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Torinesi O., Fily M. & Genthon C. |
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Variability and Trends of the Summer Melt Period of Antarctic Ice Margins since 1980 from Microwave Sensors. |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Journal of climate |
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16 |
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1047-1060 |
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902 |
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2260 |
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M. Saunois, P. Bousquet, B. Poulter, A. Peregon, P. Ciais, J. G. Canadell, E. J. Dlugokencky, G. Etiope, D. Bastviken, S. Houweling, G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. N. Tubiello, S. Castaldi, R. B. Jackson, M. Alexe, V. K. Arora, D. J. Beerling, P. Bergamaschi, D. R. Blake, G. Brailsford, L. Bruhwiler, C. Crevoisier, P. Crill, K. Covey, C. Frankenberg, N. Gedney, L. Höglund-Isaksson, M. Ishizawa, A. Ito, F. Joos, H.-S. Kim, T. Kleinen, P. Krummel, J.-F. Lamarque, R. Langenfelds, R. Locatelli, T. Machida, S. Maksyutov, J. R. Melton, I. Morino, V. Naik, S. O'Doherty, F.-J. W. Parmentier, P. K. Patra, C. Peng, S. Peng, G. P. Peters, I. Pison, R. Prinn, M. Ramonet, W. J. Riley, M. Saito, M. Santini, R. Schroeder, I. J. Simpson, R. Spahni, A. Takizawa, B. F. Thornton, H. Tian, Y. Tohjima, N. Viovy, A. Voulgarakis, R. Weiss, D. J. Wilton, A. Wiltshire, D. Worthy, D. Wunch, X. Xu, Y. Yoshida, B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Q. Zhu |
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Title |
Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012 |
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2017 |
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Atmos. Chem. Phys. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
18 |
Pages |
11135-11161 |
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Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH4) budget over 2000–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH4 emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000–2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000–2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008–2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16–32] Tg CH4 yr−1 higher methane emissions over the period 2008–2012 compared to 2002–2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002–2006 and 2008–2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies suggest smaller changes in fossil fuel emissions (from oil, gas, and coal industries) compared to the mean of the bottom-up inventories included in this study. This difference is partly driven by a smaller emission change in China from the top-down studies compared to the estimate in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.2) inventory, which should be revised to smaller values in a near future. We apply isotopic signatures to the emission changes estimated for individual studies based on five emission sectors and find that for six individual top-down studies (out of eight) the average isotopic signature of the emission changes is not consistent with the observed change in atmospheric 13CH4. However, the partitioning in emission change derived from the ensemble mean is consistent with this isotopic constraint. At the global scale, the top-down ensemble mean suggests that the dominant contribution to the resumed atmospheric CH4 growth after 2006 comes from microbial sources (more from agriculture and waste sectors than from natural wetlands), with an uncertain but smaller contribution from fossil CH4 emissions. In addition, a decrease in biomass burning emissions (in agreement with the biomass burning emission databases) makes the balance of sources consistent with atmospheric 13CH4 observations. In most of the top-down studies included here, OH concentrations are considered constant over the years (seasonal variations but without any inter-annual variability). As a result, the methane loss (in particular through OH oxidation) varies mainly through the change in methane concentrations and not its oxidants. For these reasons, changes in the methane loss could not be properly investigated in this study, although it may play a significant role in the recent atmospheric methane changes as briefly discussed at the end of the paper. |
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6971 |
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Author |
Fiala M. & Delille D. |
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Title |
Variability and interactions of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Antarctic neritic area. |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Marine ecology-progress series |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. |
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89 |
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135-146 |
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193 |
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0171-8630 |
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1189 |
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Ricaud, P., F. Carminati, B. Plazolles, Y. Courcoux, C. Genthon, A. Pellegrini, J.-L. Attié, L. El Amraoui, T. August and J. Warner |
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Variabilities of temperature and water vapour above Dome C (Antarctica) from the lowermost troposphere to the lowermost stratosphere, XXXII SCAR and Open Science Conference, Portland,USA, July 2012. |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2012 |
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910 |
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3653 |
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Ricaud, P., F. Carminati, B. Plazolles, Y. Courcoux, C. Genthon, A. Pellegrini, J.-L. Attie, L. El Amraoui, T. August, J. Warner |
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Variabilities of temperature and water vapour above Dome C (Antarctica) from the lowermost troposphere to the lowermost stratosphere |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2012 |
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SCAR 2012, 13-25 Juillet, Portland, USA |
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1013 |
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4273 |
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Ricaud, Philippe |
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Variabilités de la vapeur d’eau et de la température troposphérique mesurées par le radiomètre micro-onde HAMSTRAD au Dôme C, Antarctique. Partie II : Résultats scientifiques |
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2014 |
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La Météorologie |
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85 |
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35-46 |
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The H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers (HAMSTRAD) program aims to develop a ground-based microwave radiometer to measure tropospheric water vapor and temperature vertical profiles above the Dome C station, Concordia, Antarctica. The present article deals with the scientific results obtained with the vertical profiles of H2O and temperature from 0 to 10 km above the station coupled with other data sets (in situ, satellite, radiosonde, analyses and mesoscale model). The short-term variability (diurnal variation) has been studied in the lowermost troposphere according to the season to highlight the time evolution of the different sub-layers within the atmospheric boundary layer. Considering back-trajectory studies, the intra-seasonal variability of H2O and temperature in the troposphere comes mainly from the origin of air masses reaching the Dome C station, oceanic or continental, producing a high correlation rate between H2O and temperature. In a case study, a mesoscale model tends to calculate a wetter and warmer atmosphere than observations in the atmospheric boundary layer. |
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910 |
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0026-1181 |
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yes |
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4965 |
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Author |
Ricaud, Philippe |
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Title |
Variabilités de la vapeur d'eau et de la température troposphérique au Dôme C (station Concordia), Antarctique. Partie I : l'instrument Hamstrad |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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La Météorologie |
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0026-1181 |
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84 |
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15-28 |
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The H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers (Hamstrad) program aims to develop a ground-based microwave radiometer to measure tropospheric water vapor and temperature vertical profiles above the Dome C station, Concordia, Antarctica (75°06'S, 123°21'E, 3233 m above mean sea level, amsl), one of the coldest and driest sites on the Earth. The project intends to study over a time frame greater than ten years the impact of climate change on the budget of atmospheric water vapor (H2O), a major greenhouse gas affecting directly and indirectly (through clouds) the Earth radiative balance. Operating at 60 GHz (dioxygen line to deduce temperature) and at 183 GHz (H2O line), the state-of-the-art radiometer has been installed on site in January 2009 (for 12 days) and is definitively operating since January 2010 after a validation phase at the Pic du Midi station (France) from February to June 2008. Hamstrad measurements can provide vertical profiles of H2Oand temperature from the ground to 10 km above the surface with a time resolution of 7 minutes and a vertical resolution of 30-50 m in the planetary boundary layer, 100 m in the free troposphere and 500 m in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. Since the instrument is sampling the diurnal cycle with a good resolution, it can help to validate measurements from spaceborne instruments and meteorological analyses. Systematic comparisons have been performed above Dome C with measurements from in situ sensors, radiosondes, spaceborne instruments such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) onboard the MetOp-A platform and the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) onboard the Aqua plateform together with the analyses from the European Centre for Mediumrange Weather Forecast (ECMWF). Temperature and absolute humidity measurements fromHamstrad are of a great quality in the planetary boundary layer, degrading in the free troposphere to lose sensitivity in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. |
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910 |
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0026-1181 |
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4964 |
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Author |
Camille Bréant |
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Title |
Variabilité régionale de la densification de la neige polaire lors des grandes transitions climatiques Modelling firn thickness evolution during the last deglaciation : constraints on sensitivity to temperature and impurities Quantifying molecular oxygen isotope variations during a Heinrich stadial |
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2017 |
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551.6 Antarctic Antarctique Carottage Climat -- Changements Densification Firn Glaciers -- Antarctique Isotopes Modèle thermo-Dynamique Névé Paléoclimatologie Thermo-Mechanical model |
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Le déphasage entre augmentation de température et augmentation de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans l'atmosphère lors des grandes transitions climatiques passées est estimé grâce aux mesures effectuées dans les carottes de glace polaires dans la phase glace pour la température et dans la phase gaz (bulles d’air piégées) pour la concentration en GES. Ce déphasage est encore mal contraint et, pour résoudre ce problème, il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre le processus mécanique de transformation de neige en glace près de la surface de la calotte (centaine de mètres supérieurs, le névé). En l'absence de fusion, la transformation de la neige (matériau à porosité ouverte en contact avec l'atmosphère) en glace (matériau contenant des bulles d'air isolées) s'effectue progressivement sous l'action des gradients de température près de la surface, puis sous l'action du poids des couches de neige situées au-dessus. Selon les conditions de température et précipitation, ce processus peut prendre quelques décennies à plusieurs millénaires et s'étend sur une centaine de mètres de profondeur. Il contrôle la différence d'âge entre la glace et les gaz qu'elle renferme. La prédiction de la profondeur de piégeage des gaz représente un enjeu majeur pour la paléoclimatologie en particulier sur la séquence des changements relatifs de température et de concentration en gaz à effet de serre.Un modèle thermo-mécanique de densification de la neige a été conçu et développé au LGGE en intégrant la formulation des processus mécaniques, des propriétés thermiques, et des critères de piégeage des gaz. Les performances de ce modèle peuvent être testées et améliorées grâce à des études de structure de névés actuels (densité, rapport porosité ouverte/fermée, …). Pour les périodes plus anciennes, des mesures d’isotopes des gaz inertes d15N et d40Ar) dans l’air piégé dans les carottes de glace polaire permettent d’obtenir des informations directes sur les variations passées de la structure du névé (e.g. épaisseur de la zone diffusive). Les larges divergences observées en Antarctique entre les sorties de modèle de densification et les mesures isotopiques de gaz piégé dans la glace génèrent une grande incertitude sur les reconstructions climatiques passées et comprendre ce désaccord est un défi majeur de la paleoclimatologie actuelle.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons pris en compte les influences de la dépendance à la température des énergies d'activation et des impuretés (poussières) sur la vitesse de densification. Cela a permis de concilier les données et le modèle. Les résultats du modèle modifié sont globalement cohérents avec les profils de densité mesurés pour des névés actuels et les données d'isotopes de gaz inertes pour les déglaciations (aussi appelées terminaisons). Nous avons également présenté de nouvelles mesures à haute résolution de d15N et d40Ar pour les terminaisons 2 (129-138ka) et 3 (243-251ka) des carottes antarctiques de Dôme C et Vostok. Nous avons montré que les différentes évolutions de d15N entre les différents sites et différentes déglaciations s’expliquaient largement par les différences de taux d’accumulation qui contrôlent la profondeur de transition neige-glace. Nous avons aussi montré que l’utilisation des isotopes de l’air était un complément important à l’utilisation des isotopes de l’eau pour contraindre la dynamique climatique locale en Antarctique de l’Est lors des déglaciations. |
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7800 |
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Laparie M., Lebouvier M., Lalouette L. & Renault D. |
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Title |
Variabilité morphométrique chez un carabe prédateur introduit aux îles Kerguelen, Merizodus soledadinus : étude de populations géographiquement et chronologiquement distinctes |
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Conference - National - Communication |
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2009 |
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6ème symposium national de morphométrie et évolution des formes, Montpellier, France, 27-28/05/2009 |
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136 |
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yes |
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5791 |
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Leglise Joris |
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Variabilité interannuelle du nitrate sur le plateau Antarctique |
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Master |
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2015 |
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1011 |
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6222 |
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