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Thomas Merkling |
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On sex-ratio and sibling competition: an insight into reproductive decisions in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) |
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2013 |
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Université de Toulouse |
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1162 |
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5911 |
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Mélanie Qunet |
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Rôle des eaux souterraines dans l’hydrologie d’un bassin versant glaciaire sous condition de pergélisol continu au Spitsberg (Austre Lovénbreen, 79°N)- Approches hydrodynamiques et géochimiques |
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2014 |
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1111 |
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5989 |
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Author |
Verfaillie D. |
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Suivi et modélisation du bilan de masse de la calotte Cook aux îles Kerguelen – lien avec le changement climatique |
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2014 |
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PhD Thesis, Université de Grenoble |
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272pp. |
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Glaciers of the southern hemisphere sub-polar regions between 45 and 60°S have declined dramatically over the last century. The islands of Kerguelen archipelago (49°S, 69°E) represent a unique location in regions where few data are available to understand glacier retreat. Situated at low altitudes and close to the ocean, their glaciers have shown particular sensitivity to atmospheric and oceanic variations. Thus, since the 1960s, the Cook Ice Cap (~400km²) has retreated spectacularly, losing 20% of its area in 40 years. The aim of my thesis was to assess the present and future state of the ice cap, and to understand the causes of this decline while putting them in a global context. To do so, a meteorological and glaciological network was set up in 2010 on Kerguelen archipelago and field campaigns have been carried out annually since then. Analysis of these measurements confirms the negative mass balance of Cook Ice Cap. In parallel, the study of the albedo over the whole ice cap from MODIS satellite images (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) gives us access to the evolution of the snow line since 2000, highlighting an important reduction of Cook Ice Cap accumulation area over the last decade. Mass balance modelling of the Cook Ice Cap using a degree-day model coupled to a simple ice motion routine further reveals that its retreat is mainly due to a strong decrease in precipitation over the Kerguelen Islands since the 1960s. In order to put the decline of the cryosphere on Kerguelen in a global context, climatic trends over the whole sub-polar regions are studied, revealing that the sub-Antarctic area is currently the one where glacier retreat is the strongest. To understand these variations, we analyse a complete set of field and satellite observations and modelling results : reanalyses, models from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) experiment, atmospheric and oceanic temperature and precipitation observations, etc. The latter show warming and quasigeneralised drying of the whole 40°S – 60°S area, linked to the southward shift of storm tracks in response to the more frequent positive phases of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM). Recent glacier retreat on Kerguelen archipelago, and for other glaciers and ice caps located at similar latitudes, is thus mainly due to a deficit of accumulation caused by the SAM, and amplified by atmospheric warming. The future evolution of Cook Ice Cap mass balance is evaluated using the MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) model, forced at its boundaries by CMIP5 models. Recent mass balance simulations are first carried out using ERA-Interim and NCEP1 reanalyses, and compared to in situ observations. In parallel, one-year simulations are produced with the precipitation desagregation scheme SMHiL (Surface Mass balance High resolution downscaLing) on MAR outputs, at various scales, in order to evaluate the impact of downscaling on precipitation. An evaluation of CMIP5 models over the recent period against ERA-Interim is then carried out, considering certain key climatic variables. The model closest to ERA-Interim as well as the two most extreme models are then used to force the MAR model over the next century, and surface mass balance outputs are critically analysed. The analysis of the decline of the Kerguelen ice cap using different tools and techniques brought new insights on the link between glaciers and climate, highlighting the major role of the SAM, but also raised new questions. |
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1048 |
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6279 |
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N. Bardin |
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Composition isotopique des éléments légers dans les micrométéorites ultracarbonées par spectrométrie de masse à émission ionique secondaire à haute résolution en masse, contribution à la connaissance des surfaces cométaires |
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2015 |
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La soutenance a eu lieu le Jeudi 17 décembre 2015 à 15h00 à Auditorium Irène Joliot-Curie IPNO (Bât. 100A) à Orsay. Le jury était composé de : M. Chaussidon, Marc Directeur de Recherche – IPGP, Paris RapporteurM. Gounelle, Matthieu Professeur – IMPMC-MNHN, Paris RapporteurM. Khan, Elias Professeur – Université Paris-Sud ExaminateurMme Bonal, Lydie Chercheur – IPAG, Grenoble ExaminatriceM. Remusat, Laurent Chercheur – IMPMC-MNHN, Paris ExaminateurM. Slodzian, Georges Professeur Emérite – Université Paris-Sud ExaminateurM. Duprat, Jean Directeur de Recherche – CSNSM, Orsay Directeur de thèseM. Wu, Ting-Di Ingénieur de Recherche – INSERM, Orsay Invité |
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1120 |
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6303 |
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Author |
Lorrie Maccario |
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Snow Ecosystem: Microbial community structure and function in arctic snowpacks |
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2015 |
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399 |
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6327 |
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Laura Sanguino Casado |
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Exploration des interactions virus-hôte et leur importance pour l'adaptation microbienne à travers du CRISPRs. |
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2015 |
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399 |
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6328 |
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Batshéva Bonnet |
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Impact des conditions environnementales sur le succes de reproduction d’un oiseau marin antarctique : le manchot adelie (pygoscelis adeliae) – etude de la colonie de dumont d’urville (terre adelie) au cours de 10 annees. |
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2015 |
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Les changements climatiques affectent le milieu dans lequel évoluent les espèces et par ce biais les performances des individus. En milieu polaire, un des paramètres physiques reflétant ces changements est la glace de mer. Le manchot Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) fait partie des espèces qui en dépendent et, en tant que prédateur marin, est considéré comme espèce éco-indicatrice de l’océan antarctique. Sachant que l’état physiologique des individus conditionne leurs performances, la condition corporelle initiale des individus est-elle un bon indice du succès reproducteur ? La glace de mer tout au long de la saison a-t-elle un impact sur le succès de reproduction ? Peut-on identifier une combinaison de conditions météorologiques défavorables à des moments précis de la saison ? Le suivi de manchots Adélie sur une période de dix ans a permis de confronter des données de phénologie (arrivée, ponte, éclosion), d’état initial des individus (masse corporelle, corticostéronémie), de durée de voyages alimentaires (VA) et de succès de reproduction (à différents stades) à des données environnementales sur cette même période (concentration de glace de mer (SIC), étendue de banquise, températures et précipitations). Nous montrons que la SIC pendant l’hiver n’est pas reliée à l’état initial des individus mais qu’une grande étendue de banquise semble retarder l’arrivée des individus (mais décalerait peu la phénologie de la reproduction). La masse corporelle des individus préjuge en partie du succès de reproduction final mais pas leur corticostéronémie. La SIC et l’étendue de banquise (pendant l’incubation et lors de l’élevage) impactent le succès de reproduction en jouant sur la durée des VA. Enfin, les précipitations importantes associées à des températures positives après l’éclosion sont des conditions météorologiques très défavorables. En étant peu invasifs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence les moments les plus sensibles de la saison en fonction des paramètres environnementaux considérés : la météorologie autour de l’éclosion et la glace de mer (SIC et l’étendue de la banquise) lors de l’élevage. Ainsi une concentration importante de glace diminuerait l’accessibilité alimentaire, allongeant la durée des VA et espaçant les nourrissages des poussins, limitant ou retardant leur croissance. Afin d’aller plus loin dans la compréhension du lien entre glace de mer et succès de reproduction, il serait intéressant de disposer par exemple de plus d’informations sur les voyages alimentaires (zones prospectées ainsi que quantité et nature des espèces proies consommées). |
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6331 |
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Jeudi De Grissac S. |
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Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer |
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2016 |
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6597 |
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Jouma'a J. |
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Stratégie d'acquisition des ressources en proies et coût du transport chez l'éléphant de mer austral |
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2016 |
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6598 |
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Le Bras Y. |
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L'éléphant de mer autral bio-échantillonneur de la distribution des ressources marines |
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2017 |
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6599 |
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