Richard A. Phillips, Jérôme Fort, Maria P. Dias. (2023). Chapter 2 – Conservation status and overview of threats to seabirds.
Abstract: Seabirds are among the most threatened of all vertebrate groups. Here we review their conservation status and key aspects of the main threats and some emerging threats. Bycatch in fisheries and overfishing are pervasive, but potentially soluble with improved governance. Invasive alien species at breeding sites remain a major threat despite notable recent successes in eradication campaigns. Changing climatic conditions continue to have multiple, increasing, direct and indirect effects on seabirds. The full impacts of disease and chemical pollution are less clear because effects may be sublethal. Impacts of other anthropogenic processes that currently concern relatively few species are probably increasing. As seabird populations are affected by multiple threats that may be additive or synergistic, addressing population declines will often require a suite of management measures and potentially compensatory mitigation for climate change.
Programme: 388
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Catherine Larose, Lorrie Maccario, Timothy M. Vogel. (2022). Microbiology of the Cryosphere: Diversity, Habitat Constraints and Ecology (Vol. Volume 3).
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Unnikrishnan A. S., A. Matthews, M. Gravelle, L. Testut, T. Aarup, P. L. Woodworth and B. A. Kumar. (2019). Tide gauges. In: Beal, Lisa M.; Vialard, Jérôme; Roxy, Mathew K., (eds.) Full Report. IndOOS-2: A roadmap to sustained observations of the Indian Ocean for 2020-2030.
Abstract: Tide gauge measurements provide data for routine tidal predictions in ports as well as for extreme events such as storm surges and tsunamis. Along with satellite altimeter measurements, tide gauges also provide measurements used for sea-level rise estimates. This is particularly important for impact assessment in low-lying coastlines of south Asia as well as islands such as the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.
Programme: 688
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Gómez Coutouly, Yan Axel. (2022). Le premier peuplement préhistorique de l’Amérique : un débat idéologique ?.
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Sarah Leclaire. (2023). The investment into sperm depends on genetic compatibility between pair mates in a monogamous species /// Investissement dans le sperme en fonction de la compatibilité génétique du couple chez un oiseau marin monogame.
Abstract: Sperm quality determines offspring fitness. However, investment into sperm being costly, it depends on the health or condition of males. According to the differential allocation hypothesis, males should decrease their investment into sperm when mated with a low-quality female. In this study, we show that, in the black-legged kittiwake, a monogamous seabird, sperm quality affects chick performance and that good-quality males produce a sperm of good quality. In addition, males mated with more genetically compatible females produce better quality sperm. This study suggests that the effects of sperm quality on offspring fitness may act as a natural selective pressure on males' differential allocation strategies.
Keywords: Black-legged kittiwake Differential Allocation ejaculate Fitness Major Histocompatibility Complex
Programme: 1162
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Maxime Pineaux, Pierrick Blanchard, Léa Ribeiro, Scott A. Hatch, Sarah Leclaire. (2023). A Gull Species Recognizes MHC-II Diversity and Dissimilarity Using Odor Cues (Vol. 15).
Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in the resistance to parasites in vertebrates and is thus often suggested to be an important force driving social interactions, including mating preference. However, the phenotypic cues used by individuals to assess the MHC characteristics of conspecifics are generally unknown. Here, we used behavioral tests to investigate whether, in black-legged kittiwakes, females use odor cues to distinguish male MHC-II diversity and MHC-II dissimilarity. We found that females took less time to peck at an odor sample coming from a male with high or low MHC-II diversity compared to intermediate MHC-II diversity. However, this result is due to the single individual who has only one MHC-II allele. When excluding this individual, females took less time to peck at an odor sample coming from a male with high MHC-II diversity. In addition, when the odor sample came from a male with higher MHC-II dissimilarity, females took less time to peck at the sample, but once they pecked at it, they delayed the use of the sample. Altogether, our results add evidence for olfactory recognition of MHC characteristics in birds, but further studies are needed to determine whether kittiwakes use this ability to optimize fitness.
Keywords: Birds Black-legged kittiwake Intraspecific communication Major histocompatibility complex Olfaction Rissa tridactyla Sexual selection
Programme: 1162
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Ramonet M., Chatterjee A., Ciais P., Levin I., Sha M., Steinbacher M., Sweeney C. (2023). CO₂ in the Atmosphere: Growth and Trends Since 1850.
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Moe B., Hanssen S.A., Ytrehus B., Balk L., Chastel O., Christensen-Dalsgaard S., Gustavsson H., Langset M. (2020). Thiamine deficiency and seabirds in Norway. A pilot study (Vol. 1720).
Abstract: Moe, B., Hanssen, S. A., Ytrehus, B., Balk, L., Chastel, O., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Gustavsson, H. & Langset, M. 2020.Thiamine deficiency and seabirds in Norway. A pilot study. NINA Report 1720. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is vital for life-sustaining enzymes in cells. Previous studies have reported episodes of thiamine deficiency in marine ecosystems, and suggested that this have contributed to population declines of seabirds breeding in the Baltic Sea and elsewhere. Many Norwegian seabird populations have shown a strong decline in population size, but thiamine status has never been assessed. The objective of this pilot study was, thus, to document thiamin levels in selected species and their associated food webs, and explore methodological issues relevant for future studies or monitoring. The methodological tests showed that storage freezing temperature did not affect thiamine levels in egg yolk samples, and that thiamine levels in eggs could not be corrected for incubation time. Furthermore, the quantified thiamine levels differed between two laboratories, and we developed a predictive equation to convert thiamine levels in egg yolk samples between the laboratories. This pilot study has, for the first time, investigated thiamine levels in seabird eggs from selected species and populations in Norway mainland and Svalbard, and in their food webs. We revealed variation among species, populations and prey types. The lowest levels were found in eggs from common eiders and in blue mussel which is their prey. Eggs from herring gulls had also relatively low levels. The levels for common eiders and herring gulls were higher than previously reported from the Baltic Sea. Nevertheless, the levels from common eiders, herring gulls and blue mussels should be classified as thiamine deficient according to effect-ranges reported in these previous studies. The highest levels were found in eggs from kittiwakes and Atlantic puffins. The diet samples from kittiwakes and Atlantic puffins had higher thiamine levels compared to blue mussels. This is the first time thiamine levels are reported for kittiwakes and Atlantic puffins. This pilot-study cannot answer whether Norwegian seabird population sizes are affected by thiamine levels, but we cannot rule out that thiamine can be a limiting factor for some Norwegian seabird populations. This report identifies knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future studies and monitoring. We suggest more sampling of levels to better understand variation among years, areas, species and populations, and also clinical examinations and surveys. Studies investigating potential effects on reproduction and survival is ultimately need to better understand potential effects on population dynamics.
Programme: 330
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Raynaud D. & Siegenthaler U. (1993). Role of Trace Gases:The Problem of Lead and Lag. (Vol. 12).
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Handrich Y., Gendner J.P. & Le Maho Y. (1995). Breeding penguins as indicators of marine resources: a study with minimal human disturbance..
Abstract: In: Dann P, Normann I, Reilly P (eds) The penguins: ecology and management. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Ltd., pp 75–79
Programme: 137
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