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Casey Youngflesh, Yun Li, Heather J. Lynch, Karine Delord, Christophe Barbraud, Rubao Ji, Stephanie Jenouvrier |
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Lack of synchronized breeding success in a seabird community: extreme events, niche separation, and environmental variability |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Oikos |
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130 |
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11 |
Pages |
1943-1953 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica environmental indicators extreme events global change niche separation synchrony |
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Synchrony in ecological systems, the degree to which elements respond similarly over time or space, can inform our understanding of how ecosystems function and how they are responding to global change. While studies of ecological synchrony are often focused on within-species dynamics, synchrony among species may provide important insights into how dynamics of one species are indicative of conditions relevant to the larger community, with both basic and applied implications. Ecological theory suggests there may be conditions under which communities might exhibit increased synchrony, however, the degree to which these patterns are borne out in natural systems is currently unknown. We used long-term breeding success data from a community of Antarctic seabirds to assess the degree of interspecific, community synchrony, and the role that extreme events play in driving these dynamics. We assessed theoretical links between community synchrony, niche separation, and environmental variability using data from this and three other seabird communities as well as a simulation study. Results show that reproductive success for individual species in the Antarctic seabird community fluctuated relatively independently from one another, resulting in little synchrony across this community, outside of extreme years. While an exceptionally poor year for a given species was not necessarily associated with an exceptionally poor year for any other species, one community-wide extreme year existed. When compared to other seabird communities, this group of Antarctic seabirds exhibited lower overall synchrony and higher estimated niche separation, supporting theoretical predictions. Empirical and simulation-derived results suggest that communities where temporal variation is small for conditions in which species respond substantially differently, and large for conditions in which species respond similarly, may exhibit more synchronous dynamics. Identifying where and why synchronous dynamics might be more apparent has the potential to inform how ecological communities might respond to future global change. |
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1600-0706 |
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8385 |
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Paul Tixier, Nicolas Gasco, Jared R. Towers, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
Killer whales of the Crozet Archipelago and adjacent waters: photo-identification catalogue, population status and distribution in 2020 |
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Report |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Technical report. centre d’etudes biologiques de chizé, centre national de la recherche scientifique, france |
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1-167 |
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Three forms of killer whales (Orcinus orca) occur around the subantarctic islands of the southern Indian Ocean (42-53°S; 34-74°E). The form encountered in both inshore and offshore waters, described as generalist in its feeding preferences (seals, whales, penguins and fish as prey) and known to depredate toothfish from longliners has been opportunistically photo-identified around the Crozet archipelago since the 1960s. Together with photo-identification data collected in the Prince Edward/Marion EEZ, Kerguelen EEZ and international waters, this report provides up to date information on the abundance and distribution of the Crozet killer whales. In total, 124,313 photographs taken during 2,109 encounters since 1964 were analysed, allowing for 299 individuals to be identified. Most encounters with available data were from the Crozet EEZ (1,432 from longliners, 602 from Île de la Possession) and occurred after 2003 when photo-identification was implemented in the fishery observer program. Among the 188 individuals recorded in the Crozet EEZ since 2003, 22 (12%) were also photographed in the Kerguelen EEZ, 13 (7%) in the Prince Edward/Marion EEZ and 13 (7%) in adjacent international waters. The frequently encountered subset of the Crozet killer whale population was composed of 23 social units (maternal groups), 19 of which included individuals alive in 2020. These social units ranged in size from 1 to 11 individuals with a mean (± SD) of 4 ± 3 per unit. As of June 2020 when the latest photographs included in the study were taken, abundance of this subset was 89-94 individuals. However, detailed analysis of data collected between 2005 and 2020 shows that the number of confirmed deaths (n = 51) exceeds the number of recorded births (n = 46), resulting in a 5% decrease of the population size over this period. These deaths were distributed across the population with the majority occurring in the most common sex and age classes – adult females and juveniles. Factors contributing to mortalities are unclear, but may include lethal interactions with illegal fisheries. When paired with the fact that the Crozet killer whales already underwent a severe mortality episode in the 1990s, these findings raise strong concerns about the future of the population and stress the necessity of conservation actions while maintaining an intensive monitoring effort. |
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yes |
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8380 |
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Cyrielle Solis (Based In Lsce, Internship Will Be Supervised Both By Lsce - Amaelle Landais, Françoise Vimeux -, And Ige - Olivier Magand-, Laboratories) |
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Title |
Isotopic signature of atmospheric dynamics on the island of Amsterdam and link to large-scale moisture transport |
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Master 2 |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Internship from man and biosphere master |
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Climate And Water Cycle Reconstruction Over The Last Centuries And Prediction Should Be Improved In The Southern Hemisphere (E.g. Last Ipcc Report). First, Direct Observations Are Scarce (E.g. In Antarctica, Mainly Basic Automatic Weather Station – Aws – Only Since The 50’s And Satellite Observations). As A Consequence, Climate And Water Cycle Reconstructions Are Largely Dependent On Proxy Measurements Such As Water Isotopes In Polar Ice Cores, Even Over The Last Century. Second, Climate And Water Cycle Reconstructions Using Models Should Be Improved. In Particular, Problems Have Been Identified For (1) Estimation Of Precipitation Amounts (Large Discrepancies Among Models Over The Austral Ocean And The Ice-sheet), (2) Description Of Particular Atmospheric Processes Associated With Cloud Microphysics And Exchanges Between Surface And Atmosphere In Polar Regions And (3) Seasonal To Interannual Evolution Of The Locations Of The Westerlies And Subtropical Jet And Associated Air Mass Trajectories. The Last Aspect Has Important Direct Consequences For The Atmospheric Dynamics In This Region But Also Indirect Consequences Such As The Links Between Westerlies, Co2 Outgassing And Sea Ice Extent In The Austral Ocean (Saunders Et Al. 2018; Menviel Et Al. 2018; Holland And Kwok, 2012). With The Objectives To Provide (1) A Better Description Of Water Cycle Dynamic In The Southern Ocean At Annual And Interannual Scales And (2) An Improved Transfer Function Between Climate / Water Cycle And Water Isotopes In This Region, A Bunch Of Instruments Measuring Continuously The Isotopic Composition Of Water In The Water Vapor And In The Precipitation Has Been Installed Over The Last Years Along A Transect From La Réunion To Antarctica.first Results From The Antarctic Instruments Reveal Clear Isotopic Signatures Of Large Scale Water Cycle Features Such As Atmospheric Rivers Dominating The Surface Mass Balance In Antarctica. In La Réunion, An Extensive Study Of The Drivers Of The Isotopic Composition Of The Water Vapor Showed That The Influence Of The Subtropical Westerly Jet Dominates The Water Isotopic Signal At Night. To Connect The Two Regions, An Instrument Is Running On Amsterdam Island Since November 2019 With First Results Showing A Clear Isotopic Signature During The High Pressure And Low Pressure Synoptic Events. Still, No In-depth Study Of The Data Trying To Connect The Isotopic Record In Amsterdam Island To Larger Scale Patterns Of The Water Cycle Has Been Initiated.the Goal Of This Internship Is To Provide The First Analyses Of The Isotopic (Water Vapor And Precipitation) Records On Amsterdam Island With A Comparison With Meteorological Data And Environmental Data Collected In Parallel On The Observatory Of Amsterdam Island (E.g. Gaseous Elemental Mercury). After These First Analyses Of The Data, Comparisons Will Be Performed With Water Isotopic Records In La Réunion Over Selected Events (Subtropical Jet Or Cold Fronts Intrusions). This Study Will Involve Analyses Of Meteorological Maps As Well As Backtrajectories.this Internship Requires Skills For (Python Or R Languages) And Involves Large Interactions Within A Large Research Team. |
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1028 |
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yes |
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8056 |
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Albertin, S., Savarino, J., Bekki, S., T. Roberts, T., Barret, B., Mao, J., Simpson, W., Law, K. |
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Title |
Isotopic constraints on the sources and fate of atmospheric nitrate in Fairbanks, Alaska: preliminary results of the pre-ALPACA campaign |
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Communication |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Paces meeting, may 2021 |
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1215 |
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8513 |
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Zambra López-Farrán, Charlène Guillaumot, Luis Vargas-Chacoff, Kurt Paschke, Valérie Dulière, Bruno Danis, Elie Poulin, Thomas Saucède, Jonathan Waters, Karin Gérard |
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Is the southern crab Halicarcinus planatus (Fabricius, 1775) the next invader of Antarctica? |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
3487-3504 |
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Keywords |
climate change establishment niche modelling non-native species reptant crab Southern Ocean survival thermotolerance |
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Abstract |
The potential for biological colonization of Antarctic shores is an increasingly important topic in the context of anthropogenic warming. Successful Antarctic invasions to date have been recorded exclusively from terrestrial habitats. While non-native marine species such as crabs, mussels and tunicates have already been reported from Antarctic coasts, none have as yet established there. Among the potential marine invaders of Antarctic shallow waters is Halicarcinus planatus (Fabricius, 1775), a crab with a circum-Subantarctic distribution and substantial larval dispersal capacity. An ovigerous female of this species was found in shallow waters of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands in 2010. A combination of physiological experiments and ecological modelling was used to assess the potential niche of H. planatus and estimate its future southward boundaries under climate change scenarios. We show that H. planatus has a minimum thermal limit of 1°C, and that its current distribution (assessed by sampling and niche modelling) is physiologically restricted to the Subantarctic region. While this species is presently unable to survive in Antarctica, future warming under both ‘strong mitigation’ and ‘no mitigation’ greenhouse gas emission scenarios will favour its niche expansion to the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) by 2100. Future human activity also has potential to increase the probability of anthropogenic translocation of this species into Antarctic ecosystems. |
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1044 |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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8005 |
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Andrea Spolaor, Beatrice Moroni, Bartłomiej Luks, Adam Nawrot, Marco Roman, Catherine Larose, Łukasz Stachnik, Federica Bruschi, Krystyna Kozioł, Filip Pawlak, Clara Turetta, Elena Barbaro, Jean-Charles Gallet, David Cappelletti |
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Title |
Investigation on the Sources and Impact of Trace Elements in the Annual Snowpack and the Firn in the Hansbreen (Southwest Spitsbergen) |
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2021 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Earth Science |
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8 |
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We present a thorough evaluation of the water soluble fraction of the trace element composition (Ca, Sr, Mg, Na, K, Li, B, Rb, U, Ni, Co, As, Cs, Cd, Mo, Se, Eu, Ba, V, Ge, Ga, Cr, Cr, P, Ti, Mn, Zr, Ce, Zn, Fe, Gd, Y, Pb, Bi, Yb, Al, Nb, Er, Nd, Dy, Sm, Ho, Th, La, Lu, Tm, Pr, Tb, Fe, In, Tl) and their fluxes in the annual snowpack and the firn of the Hansbreen (a tidewater glacier terminating in the Hornsund fjord, southwest Spitsbergen). The trace element samples were obtained from a 3 m deep snow pit dug at the plateau of the glacier (450 m a.s.l.), and from a 2 m deep firn core collected from the bottom of the snow pit. The comparison of elemental fluxes and enrichment factors allowed us to constrain specific summer and wintertime deposition patterns of water soluble trace elements in the southern part of the Svalbard archipelago. Our results suggest that the chemical composition of the Hansbreen (and likely other glaciers where the summit is close to the equilibrium line) is mainly affected by summertime deposition of trace elements from local sources and some volatile elements, which may be transported into the Arctic when polar vortex is weak. The melting of the annual snowpack seems to have a minor influence on the overall chemical signature of the glacier ice. |
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1192 |
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2296-6463 |
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8606 |
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Hippolyte LEURIDAN (based in LSCE, internship will be supervised both by LSCE - Michel RAMONET -, and IGE - Olivier MAGAND-, laboratories) |
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Title |
Investigation of Radon measurements as a tracer of atmospheric mercury sources using Amsterdam Island records (Indian Ocean) |
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Master 2 |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Internship from soac master (air quality thema) |
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Since The Signature Of The Minamata Convention On Mercury In 2017, National Regulation Coordinated At An International Level Will Come Into Force In Order To Limit Anthropogenic Emissions And Therefore Protect The Human Health And Ecosystem From This Highly Toxic Pollutant. One Need To Evaluate The Efficiency Of National Measures, And Long-term Monitoring Of Atmospheric Mercury (Hg) Is An Important Tool To Address The Changes Over Time Of Emission Sources, Transport, And Deposition Patterns.the Global Mercury Observation System (Gmos) Project Was Funded By The European Commission (Http://www.gmos.eu) And Started In November 2010 With The Overall Goal To Develop A Coordinated Global Observing System To Monitor Hg On A Global Scale, Including A Large Network Of Ground-based Monitoring Stations. To Date, More Than 40 Ground-based Monitoring Sites Constitute The Global Network Covering Many Regions Where Little To No Observational Data Were Available Before Gmos (Sprovieri Et Al., 2016). All Gmos Work Is Now Continued In The Framework Of The International Frame Work Of Gos4m (Global Observation System For Mercury – Http://www.gos4m.org)although Essential To Fully Understand The Cycling Of Mercury At The Global Scale, Mercury Species Records In The Southern Hemisphere Were Really Scarce Before Gmos. In This Context, An Atmospheric Mercury Monitoring Station Has Been Set Up On Amsterdam Island (37◦48 S, 77◦34 E) In The Remote Southern Indian Ocean In 2012. Since 2012, We Continuously Measured Gaseous Mercury Species With A 15 Min Frequency. Angot Et Al. (2014) Discussed The First Two Years Of This Record, Using Principally Wind Sector Analysis And Air Mass Back Trajectories. They Also Include In Their Analysis The Unique Continuous Record Of Radon 222 And 220 (Thoron) (Polian Et Al., 1986; Kritz Et Al., 1990). Radon 222 And 220 (Thoron) Activities Can Be Used To Distinguish Local Soil Outgassing From Remote Continental Source. Combined With Meteorological Data, The Change Of Activities Are Then Powerful Tool To Classify Air Mass Origin For The Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury Record. Rapid And Sharp Variations Of Radon 222 Activity, Referred To As &Ldquo;radonic Storms” (Lambert Et Al., 1970) And Ascribed To Strong Continental Air Mass Advection, Are Then Observed At Amsterdam Island. The Occurrence Of Radonic Storms Was Estimated To Be About 4 % In 2012 And 7 % In 2013. Considering The Works Realized In 2014, The Goal Of This Internship Is To Deeper Explore The Relationships Between The Collected Gaseous Elemental Mercury And Observed Radon (222rn / 220rn) Activities In The Entire Data Set. In Particular, We Will Study The Specific And Coupled Trend Of These Compounds, The Frequency And Intensity Of Radonic Storm Occurrence And Their Potential Link With The Gaseous Elemental Mercury Cycle. Local Meteorology Data As Well As Backtrajectories Simulation (Hysplit And/or Flexpart Model) Will Be Also Used. |
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1028 |
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yes |
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8055 |
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R. Olmi, M. Bittelli, G. Picard, L. Arnaud, A. Mialon, S. Priori |
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Title |
Investigating the influence of the grain size and distribution on the macroscopic dielectric properties of Antarctic firn |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Cold Regions Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
185 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103254 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Close−off Dielectric measurements Dielectric model Firn Full wave EM simulations Ice cores |
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This study is based on the analysis of detailed measurements of firn dielectric properties performed in Antarctica through coring down to 106 m. Dielectric measurements in the frequency band (0.4–2.5 GHz) have been carried out using an open−resonator probe. Density was also measured for the same samples. The experimental results confirmed the well−known dependence of the real part of permittivity ε′ on depth and density, showing an increase of ε′ with density. The imaginary part also increases with depth with a rather complex dependence on frequency, probably due to the presence of salts or impurities. The analysis of the experimental data was performed by implementing 3D and 2D full wave numerical models, to simulate a mixture of firn crystals at prescribed densities, corresponding to the measured densities on the ice cores. The numerical analysis of the ensemble of inclusions showed that the usual symmetric formulae used for modeling ice dielectric properties agree with the average results of the simulation, but they are not able to explain the spreading of the measured data at given density. A dielectric model was then developed allowing for quantification of the dependence of dielectric properties on density, by combining two models: one consisting in firn crystals into an air host, the other assuming the presence of air inclusions into a homogeneous firn host. The weighted equation is based on the volume fraction. A simple geometric shape (ellipsoidal) is assumed for both ice crystals and air inclusions. This kind of shape is reasonable for the purpose of the dielectric study. The result is a mixture, smoothly changing from firn particles in air (low density) to air bubbles in an ice matrix (high density). A statistical analysis has been accomplished to investigate the dependence of the dielectric properties on the geometrical arrangement of the inclusions. For that purpose, a large number of simulations with different arrangements (micro−states) giving rise to the same average density (macro−states) has been carried out. The permittivity change due to micro−state variability appears to be at least two−three times the model variation due to density alone, and comparable to the measured variability at a given depth, suggesting that firn structure has a significant effect on the dielectric properties. |
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1110 |
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0165-232X |
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7995 |
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P. Alken, E. Thébault, C. D. Beggan, H. Amit, J. Aubert, J. Baerenzung, T. N. Bondar, W. J. Brown, S. Califf, A. Chambodut, A. Chulliat, G. A. Cox, C. C. Finlay, A. Fournier, N. Gillet, A. Grayver, M. D. Hammer, M. Holschneider, L. Huder, G. Hulot, T. Jager, C. Kloss, M. Korte, W. Kuang, A. Kuvshinov, B. Langlais, J.-M. Léger, V. Lesur, P. W. Livermore, F. J. Lowes, S. Macmillan, W. Magnes, M. Mandea, S. Marsal, J. Matzka, M. C. Metman, T. Minami, A. Morschhauser, J. E. Mound, M. Nair, S. Nakano, N. Olsen, F. J. Pavón-Carrasco, V. G. Petrov, G. Ropp, M. Rother, T. J. Sabaka, S. Sanchez, D. Saturnino, N. R. Schnepf, X. Shen, C. Stolle, A. Tangborn, L. Tøffner-Clausen, H. Toh, J. M. Torta, J. Varner, F. Vervelidou, P. Vigneron, I. Wardinski, J. Wicht, A. Woods, Y. Yang, Z. Zeren, B. Zhou |
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Title |
International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Earth, Planets and Space |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
49 |
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Geomagnetism IGRF Magnetic field modeling |
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Abstract |
In December 2019, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Division V Working Group (V-MOD) adopted the thirteenth generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). This IGRF updates the previous generation with a definitive main field model for epoch 2015.0, a main field model for epoch 2020.0, and a predictive linear secular variation for 2020.0 to 2025.0. This letter provides the equations defining the IGRF, the spherical harmonic coefficients for this thirteenth generation model, maps of magnetic declination, inclination and total field intensity for the epoch 2020.0, and maps of their predicted rate of change for the 2020.0 to 2025.0 time period. |
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139 |
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1880-5981 |
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yes |
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8085 |
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Author |
C. Albert, V. S. Bråthen, S. Descamps, T. Anker-Nilssen, A. Cherenkov, S. Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. Danielsen, K. E. Erikstad, M. Gavrilo, S. A. Hanssen, H. H. Helgason, J. E. Jónsson, Y. Kolbeinsson, Y. Krasnov, M. Langset, E. Lorentzen, B. Olsen, T. K. Reiertsen, H. Strøm, G. H. Systad, G. Tertitski, P. M. Thompson, T. L. Thórarinsson, P. Bustamante, B. Moe, J. Fort |
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Inter-annual variation in winter distribution affects individual seabird contamination with mercury |
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2021 |
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Marine Ecology Progress Series |
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676 |
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243-254 |
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Biologging Feathers Migration North Atlantic-Arctic Pollutant |
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Migratory seabirds are exposed to various pollutants throughout their annual cycle. Among them, mercury (Hg) is of particular concern given its large impact on animal health. Recent studies suggest that winter is a critical period for seabirds when contamination by Hg can be higher than at other times of year. However, individuals within and between species can have different migration strategies and winter distributions that could affect their exposure. Here, we combined multi-year individual tracking data and Hg measurements from 6 Arctic seabird species. We investigated whether inter-annual variations in individual winter contamination with Hg was related to seabird fidelity to a wintering site over years. First, our results show that Hg concentrations above the toxicity threshold (i.e. 5 µg g-1 dry weight in feathers) were observed in variable proportions according to species (from 2% of northern fulmars to 37% of Brünnich’s guillemots). Second, individuals with high fidelity to a wintering ground had more similar Hg concentrations among years compared to individuals with low fidelity, suggesting an effect of their migratory strategy on Hg contamination. Further, we found that the directional change in wintering areas among years influenced seabird Hg contamination, highlighting an additional effect of seabirds’ winter distribution. More specifically, individuals migrating to the northwest direction of a previous wintering ground tended to be more contaminated compared to those moving to eastern directions. These results confirm spatial differences in Hg concentration throughout the North Atlantic-Arctic and an east-west gradient increase in Hg concentrations. Verifying this trend will require more large-scale ecotoxicological studies at smaller spatial resolution. |
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0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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7978 |
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