Blanchard P., Lauzeral C., Chamaillé-Jammes S., Yoccoz N.G., Pontier D. . (2016). Analyzing the proximity to cover in a landscape of fear: a new approach applied to fine-scale habitat use by rabbits facing feral cat predation on Kerguelen archipelago. Peerj, 4, e1769.
Abstract: Although proximity to cover has been routinely considered as an explanatory variable in studies investigating prey behavioral adjustments to predation pressure, the way it shapes risk perception still remains equivocal. This paradox arises from both the ambivalent nature of cover as potentially both obstructive and protective, making its impact on risk perception complex and context-dependent, and from the choice of the proxy used to measure proximity to cover in the field, which leads to an incomplete picture of the landscape of fear experienced by the prey. Here, we study a simple predator-prey-habitat system, i.e., rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus facing feral cat Felis catus predation on Kerguelen archipelago. We assess how cover shapes risk perception in prey and develop an easily implementable field method to improve the estimation of proximity to cover. In contrast to protocols considering the “distance to nearest cover”, we focus on the overall “area to cover”. We show that fine-scale habitat use by rabbits is clearly related to our measure, in accordance with our hypothesis of higher risk in patches with smaller area to cover in this predator-prey-habitat system. In contrast, classical measures of proximity to cover are not retained in the best predictive models of habitat use. The use of this new approach, together with a more in-depth consideration of contrasting properties of cover, could help to better understand the role of this complex yet decisive parameter for predator-prey ecology.
Programme: 279
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Teten'kin A., Smith H.L., Henry A.. (2016). Archaeological evidence for the construction of artificial structures at the Kovrizhka site, Siberia, during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. . Paleoamerica, .
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V. Favier, D. Verfaillie, E. Berthier, M. Menegoz, V. Jomelli, J. E. Kay, L. Ducret, Y. Malbéteau, D. Brunstein, H. Gallée, Y.-H. Park & V. Rinterknecht. (2016). Atmospheric drying as the main driver of dramatic glacier wastage in the southern Indian Ocean. Scientific reports, 6, 32396.
Abstract: The ongoing retreat of glaciers at southern sub-polar latitudes is particularly rapid and widespread. Akin to northern sub-polar latitudes, this retreat is generally assumed to be linked to warming.
Programme: 1154
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Martin Vallée and Vincent Douet. (2016). A new database of source time functions (STFs) extracted from the SCARDEC method. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors, 257, 149–157.
Abstract: SCARDEC method (Vallée et al., 2011) offers a natural access to the earthquakes source time functions (STFs), together with the 1st order earthquake source parameters (seismic moment, depth and focal mechanism). This article first aims at presenting some new approaches and related implementations done in order to automatically provide broadband STFs with the SCARDEC method, both for moderate and very large earthquakes. The updated method has been applied to all earthquakes above magnitude 5.8 contained in the NEIC-PDE catalog since 1992, providing a new consistent catalog of source parameters associated with STFs. This represents today a large catalog (2782 events on 2014/12/31) that we plan to update on a regular basis. It is made available through a web interface whose functionalities are described here.
Programme: 133
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Hindell Mark A., McMahon Clive R., Bester Marthán N., Boehme Lars, Costa Daniel, Fedak Mike A., Guinet Christophe, Herraiz-Borreguero Laura, Harcourt Robert G., Huckstadt Luis, Kovacs Kit M., Lydersen Christian, McIntyre Trevor, Muelbert Monica, Patterson Toby, Roquet Fabien, Williams Guy, Charrassin Jean-Benoît. (2016). Circumpolar habitat use in the southern elephant seal: implications for foraging success and population trajectories. Ecosphere, 7(5).
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Bourriquen M., Baltzer A., Mercier D., Fournier J., Pérez L., Haquin S., Bernard E., Jensen M.. (2016). Coastal evolution and sedimentary mobility of Brøgger Peninsula, north-west Spitsbergen. Polar biology, .
Abstract: Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA), Svalbard glaciers have undergone a net retreat in response to changing meteorological conditions. Located between 76°N and 80°N, western Spitsbergen has seen a climatic transition from a glacial to a paraglacial system. On the northern shore of the Brøgger Peninsula (northwest Spitsbergen), the average temperature increased by 3 °C between 1965 and 2015, and cold-based valley glaciers have retreated more than 1 km from their LIA limits. This rapid deglaciation has exposed large areas of glacigenic sediments being easily reworked by runoff. This has led to the formation of extensive glacier-river delta systems and coastal progradation. Post-LIA coastal progradation and formation of new landforms in Kongsfjorden have been controlled predominantly by substantial availability of glacial sediment. A combination of aerial photographic and field data has been employed to estimate the post-LIA evolution of coastal sandur deltas and their submarine parts (named here “prodeltas”). The data set reveals that delta shoreline advance could have reached around 5 m/year. between 1966 and 1990 for the most energetic delta of Austre Lovenbreen, and around 4 m/year between 2011 and 2014 for the most energetic delta of Midtre Lovenbreen. The prodeltas registered a net growth from 2009 to 2012: the biggest, located in the prolongation of deltas of Austre Lovenbreen, measured 1033 m in length in 2009 and 1180 m in length in 2012. This substantial amount of sediment supplied in the fjord has an impact on the fjord ecology, especially on the benthic ecosystem.
Programme: 1172
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C. Larose, A. Morris, T. M. Vogel. (2016). Carbon and temperature effects on microbial communities living in the snow.
Abstract: This is a presentation given at the ISME meeting in Montreal, August 2016
Programme: 399
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Fort, J., Grémillet, D., Traisnel, G., Amélineau, F., & Bustamante, P. . (2016). Does temporal variation of mercury levels in Arctic seabirds reflect changes in global environmental contamination, or a modification of Arctic marine food web functioning?. Environmental pollution, 211, 382–388.
Abstract: Studying long-term trends of contaminants in Arctic biota is essential to better understand impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on the exposure of sensitive species and marine ecosystems. We concurrently measured temporal changes (2006–2014) in mercury (Hg) contamination of little auks (Alle alle; the most abundant Arctic seabird) and in their major zooplankton prey species (Calanoid copepods, Themisto libellula, Gammarus spp.). We found an increasing contamination of the food-chain in East Greenland during summer over the last decade. More specifically, bird contamination (determined by body feather analyses) has increased at a rate of 3.4% per year. Conversely, bird exposure to Hg during winter in the northwest Atlantic (determined by head feather analyses) decreased over the study period (at a rate of 1.5% per year), although winter concentrations remained consistently higher than during summer. By combining mercury levels measured in birds and zooplankton to isotopic analyses, our results demonstrate that inter-annual variations of Hg levels in little auks reflect changes in food-chain contamination, rather than a reorganization of the food web and a modification of seabird trophic ecology. They therefore underline the value of little auks, and Arctic seabirds in general, as bio-indicators of long-term changes in environmental contamination.
Programme: 388
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Orgeret, F., Weimerskirch, H. & Bost, C.A. . (2016). Early diving behaviour in juvenile penguins: improvement or selection processes. . Biol. Lett., 12(8), 20160490.
Abstract: The early life stage of long-lived species is critical to the viability of population,but is poorly understood. Longitudinal studies are needed to test whether juveniles are less efficient foragers than adults as has been hypothesized.We measured changes in the diving behaviour of 17 one-year-old king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus at Crozet Islands (subantartic archipelago)during their first months at sea, using miniaturized tags that transmitted diving activity in real time. We also equipped five non-breederadults with the same tags for comparison. The data on foraging performance revealed two groups of juveniles. The first group made shallower and shorter dives that may be indicative of early mortality while the second group progressively increased their diving depths and durations, and survived the first months at sea. This surviving group of juveniles required the same recovery durations as adults, but typically performed shallower and shorter dives. There is thereby a relationship between improved diving behaviour and survival in young penguins. This long period ofimproving diving performance in the juvenile life stage is potentially a critical period for the survival of deep avian divers and may have implications for their ability to adapt to environmental change.
Programme: 394
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Papierok B., Dedryver C.-A., Hullé M.. (2016). First records of aphid-pathogenic Entomophthorales in the sub-Antarctic archipelagos of Crozet and Kerguelen. Polar research, 35.
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