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Moynard Fanny |
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Title |
L’exposition des insectes aux insecticides accroît-elle leur sensibilité au réchauffement climatique? Master 1 EFCE, Université de Rennes 1 (Encadrement: D. Renault) |
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2020 |
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Rapport de l'université de Rennes 1 |
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7757 |
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A. Wargnier |
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Characterising the time profiles of relativistic solar energetic particle events observed by neutron monitors |
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Master 1 |
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2020 |
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Internship report, M1, Univ. Paris Sciences-Lettres |
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This Report Presents The Result Of The Measurement Of Characteristic Times For Relativistic Solar Energetic Par- Ticle Events Observed By Neutron Monitors. The Typical Profile Of A Solar Event Observed By Neutrons Monitors Is A Fast Rise And A Slow Decay. But These Times Differ Between Events (From A Few Minutes To Several Hours) And Quantifying Them Is Interesting. In Fact, Studying These Characteristic Times Allows Us To Better Understand Solar High Energy Events. For This, We Used The Neutron Monitor Database (Nmdb) [1] And Python To Compute The Rise Time And The Decay Time. We Observed That There Is A Linear Relationship Between Rise Time And Decay Time Of These Solar Events.there Are Some Possible Interpretations For These Characteristic Times. These Times May Be Related To The Dura- Tion Of Particle Acceleration Or The Propagation Of The Particles In The Interplanetary Medium. We Looked Then For A Link Between The Measurement Of Neutron Monitors At The Earth And The Solar Activity: In X-rays, And The Microwave Domain. Furthermore, We Studied The Fluctuations Of The Interplanetary Magnetic Field. However, All These Attempts Were Unsuccessful To Find A Relation With The Rise Time Measured By Neutron Monitors. But Ejection Speeds Of Coronal Mass Ejections And Rise Time Solar Events Detected By Neutron Monitors May Be Linked. |
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8097 |
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Razzolini Julia |
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Title |
Croissance musculaire chez le poussin de manchot royal, liens avec la saisonnalité et la condition corporelle |
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2020 |
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One of the fundamental principles of life history trait theory is the existence of trade-offs. The amount of energy available to living beings is a limited resource that must be shared among different biological functions. The combination of traits best suited to ecological constraints will be selected.
Growth is a crucial phase during which the future phenotype of the adult is established. This period between birth and the acquisition of independence from parents is characterized by very fast stature and weight growth and tissue maturation, particularly in bone and muscle. This phenomenon is marked by sustained parental nutrition. On an intraspecific scale, variations in individual chick growth may reflect the quality/experience of the parents. In some species, parental dietary intake may, regardless of quality, show wide seasonal fluctuations due to environmental changes and for developing individuals the quantity and quality of nutrients ingested and metabolized may be a limiting factor in growth. There is little information to understand the trade-offs in energy allocation that will be established to ensure survival and growth of the young in the case of inadequate dietary intakes.
The king penguin chick is an atypical animal model for the study of these strategies. This seabird has an unusually long one-year development cycle for a bird and its growth is interrupted by a period of severe food restriction during the 4 months of the southern winter. In addition, exceptionally with a penguin, the period of initiation of reproduction is asynchronous and extends over several months. A direct consequence is a shorter time of accumulation of energy reserves in late-born chicks. We aim to determine whether the particularly long cycle of this chick and the environmental constraints to which it is subjected result in particular adaptations in terms of the relative development of the two muscle belts, pelvic and pectoral, and whether this growth compromise is expressed in the same way in early and late born chicks. |
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119 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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yes |
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7744 |
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Valentin Wierner |
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Couverture nuageuse et précipitations neigeuses à Dumont d’Urville |
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Master |
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2020 |
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Master's report |
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1013 |
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yes |
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7743 |
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Author |
Charlotte Groult |
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Title |
Effet des marées sur la cryo-sismicité côtière en Antarctique |
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Master |
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2020 |
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Master 2 stpe sciences de la terre, des planètes et de l’environnement filière « master excellence », université de Strasbourg |
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L’étude sismologique de la glace permet de mieux comprendre la déformation des systèmes glaciaires et leur stabilité́ dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique global. La cryosphère est très active sismiquement. De nombreux évènements comme des icequakes, des trémors glaciaires ou des évènements à l’interface glace/terre solide émanent de la base des glaciers, des marges de cisaillement, des vêlages au front des glaciers ou encore des chenaux d’eau sous- glaciaire. Nous avons observé les signaux d’une dizaine de stations sismologiques sur les côtes de l’antarctique et parmi tous les évènements visibles, un signal de quelques heures présente une forte répétabilité́ dans le temps et dans l’espace. Pour l’étudier nous avons extrait des séries temporelles d’énergie sismique sur trois stations : drv, thur, vna1 et nous avons montré sa modulation avec les forçages de marée d’abord sur l’année 2018 puis sur 8 ans à thur, 10 ans à vna1 et 20 ans à drv. Le signal d’énergie sismique présente toutes les périodicités des forçages de marée avec cependant quelques décalages temporels, indicateurs de délais de réponse du système glaciaire et d’un comportement rhéologique viscoélastique de la glace. |
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133 |
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7752 |
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Author |
Martischang J-P. |
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Title |
Exoplanètes : sélection de calibrateurs et ajustements de transits |
Type |
Master |
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2020 |
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Master, Ecole Nationale d'art et Métiers (ENSAM), Paris, juin-août 2020 |
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1066 |
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7817 |
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Matthis Auger, Rosemary Morrow, Elodie Kestenare, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Rebecca Cowley |
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Southern Ocean in-situ temperature trends over 25 years emerge from interannual variability |
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2020 |
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Nature Communications |
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12 |
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1 |
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514 |
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Despite playing a major role in global ocean heat storage, the Southern Ocean remains the most sparsely measured region of the global ocean. Here, a unique 25-year temperature time-series of the upper 800 m, repeated several times a year across the Southern Ocean, allows us to document the long-term change within water-masses and how it compares to the interannual variability. Three regions stand out as having strong trends that dominate over interannual variability: warming of the subantarctic waters (0.29 ± 0.09 °C per decade); cooling of the near-surface subpolar waters (−0.07 ± 0.04 °C per decade); and warming of the subsurface subpolar deep waters (0.04 ± 0.01 °C per decade). Although this subsurface warming of subpolar deep waters is small, it is the most robust long-term trend of our section, being in a region with weak interannual variability. This robust warming is associated with a large shoaling of the maximum temperature core in the subpolar deep water (39 ± 09 m per decade), which has been significantly underestimated by a factor of 3 to 10 in past studies. We find temperature changes of comparable magnitude to those reported in Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas, which calls for a reconsideration of current ocean changes with important consequences for our understanding of future Antarctic ice-sheet mass loss. |
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2041-1723 |
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2041-1723 |
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7837 |
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Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev, Françoise Lamy, Najat Takvorian, Nicolas Valentin, Valérie Gouesbet, Françoise Hennion, Thierry Robert |
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Genome size and chromosome number of ten plant species from Kerguelen Islands |
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2020 |
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Polar Biology |
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43 |
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12 |
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1985-1999 |
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Kerguelen Islands harbor a unique, probably very ancient flora with a high rate of endemism. However, the evolutionary history and characteristics of this flora still require investigation. This concerns in particular genome size and ploidy level variation, despite the evolutionary and ecological significance of those traits. Here we report the first assessment of genome size, using flow cytometry, for eight plant species of which two are endemics of Kerguelen Islands and four of the South Indian Ocean Province. The 2C DNA value ranged from 1.08 pg for Pringlea antiscorbutica to 11.88 pg for Ranunculus biternatus. The chromosome numbers of Colobanthus kerguelensis (2n = 80), Lyallia kerguelensis (2n = 96) and Poa kerguelensis (2n = 28) were also reported in this study for the first time. Overall, our data allowed to infer that all Kerguelen studied species are polyploid (from tetra- to octopolyploid). Intra-genus comparisons showed significant differences of 2C DNA values among Poa and among Ranunculus species, despite their identical ploidy level. In addition, our data highlight the existence of an intraspecific variability of genome size for the two octoploid species Colobanthus kerguelensis and Lyallia kerguelensis. Finally, our data also support the hypothesis regarding which polyploidy may have played a major role in the adaptation of flowering plants to high latitudes, as it has been suggested for arctic species. |
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1116 |
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1432-2056 |
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6212 |
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David Renault |
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Title |
A Review of the Phenotypic Traits Associated with Insect Dispersal Polymorphism, and Experimental Designs for Sorting out Resident and Disperser Phenotypes |
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2020 |
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Insects |
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11 |
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4 |
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214 |
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fecundity hostile matrix life-history mating morphology movement range expansion reproduction wing-dimorphic wing-monomorphic |
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Dispersal represents a key life-history trait with several implications for the fitness of organisms, population dynamics and resilience, local adaptation, meta-population dynamics, range shifting, and biological invasions. Plastic and evolutionary changes of dispersal traits have been intensively studied over the past decades in entomology, in particular in wing-dimorphic insects for which literature reviews are available. Importantly, dispersal polymorphism also exists in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects, and except for butterflies, fewer syntheses are available. In this perspective, by integrating the very latest research in the fast moving field of insect dispersal ecology, this review article provides an overview of our current knowledge of dispersal polymorphism in insects. In a first part, some of the most often used experimental methodologies for the separation of dispersers and residents in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects are presented. Then, the existing knowledge on the morphological and life-history trait differences between resident and disperser phenotypes is synthetized. In a last part, the effects of range expansion on dispersal traits and performance is examined, in particular for insects from range edges and invasion fronts. Finally, some research perspectives are proposed in the last part of the review. |
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136 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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7656 |
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Thomas Frederikse, Maya K. Buchanan, Erwin Lambert, Robert E. Kopp, Michael Oppenheimer, D. J. Rasmussen, Roderik S. W. van de Wal |
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Title |
Antarctic Ice Sheet and emission scenario controls on 21st-century extreme sea-level changes |
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2020 |
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Nature Communications |
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11 |
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1 |
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390 |
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Uncertainties in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios and Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) melt propagate into uncertainties in projected mean sea-level (MSL) changes and extreme sea-level (ESL) events. Here we quantify the impact of RCP scenarios and AIS contributions on 21st-century ESL changes at tide-gauge sites across the globe using extreme-value statistics. We find that even under RCP2.6, almost half of the sites could be exposed annually to a present-day 100-year ESL event by 2050. Most tropical sites face large increases in ESL events earlier and for scenarios with smaller MSL changes than extratropical sites. Strong emission reductions lower the probability of large ESL changes but due to AIS uncertainties, cannot fully eliminate the probability that large increases in frequencies of ESL events will occur. Under RCP8.5 and rapid AIS mass loss, many tropical sites, including low-lying islands face a MSL rise by 2100 that exceeds the present-day 100-year event level. |
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2041-1723 |
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6437 |
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