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. (2020). Iron of glacial origin at Kerguelen. Geochemical and bioavialablity characterizations.
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Dupuis E., Sultan E. (2020).
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Mazé C., Tixier P., Boulinier T., Gamble A., Guinet C., Robin J.-p. Et J. Labonne. (2020). La transformation vers la soutenabilité, de la théorie à la pratique : la ZATA, un modèle d'étude et d'action pertinent et efficace. Le cas des pêcheries et de la conservation des oiseaux et mammifères marins.
Abstract: L'horizon de transformation vers la soutenabilité fondée sur le concept de résilience en écologie est décrit de manière normative dans la littérature en sciences de l'environnement ou mis en valeur à partir de cas d'étude isolés. S'ils constituent d'importantes « semences pour un bon Anthropocène » ces exemples restent encore trop rares, alors que la transformation devrait d'être entreprise à plus grande échelle et à vitesse rapide. Cette transformation nécessite urgemment d'être mise en pratique de manière plus systématique et étayée à partir de cas d'action-recherche efficaces. Pour ce faire, ceux-ci doivent être conçus et mis en œuvre grâce à de nouvelles configurations, représentations et pratiques des relations entre chercheurs et autres acteurs du territoire, publics comme privés. Autrement dit, la transformation implique un changement de gouvernance, pour aller vers une gestion adaptative des territoires, des ressources naturelles et des sociétés qui en dépendent. Elle doit faire une plus grande place aux interactions entre humains et non-humains, redéfinir en profondeur le rapport homme / nature et passer par un rééquilibrage des pouvoirs entre groupes d'acteurs et institutions, dans le processus de décision en matière de gestion environnementale. Les sciences sociales et en particulier l'anthropologie des relations homme / milieu, la sociologie politique des sciences, la sociologie politique et l'économie écologique doivent être mobilisées à cette fin, en étroite interaction avec l'écologie. Les zones-ateliers fournissent à ce titre des cas privilégiés, permettant d'opérer ce changement de paradigme, en donnant une plus grande place à l'action collective, à l'hybridation des savoirs et à l'articulation équilibrée entre intérêts divergents. Elles permettent d'identifier les paramètres déterminants pour générer de manière efficace la transformation. La ZATA, zone atelier Antarctique et Terres Australes, malgré une pression anthropique directe limitée, offre un cadre de travail privilégié pour identifier les paramètres nécessaires à la mise en œuvre d'une gouvernance propice à une gestion adaptative permettant d'augmenter la résilience des SES. La pression du changement global y est très forte, tout comme les interactions entre les diverses catégories d'acteurs et d'institutions historiquement situées. La présence des scientifiques y est très installée et mêlée à des enjeux politiques, économiques et géostratégiques auxquels contribuent la conservation de la biodiversité. A partir de deux modèles d'étude (pêcheries à Kerguelen et interactions avec la mégafaune marine/ conservation des oiseaux marins, pathogènes et dératisation à Amsterdam) faisant intervenir des chercheurs, des décideurs, des gestionnaires et les acteurs économiques dans le processus de décision multi-échelles (e.g. État français / CCAMLAR-RCTA) en termes de gestion environnementale, nous présenterons une méthode de modélisation des socio-écosystèmes en systèmes dynamiques. Les modèles produits permettent d'envisager leurs trajectoires de résilience en fonction des choix de gestion et peuvent ainsi servir d'outil d'aide à la décision et d'instrument inédit en matière de construction des mesures de gestion adaptative. Cette communication, élaborée au fil des interactions avec les gestionnaires, alliera ainsi réflexion théorique et retours sur des cas concrets pouvant permettre une montée en généralité utile pour aller vers une gouvernance des SES effective et efficace en termes de résilience et de soutenabilité.
Programme: 119
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. (2019). Modeling species response to climate change in sub-Antarctic islands – Echinoids as a case study for the Kerguelen Plateau..
Abstract: In the Kerguelen Islands, the multiple effects of climate change are expected to impact coastal marine habitats. Species distribution models (SDM) can represent a convenient tool to predict the biogeographic response of species to climate change but biotic interactions are not considered in these models. Nevertheless, new species interactions can emerge in communities exposed to environmental changes and the structure of biotic interactions is directly related to the potential resilience of ecosystems. Trophic interaction studies can help predict species vulnerability to environmental changes using carbon (?13C) and nitrogen (?15N) stable isotope ratios to generate trophic models. Using new available data inputs, we generated robust SDM and trophic interaction models to assess the potential response and sensitivity of three echinoid species to future worst-case scenarios of environmental change in the Kerguelen Plateau region. The two modelling approaches provide contrasting insights into the potential responses of each species to future environmental changes with both approaches identifying Abatus cordatus to be particularly vulnerable due to its narrow ecological niche and endemism to near-shore areas. Coupling insights gained from trophic niche ecology with species distribution modelling represents a promising approach that can improve our understanding and ability to predict the potential responses of species to future habitat changes.
Keywords: species distribution model, trophic niche, isotopic niche, biotic interaction, distribution dynamics
Programme: 1044
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Dehouck, A.; Lafon, V.; Regniers, O.; Debonnaire, N.; Pillet, V.; Jensen, M.; Baltzer, A.; Garestier, F. (2022). The Svalbard Archipelago: when distant erosion monitoring warns of the magnitude of climate impacts in the rest of the overpopulated world.
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Pillet, V.; Baltzer, A.; Jensen, M.; Besset, M.; Regniers, O.; Lafon, V.; Dehouck, A.; Garestier, F. (2022). Shoreline change assessment in Svalbard Archipelago.
Abstract: Arctic coastal areas can experience higher erosion rates than temperate regions due to the combined influence of seasonal permafrost melt and extreme temperatures. In addition to these ordinary dynamics, high latitude coastal areas are even more affected by climate-induced changes such as increased weather hazards, rising temperatures or changes in river discharges and sediment supply. The Svalbard region consists of an archipelago of Arctic islands and a rocky and sandy coastline chiseled by numerous fjords connected to glaciers and a complex hydrographic network. Highly sensitive and exposed to the impacts of climate change, this coastal area is a perfect witness to the environmental changes of our century. The Svalbard Archipelago has recently become a key hotspot with an increasing number of studies, mainly focusing on glacier melt, temperature change or soil destabilization. The environmental, geographical, and geomorphological conditions of Svalbard make it extremely difficult to monitor coastal change on a large-scale. However, several studies, including Lim et al. (2020), Jaskolski et al. (2018), and Sisneros-Kidd et al. (2019), have highlighted the strong pressure of climate change, population, and human activities on the Svalbard coastal area. This littoral is fully in line with our approach to apprehend the past, present, and expected consequences of climate change on the environment and populations. In close collaboration with local researcher Maria Jensen from the University of Svalbard (UNIS) and other experts in France (Agnès Baltzer and Franck Garestier), we have explored the potential of the Copernicus Programme satellite images to produce key information on the past and recent dynamics of nearly 300 km of coastline on the archipelago. This is a major challenge, given the complexity of the environment and the meteorological and climatic conditions of the region, which limit the volume of usable spatial data (cloud cover and seasonal ice on the monitored sediments). After a first phase of adapting the algorithms to our developments, we extracted the coastline over 25 years, as well as the evolution of the banks and the extent of the hydrographic network along several major fjords in Svalbard. Particular attention was given to Advenfjorden to improve our effort, due to the greater availability of data to validate our results. We experienced the bathymetric monitoring into the fjord. This information was one of the most complex challenge in terms of methodology and algorithm development regarding the environmental context, but it is also a crucial insight to consider the full climate change impact on coastal sediment dynamics. Finally, we extracted another coastal indicator to focus on changes in the deltaic areas, namely the pioneer vegetation coverage, which reveals the impact of warming on these highly dynamic regions. For the first time, we present our new results issued from these investigations.
Programme: 1223
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Sittler, B., Lang, J., Gilg, O., Aebischer, A. (2020). Snowy owls in Greenland on the brink? Insights from 32 years of long-term monitoring on Traill Island.
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Lemonnier C, Schull Q, Stier A, Boonstra R, Delahanty B, Lefol E, Durand L, Robin Jp, Criscuolo F, Bize P, Viblanc Va. (2021). Coping with socially stressful environments in colonial seabirds: a test of adaptive phenotype programming in king penguins.
Abstract: Coloniality is associated with various benefits and costs for animals affecting their fitness. Breeding colonies are heterogeneous both in terms of physical and social parameters, thus, breeding territories are of different quality relative to their location within the colony. In king penguins, increased conspecific density has been correlated with increased stress level in individual birds, suggesting a cost of colonial breeding. We used a cross-fostering approach to question the relationship linking breeding location, phenotype and reproduction success. We crossfostered eggs shortly after laying within and between high-and low-density colony areas. This design allowed us to unravel the influences of early genetic and maternal effects together with rearing environments on chick growth trajectories, stress physiology and survival. We tested whether chick phenotype is determined at birth to match their early environment or if higher social density conferred an advantage for reproduction.
Programme: 119
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Stier A, Lewden A, Ruuskanen S, Noiret A, Angelier F, Robin Jp, Bize P, Raclot T, Roussel D, Ropert-coudert Y, Viblanc Va. (2021). HotPenguin : cool in the water, too hot on land ? Risks and consequences of heat stress in penguins facing climate change.
Abstract: Animals from polar regions have evolved highly specialized adaptations to cope with cold climates, which put them at risk regarding the current rapid climate change. This is especially true for penguins who live most of the year in cold water, but breed on land in the spring/summer. Penguins are thereby likely to be threatened by periods of unusually warm temperatures on land. While heat stress is increasingly studied in warm regions, few studies have investigated whether heat stress could occur in polar regions, and to what extent it could affect individual health and reproduction. My aim is to fill this knowledge gap by leading a collaborative research project taking an integrative approach, from animal behavior to the sub-cellular level. This project aims at helping to better predict how penguin populations will respond to future climate change, and raise awareness of scientists, stakeholders and the general public towards an under-appreciated risk of climate change in polar regions.
Programme: 119
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