change, monetary economies, quotas), in addition to environmental changes (e.g., climate change, species change), have had a significant impact on food harvesting activities as well as food consumption in the region. A final perspective concerns the needs of the Qikiqtaaluk communities to further develop collaboration with scientists. This need for partnership is not only perceived as a scientific necessity but also recognized by Inuit as essential to their communities, with some local leaders ready to work toward a fruitful collaboration.
Programme 1164
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Language Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 2325-1026 ISBN 2325-1026 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 8117
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Author Tonya M. Burgers, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Brent G. T. Else, Tim N. Papakyriakou
Title Estimates of net community production from multiple approaches surrounding the spring ice-edge bloom in Baffin Bay Type Journal
Year 2020 Publication Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene Abbreviated Journal
Volume 8 Issue 1 Pages
Keywords
Abstract Measurements of net community production (NCP) provide an upper constraint on the strength of the oceanic biological pump, the dominant mechanism for removing CO2 from the ocean surface and sequestering it at depth. In this investigation, our objectives were to describe the spatial and temporal variability of NCP associated with the spring ice-edge bloom in Baffin Bay and to identify the key environmental drivers controlling its variability. Using data collected between June 9 and July 10, 2016, we estimated NCP based on (1) underway measurements of surface water oxygen to argon ratios (O2:Ar), (2) underway measurements of the partial pressure of CO2, and (3) seasonal nitrate drawdown from discrete samples. These multiple approaches displayed high NCP (up to 5.7 mol C m–2) in eastern Baffin Bay, associated with modified Atlantic waters, and low NCP (<1 mol C m–2) in the presence of Arctic outflow waters in western Baffin Bay. Arctic outflow waters were characterized by low surface salinities and nitrate concentrations, suggesting that high freshwater content may have limited the nutrient availability of these waters. Different integration depths and timescales associated with each NCP approach were exploited to understand the temporal progression and succession of the bloom, revealing that the bloom was initiated under ice up to 15 days prior to ice retreat and that a large portion of NCP in eastern Baffin Bay (potentially up to 70%) was driven by primary production occurring below the surface-mixed layer.
Programme 1164
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ISSN 2325-1026 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 8116
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Author Descamps Sébastien, Bohec Céline Le, Maho Yvon Le, Gendner Jean-Paul, Gauthier-Clerc Michel,
Title Relating Demographic Performance to Breeding-Site Location in the King Penguin Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication The Condor Abbreviated Journal
Volume 111 Issue 1 Pages 81-87
Keywords
Abstract In colonial species, it is often assumed that locations in the center of the colony are of highest quality and provide highest breeding success. We tested this prediction, known as the “central-periphery model,” in a King Penguin colony in the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago. Breeding activity and survival of 150 penguins, fitted with transponder tags, were monitored over an entire breeding season. Among these 150 birds, 50 bred on the slope at the upper periphery of the colony, where the rates of predation and parasitism by ticks were high. Fifty birds bred in the center of the colony, where rates of predation and tick parasitism were low, and 50 bred at the lower end of the colony, where the rate of tick parasitism was low but predation and flooding were important risks. We predicted that the center of the colony should provide the safest breeding place and consequently be characterized by the highest breeding success and be used by the highest-quality individuals. Yet we found that penguins breeding in the center of the colony had the same breeding success as those at both peripheral locations. In addition, penguins breeding on the upper slope had a higher survival rate than penguins breeding at the center or bottom of the slope and were likely of higher quality. Our study does not support the central-periphery model and emphasizes the complexity behind the relationships among breeding site, breeding success, and individual quality.
Programme 137
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Publisher Cooper Ornithological Society Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0010-5422 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 2864
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Author Leclaire Sarah, Blanchard Pierrick, White Joël, Hatch Scott A, Danchin Étienne,
Title Symmetry of black wingtips is related to clutch size and integument coloration in Black-legged Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication The Auk Abbreviated Journal
Volume 130 Issue 3 Pages 541-547
Keywords
Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry has been suggested to be a phenotypic marker of developmental stability and is often seen as an indicator of overall quality. However, its role in sexual selection has been debated. To determine the potential role of black wingtip asymmetry in sexual selection in Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), we investigated whether symmetry was correlated with reproductive success and integument coloration, a trait probably sexually selected in this species. We found that, in males, asymmetry was associated with low clutch size and brood size but was independent of fledging success, which suggests that wingtip symmetry may reflect fertility in males. Asymmetry of black wingtip was also associated with duller integument, which emphasizes the potential importance of integument color in indicating individual quality. Further studies are needed to determine whether Black-legged Kittiwakes can discriminate between asymmetric and symmetric birds and use it as a cue in mate choice or intrasexual competition.
Programme 1162
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Publisher The American Ornithologists' Union Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 5744
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Author K. Breili, R. Hougen, D. I. Lysaker, O. C. D. Omang, B. Tangen
Title Research Article. A new gravity laboratory in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard: Assessment of pillars and implications for geodynamical applications Type Journal
Year 2017 Publication Journal of Geodetic Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 18-30
Keywords
Abstract The Norwegian Mapping Authority (Nma) Has Recently Established A New Gravity Laboratory In Ny-ålesund At Svalbard, Norway. The Laboratory Consists Of Three Independent Pillars And Is Part Of The Geodetic Core Station That Is Presently Under Construction At Brandal, Approximately 1.5 Km North Of Nma’s Old Station. In Anticipation Of Future Use Of The New Gravity Laboratory, We Present Benchmark Gravity Values, Gravity Gradients, And Final Coordinates Of All New Pillars. Test Measurements Indicate A Higher Noise Level At Brandal Compared To The Old Station. The Increased Noise Level Is Attributed To Higher Sensitivity To Wind.we Have Also Investigated Possible Consequences Of Moving To Brandal When It Comes To The Gravitational Signal Of Present-day Ice Mass Changes And Ocean Tide Loading. Plausible Models Representing Ice Mass Changes At The Svalbard Archipelago Indicate That The Gravitational Signal At Brandal May Differ From That At The Old Site With A Size Detectable With Modern Gravimeters. Users Of Gravity Data From Ny-ålesund Should, Therefore, Be Cautious If Future Observations From The New Observatory Are Used To Extend The Existing Gravity Record. Due To Its Lower Elevation, Brandal Is Significantly Less Sensitive To Gravitational Ocean Tide Loading. In The Future, Brandal Will Be The Prime Site For Gravimetry In Ny-ålesund. This Ensures Gravity Measurements Collocated With Space Geodetic Techniques Like Vlbi, Slr, And Gnss.
Programme 337
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ISSN 2081-9943 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7726
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Author David Boertmann, Flemming Merkel, Olivier Gilg
Title Seabird Breeding Colonies in East and North Greenland: A Baseline Type Journal
Year 2020 Publication ARCTIC Abbreviated Journal
Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 20-39
Keywords climate change colonial seabirds distribution Greenland
Abstract This paper presents the results of a number of aircraft- and boat-based surveys for seabird breeding colonies in East and North Greenland carried out in the period 2003 to 2018 and gives the first comprehensive overview of the distribution and size of the seabird breeding colonies in this remote and mainly uninhabited region. Seventeen seabird species breed in approximately 800 sites distributed very unevenly along the coasts, with high concentrations at the polynyas and long stretches with very few breeding seabirds. Climate changes are in full progress in East and North Greenland, especially affecting the sea ice regime, and seabirds are expected to respond to these changes in different ways. For example, since the 1980s, Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) have extended their breeding range more than two latitudinal degrees towards the north, now reaching the northernmost land on Earth. Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) and Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) have immigrated, and Sabine’s Gulls (Xema sabini) have increased and extended their range. Besides presenting survey results, this report may also serve as a baseline for future studies of the abundance of breeding seabirds in East and North Greenland.
Programme 1036
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ISSN 1923-1245 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7681
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Author Duron Olivier, Noël Valérie, McCoy Karen D, Bonazzi Matteo, Sidi-Boumedine Karim, Morel Olivier, Vavre Fabrice, Zenner Lionel, Jourdain Elsa, Durand Patrick, Arnathau Céline, Renaud François, Trape Jean-François, Biguezoton Abel S, Cremaschi Julie, Dietrich Muriel, Léger Elsa, Appelgren Anaïs, Dupraz Marlène, Gómez-Díaz Elena, Diatta Georges, Dayo Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, Adakal Hassane, Zoungrana Sébastien, Vial Laurence, Chevillon Christine,
Title The Recent Evolution of a Maternally-Inherited Endosymbiont of Ticks Led to the Emergence of the Q Fever Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii. Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication PLoS pathogens Abbreviated Journal PLoS Pathog.
Volume 11 Issue 5 Pages e1004892-e1004892
Keywords
Abstract Q fever is a highly infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. Its causative agent, the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, infects a variety of vertebrate species, including humans. Its evolutionary origin remains almost entirely unknown and uncertainty persists regarding the identity and lifestyle of its ancestors. A few tick species were recently found to harbor maternally-inherited Coxiella-like organisms engaged in symbiotic interactions, but their relationships to the Q fever pathogen remain unclear. Here, we extensively sampled ticks, identifying new and atypical Coxiella strains from 40 of 58 examined species, and used this data to infer the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of C. burnetii. Phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus typing and whole-genome sequencing data revealed that Coxiella-like organisms represent an ancient and monophyletic group allied to ticks. Remarkably, all known C. burnetii strains originate within this group and are the descendants of a Coxiella-like progenitor hosted by ticks. Using both colony-reared and field-collected gravid females, we further establish the presence of highly efficient maternal transmission of these Coxiella-like organisms in four examined tick species, a pattern coherent with an endosymbiotic lifestyle. Our laboratory culture assays also showed that these Coxiella-like organisms were not amenable to culture in the vertebrate cell environment, suggesting different metabolic requirements compared to C. burnetii. Altogether, this corpus of data demonstrates that C. burnetii recently evolved from an inherited symbiont of ticks which succeeded in infecting vertebrate cells, likely by the acquisition of novel virulence factors.
Programme 333
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Publisher Public Library of Science Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1553-7366 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6094
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Author Aymeric Houstin, Daniel P. Zitterbart, Alexander Winterl, Sebastian Richter, Víctor Planas-Bielsa, Damien Chevallier, André Ancel, Jérôme Fournier, Ben Fabry, Céline Le Bohec
Title Biologging of emperor penguins—Attachment techniques and associated deployment performance Type Journal
Year 2022 Publication PLOS ONE Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue 8 Pages e0265849
Keywords Animal behavior Animal sociality Birds Equipment Feathers Legs Molting Penguins
Abstract An increasing number of marine animals are equipped with biologgers, to study their physiology, behaviour and ecology, often for conservation purposes. To minimise the impacts of biologgers on the animals’ welfare, the Refinement principle from the Three Rs framework (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) urges to continuously test and evaluate new and updated biologging protocols. Here, we propose alternative and promising techniques for emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) capture and on-site logger deployment that aim to mitigate the potential negative impacts of logger deployment on these birds. We equipped adult emperor penguins for short-term (GPS, Time-Depth Recorder (TDR)) and long-term (i.e. planned for one year) deployments (ARGOS platforms, TDR), as well as juvenile emperor penguins for long-term deployments (ARGOS platforms) in the Weddell Sea area where they had not yet been studied. We describe and qualitatively evaluate our protocols for the attachment of biologgers on-site at the colony, the capture of the animals and the recovery of the devices after deployment. We report unprecedented recaptures of long-term equipped adult emperor penguins (50% of equipped individuals recaptured after 290 days). Our data demonstrate that the traditional technique of long-term attachment by gluing the biologgers directly to the back feathers causes excessive feather breakage and the loss of the devices after a few months. We therefore propose an alternative method of attachment for back-mounted devices. This technique led to successful year-round deployments on 37.5% of the equipped juveniles. Finally, we also disclose the first deployments of leg-bracelet mounted TDRs on emperor penguins. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring potential impacts of biologger deployments on the animals and the need to continue to improve methods to minimize disturbance and enhance performance and results.
Programme 137
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ISSN 1932-6203 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 8704
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Author Candice Michelot, Akiko Kato, Thierry Raclot, Yan Ropert-Coudert
Title Adélie penguins foraging consistency and site fidelity are conditioned by breeding status and environmental conditions Type Journal
Year 2021 Publication PLOS ONE Abbreviated Journal
Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages e0244298
Keywords Animal behavior Animal sexual behavior Animal sociality Birds Foraging Nesting habits Penguins Reproductive success
Abstract There is a growing interest in studying consistency and site fidelity of individuals to assess, respectively, how individual behaviour shapes the population response to environmental changes, and to highlight the critical habitats needed by species. In Antarctica, the foraging activity of central place foragers like Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) is constrained by the sea-ice cover during the breeding season. We estimated the population-level repeatability in foraging trip parameters and sea-ice conditions encountered by birds across successive trips over several years, and we examined their foraging site fidelity linked to sea-ice concentrations throughout the chick-rearing season. Penguins’ foraging activity was repeatable despite varying annual sea-ice conditions. Birds’ site fidelity is constrained by both sea-ice conditions around the colony that limit movements and resources availability, and also behavioural repeatability of individuals driven by phenological constraints. Adélie penguins favoured sea-ice concentrations between 20–30%, as these facilitate access to open water while opening multiple patches for exploration in restricted areas in case of prey depletion. When the sea-ice concentration became greater than 30%, foraging site fidelity decreased and showed higher variability, while it increased again after 60%. Between two trips, the foraging site fidelity remained high when sea-ice concentration changed by ± 10% but showed greater variability when sea-ice concentrations differed on a larger range. In summary, Adélie penguins specialize their foraging behaviour during chick-rearing according to sea-ice conditions to enhance their reproductive success. The balance between being consistent under favourable environmental conditions vs. being flexible under more challenging conditions may be key to improving foraging efficiency and reproductive success to face fast environmental changes.
Programme 1091
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ISSN 1932-6203 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6428
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