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C. Genthon, D. Six, C. Scarchilli, V. Ciardini and M. Frezzotti |
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Title  |
Meteorological and snow accumulation gradients across Dome C, East Antarctic plateau |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
International journal of climatology |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
1 |
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In situ observations show that snow accumulation is ∼10% larger 25 km north than south of the summit of Dome C on the east antarctic plateau. The mean wind direction is southerly. Although a slight slope-related diverging katabatic flow component is detectable, the area is an essentially flat (∼10 m elevation change or less) homogeneous snow surface. The European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts meteorological analyses data reproduce a significant accumulationgradient and suggest that 90% of the the mean accumulation results from the 25% largest precipitation events. During these events, air masses originate from coastal areas in the north rather than from inland in the south. Radiative cooling condensation occurs on the way across the dome and as the moisture reservoir is depleted less snow is dumped 25 km south than north, withlittle direct impact from the local (50-km scale) topography. Air masses are warmer on average, and warmer north than south, when originating from the coast. This marginally affects the mean temperature gradients. The moisture gradients are more affected because moisture is nonlinearly related to temperature: the mean atmospheric moisture is larger north than south.Significant meteorological and hydrological gradients over such relatively small distances (50 km) over locally flat region may be an issue when interpreting ice cores: although cores are drilled at the top of domes and ridges where the slopes andelevation gradients are minimal, they sample small surfaces in areas affected by significant eteorological and hydrologicalspatial gradients. |
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411 |
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0899-8418 |
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yes |
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6534 |
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Frederiksen, M., Descamps, S., Erikstad, K. E., Gaston, A. J., Gilchrist, H. G., Grémillet, D., ... & Thórarinsson, T.L. |
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Title |
Migration and wintering of a declining seabird, the thick-billed murre Uria lomvia, on an ocean basin scale: Conservation implications |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Biological conservation |
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Volume |
200 |
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26-35 |
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Pelagic seabirds are exposed to an array of potential threats during the non-breeding period, and effective management of these threats on a large scale requires knowledge of which populations winter where. Thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) are emblematic of this conservation challenge, since they breed widely in the circumpolar Arctic, with many declining populations in the Atlantic. Threats facing murres include hunting, oil spills, bycatch and oceanic change influencing prey availability. Previous knowledge of migration pathways was insufficient to estimate the composition of various wintering populations. We collated tracking data (light-based geolocation) of 320 murres from 18 colonies in Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard and mainland Norway. Data were combined with breeding population counts to estimate the size and composition of wintering populations. The main wintering areas were off Newfoundland and Labrador, off West Greenland, and around Iceland. Winter areas were associated with the interface between High and Low Arctic ocean regimes. There was strong correspondence between wintering area and breeding population status: stable populations breeding in Canada and Northwest Greenland wintered mainly off Canada, whereas declining populations from Svalbard and Iceland wintered mainly off West Greenland and around Iceland. Many populations used distinct post-breeding areas, presumably for moulting; some of these areas were previously unknown. In some populations, there was a clear tendency for females to migrate south earlier than males, which accompany flightless fledglings when they leave the colony. Our study provides a key example of the urgency of coordinated, transoceanic management of vulnerable migratory species such as seabirds. |
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388 |
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0006-3207 |
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6521 |
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Amélineau, F., Bonnet, D., Heitz, O., Mortreux, V., Harding, A.M.A., Karnovsky, N., Walkusz, W., Fort, J., Grémillet, D |
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Title |
Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Environmental pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ. Pollut. |
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Volume |
219 |
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Pages |
1131-1139 |
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Microplastics have been reported everywhere around the globe. With very limited human activities, the Arctic is distant from major sources of microplastics. However, microplastic ingestions have been found in several Arctic marine predators, confirming their presence in this region. Nonetheless, existing information for the Arctic remains scarce, thus there is an urgent need to quantify the contamination of marine waters in this part of the world. In this context, we studied microplastic abundance and composition within the zooplankton community off East Greenland. For the same area, we concurrently evaluated microplastic contamination of little auks (Alle alle), an Arctic seabird feeding on zooplankton while diving between 0-50 m. The study took place off East Greenland in July 2005 and 2014, under strongly contrasted sea ice conditions. Among all samples, 97.2 % of the debris found were filaments. Despite the remoteness of our study area, microplastic abundances were comparable to those of other ocean basins, with 0.99 ± 0.62m-3 in the presence of sea-ice (2005), and 2.38 ± 1.11m-3 in the nearby absence of sea-ice (2014). These results suggest that sea ice can represent a sink for microplastic particles, which are subsequently released to the water column upon the melting. Crucially, all birds studied had eaten plastic filaments, and little auks collected significantly higher levels of microplastics compared to background levels with 9.99 and 8.99 pieces per chick meal in 2005 and 2014, respectively. Importantly, we also demonstrated that little auks more often take light colored microplastics, rather than darker ones, strongly suggesting an active contamination with birds mistaking microplastics for their natural prey. Overall, our study stresses the great vulnerability of Arctic marine species to microplastic pollution in a warming Arctic, where sea-ice melting is expected to release vast volumes of trapped debris. |
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388 |
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0269-7491 |
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yes |
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6519 |
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Angot, H., Dion, I., Vogel, N., Legrand, M., Magand, O., Dommergue, A. |
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Title |
Multi-year record of atmospheric mercury at Dumont d'Urville, East Antarctic coast: continental outflow and oceanic influences |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Atmospheric chemistry and physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
1680-7316 |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
8265-8279 |
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Abstract |
Under the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, a 3.5-year record of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) has been gathered at Dumont d'Urville (DDU, 66°40′ S, 140°01′ E, 43 m above sea level) on the East Antarctic coast. Additionally, surface snow samples were collected in February 2009 during a traverse between Concordia Station located on the East Antarctic plateau and DDU. The record of atmospheric Hg(0) at DDU reveals particularities that are not seen at other coastal sites: a gradual decrease of concentrations over the course of winter, and a daily maximum concentration around midday in summer. Additionally, total mercury concentrations in surface snow samples were particularly elevated near DDU (up to 194.4 ng L−1) as compared to measurements at other coastal Antarctic sites. These differences can be explained by the more frequent arrival of inland air masses at DDU than at other coastal sites. This confirms the influence of processes observed on the Antarctic plateau on the cycle of atmospheric mercury at a continental scale, especially in areas subject to recurrent katabatic winds. DDU is also influenced by oceanic air masses and our data suggest that the ocean plays a dual role on Hg(0) concentrations. The open ocean may represent a source of atmospheric Hg(0) in summer whereas the sea-ice surface may provide reactive halogens in spring that can oxidize Hg(0). This paper also discusses implications for coastal Antarctic ecosystems and for the cycle of atmospheric mercury in high southern latitudes. |
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1028 |
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1680-7316 |
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yes |
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6562 |
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Kernaléguen Laëtitia, Cherel Yves, Guinet Christophe, Arnould John PY |
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Title |
Mating success and body condition not related to foraging specializations in male fur seals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Royal society open science |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
160143 |
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Abstract |
Individual specialization is widespread among wild populations. While its fitness consequences are central in predicting the ecological and evolutionary trajectories of populations, they remain poorly understood. Long-term individual foraging specializations occur in male Antarctic (Arctocephalus gazella) and Australian (A. pusillus doriferus) fur seals. Strong selective pressure is expected in these highly dimorphic and polygynous species, raising the question of the fitness payoffs associated with different foraging strategies. We investigated the relationship between individual isotopic niche (a proxy of foraging specialization), body size and condition, and an index of reproductive success (harem size) in territorial males. Individuals varied greatly in their skin and fur isotopic values reflecting a range of foraging strategies within the two populations. However, in both species, isotopic niche was not correlated to body size, condition or mating success (R2/ρ < 0.06). Furthermore, no foraging niche was predominant in either species, which would have indicated a substantial long-term fitness benefit of a particular strategy via a higher survival rate. These results suggest that the fitness consequences of a foraging strategy depend not only on the quality of prey and feeding habitat but also on an individual's hunting efficiency and skills. |
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109 |
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ISSN |
2054-5703 |
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yes |
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6540 |
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Angot, H., Magand, O., Helmig, D., Ricaud, P., Quennehen, B., Gallée, H., Del Guasta, M., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Savarino, J., Dommergue, A. |
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Title |
New insights into the atmospheric mercury cycling in central Antarctica and implications on a continental scale |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Atmospheric chemistry and physics |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
8249-8264 |
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Abstract |
Under the framework of the GMOS project (Global Mercury Observation System) atmospheric mercury monitoring has been implemented at Concordia Station on the high-altitude Antarctic plateau (75°06′ S, 123°20′ E, 3220 m above sea level). We report here the first year-round measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the atmosphere and in snowpack interstitial air on the East Antarctic ice sheet. This unique data set shows evidence of an intense oxidation of atmospheric Hg(0) in summer (24-hour daylight) due to the high oxidative capacity of the Antarctic plateau atmosphere in this period of the year. Summertime Hg(0) concentrations exhibited a pronounced daily cycle in ambient air with maximal concentrations around midday. Photochemical reactions and chemical exchange at the air–snow interface were prominent, highlighting the role of the snowpack on the atmospheric mercury cycle. Our observations reveal a 20 to 30 % decrease of atmospheric Hg(0) concentrations from May to mid-August (winter, 24 h darkness). This phenomenon has not been reported elsewhere and possibly results from the dry deposition of Hg(0) onto the snowpack. We also reveal the occurrence of multi-day to weeklong atmospheric Hg(0) depletion events in summer, not associated with depletions of ozone, and likely due to a stagnation of air masses above the plateau triggering an accumulation of oxidants within the shallow boundary layer. Our observations suggest that the inland atmospheric reservoir is depleted in Hg(0) in summer. Due to katabatic winds flowing out from the Antarctic plateau down the steep vertical drops along the coast and according to observations at coastal Antarctic stations, the striking reactivity observed on the plateau most likely influences the cycle of atmospheric mercury on a continental scale. |
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1028 |
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1680-7316 |
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yes |
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6561 |
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Ellis L.T., Alataş M., Asthana A.K., Rawat K.K.,Sahu V., Srivastava A., Bakalin V.A., Batan N., Bednarek-Ochyra H., Bester S.P., Borovichev E.A., De Beer D., Enroth J., Erzberger P., Fedosov V.E., Feuillet-Hurtado C., Gradstein S.R., Gremmen N.J.M., Hedenäs L., Katagiri T., Yamaguchi T., Lebouvier M., Maity D., Mesterházy, Müller F., Natcheva R., Németh Cs., Opisso J., Özdemir T., Erata H., Parnikoza I., Plášek V., Sabovljević S., Sabovljević A.D., Saha P. Nehal Aziz Md, Schröder W., Váňa J., van Rooy J., Wang J., Yoon Y.-J., Kim J.H. |
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Title |
New national and regional bryophyte records, 47 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of bryology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Bryol. |
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Volume |
38 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
151-167 |
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136 |
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0373-6687 |
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yes |
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6549 |
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Jun Xie, Yingjie Yang and Sidao Ni |
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On the accuracy of long-period Rayleigh waves extractedfrom ambient noise |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
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Geophysical journal international |
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Volume |
206 |
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1 |
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133 |
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0956-540X |
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yes |
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6557 |
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Eduardo Dopico & Eva Garcia-Vazquez |
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Title |
Outreach channels for polar science: an expedition to Kerguelen Islands as a case study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
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Advances in polar science |
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31-38 |
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This paper reviews the major contributions made by Norwegian scientists to Arctic environmental sciences since the 1880s.The review begins with the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882-83. It then considers the 1890s to 1920s with the scientific expeditions focusing on ocean and sea ice conditions of Nansen, Amundsen and H. Sverdrup, and the mapping of the Queen Elizabeth Islands by Otto Sverdrup and colleagues. The period from 1911 to the mid-1920s also witnessed annual expeditions to Svalbard led by Adolf Hoel. The 1930s to 1945 period encompassed the Second International Polar Year when Arctic weather stations were established or maintained. The time interval post-World War II to 2000 witnessed major advancesmade possible by technical and organizational innovations. The establishment of the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1948 led to extensive research on the glaciers and snow cover in the Svalbard archipelago and to oceanographic and sea ice research in the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. Remote sensing methods began to be widely used from the 1980s. The new millennium saw theundertaking of the third IPY and a shift to multinational projects. New fields such as ocean–ice–atmosphere variability became active and there was much attention to high-latitude climate change in the context of global warming. |
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1041 |
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1674-9928 |
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6531 |
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Ledevin R., Chevret P., Ganem G., Britton-Davidian J., Hardouin E.A., Chapuis J.-L., Pisanu B., da Luz Mathias M., Schlager S., Auffray J.-C., Renaud S. |
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Title |
Phylogeny and adaptation shape the teeth of insular mice |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
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Proceedings of the royal society b-biological sciences |
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Volume |
283 |
Issue |
1824 |
Pages |
20152820 |
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By accompanying human travels since prehistorical times, the house mouse dispersed widely throughout the world, and colonized many islands. The origin of the travellers determined the phylogenetic source of the insular mice, which encountered diverse ecological and environmental conditions on the various islands. Insular mice are thus an exceptional model to disentangle the relative role of phylogeny, ecology and climate in evolution. Molar shape is known to vary according to phylogeny and to respond to adaptation. Using for the first time a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach, compared with a classical two-dimensional quantification, the relative effects of size variation, phylogeny, climate and ecology were investigated on molar shape diversity across a variety of islands. Phylogeny emerged as the factor of prime importance in shaping the molar. Changes in competition level, mostly driven by the presence or absence of the wood mouse on the different islands, appeared as the second most important effect. Climate and size differences accounted for slight shape variation. This evidences a balanced role of random differentiation related to history of colonization, and of adaptation possibly related to resource exploitation. |
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0962-8452 |
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yes |
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6564 |
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