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Author |
Steen-Larsen H C, Masson-Delmotte V, Sjolte J, Johnsen S J, Vinther B M, Bron F-M, Clausen H B, Dahl-Jensen D, Falourd S, Fettweis X, Galle H, Jouzel J, Kageyama M, Lerche H, Minster B, Picard G, Punge H J, Risi C, Salas D, Schwander J, Steffen K, Sveinbjrnsdttir A E, Svensson A, White J, |
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Title  |
Understanding the climatic signal in the water stable isotope records from the NEEM shallow firn/ice cores in northwest Greenland
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
J. Geophys. Res. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geol. |
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Volume |
116 |
Issue |
D6 |
Pages |
D06108 - |
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Keywords |
NEEM, ice cores, Greenland, 3305 Atmospheric Processes: Climate change and variability, 0724 Cryosphere: Ice cores, 3307 Atmospheric Processes: Boundary layer processes, 1863 Hydrology: Snow and ice, 3344 Atmospheric Processes: Paleoclimatology, |
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Abstract |
Samples of precipitation and atmospheric water vapor were collected together with shallow firn/ice cores as part of the new deep drilling project in northwest Greenland: the NEEM project. These samples were analyzed for their isotope composition to understand the processes affecting the climatic signal archived in the water stable isotope records from the NEEM deep ice core. The dominant moisture source for the snow deposited at the NEEM-site may be originating as far south as 35N from the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. The surface atmospheric water vapor appears in isotopic equilibrium with the snow surface indicating a large water exchange between the atmosphere and snowpack. The interannual variability of NEEM shallow firn/ice cores stable isotope data covering the last ~40 years shows an unexpectedly weak NAO signal. Regional to global atmospheric models simulate a dominant summer precipitation in the NEEM area, suggesting that the intermittency of modern winter precipitation is responsible for the lack of a strong NAO imprint. The interannual variability of NEEM isotope data however shows a strong correlation with interannual variations of Baffin Bay sea ice cover, a relationship consistent with air mass trajectories. NEEM deep ice core isotopic records may therefore provide detailed information on past Baffin Bay sea ice extent. NEEM stable water isotope content increasing trend points to a local warming trend of ~3.0C over the last 40 years.
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458 |
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AGU |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
2496 |
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Author |
Risi Camille, Landais Amaelle, Bony Sandrine, Jouzel Jean, Masson-Delmotte Valrie, Vimeux Franoise, |
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Title |
Understanding the 17O excess glacial-interglacial variations in Vostok precipitation
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
J. Geophys. Res. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
115 |
Issue |
D10 |
Pages |
D10112 - |
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Keywords |
17 O excess, ice core isotopic composition, surface relative humidity, 4932 Paleoceanography: Ice cores, 0454 Biogeosciences: Isotopic composition and chemistry, 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, 1655 Global Change: Water cycles, 3344 Atmospheric Processes: Paleoclimatology, |
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Abstract |
Combined measurements of δ18O, δ17O, and δD in ice cores, leading to d excess and 17O excess, are expected to provide new constraints on the water cycle and past climates. We explore different processes, both in the source regions and during the poleward transport, that could explain the 17O excess increase by 20 per meg observed from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to Early Holocene (EH) at the Vostok station. Using a single-column model over tropical and subtropical oceans, we show that the relative humidity at the surface is the main factor controlling 17O excess in source regions. Then, using a Rayleigh-type model, we show that the 17O excess signal from the source region is preserved in the polar snowfall, contrary to d excess. Evaporative recharge over mid and high latitudes and δ18O seasonality in polar regions can also affect the Vostok 17O excess but cannot account for most of the 20 per meg deglacial increase from LGM to EH. On the other hand, a decrease of the relative humidity at the surface (rhs) by 8 to 22% would explain the observed change in 17O excess. Such a change would not necessarily be incompatible with a nearly unchanged boundary layer relative humidity, if the surface thermodynamic disequilibrium decreased by 4C. Such a change in rhs would affect source and polar temperatures reconstructions from δ18O and d excess measurements, strengthening the interest of 17O excess measurements to better constrain such changes.
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458 |
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AGU |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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Serial |
201 |
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Author |
Chenuil Anne, Saucède Thomas, Hemery Lenaïg G., Eléaume Marc, Féral Jean‐Pierre, Améziane Nadia, David Bruno, Lecointre Guillaume, Havermans Charlotte |
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Title |
Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Biological Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
481-504 |
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Keywords |
adaptive radiation competition diversification ecological niche endemicity extinction life‐history trait phylogeny |
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Abstract |
Species flocks (SFs) fascinate evolutionary biologists who wonder whether such striking diversification can be driven by normal evolutionary processes. Multiple definitions of SFs have hindered the study of their origins. Previous studies identified a monophyletic taxon as a SF if it displays high speciosity in an area in which it is endemic (criterion 1), high ecological diversity among species (criterion 2), and if it dominates the habitat in terms of biomass (criterion 3); we used these criteria in our analyses. Our starting hypothesis is that normal evolutionary processes may provide a sufficient explanation for most SFs. We thus clearly separate each criterion and identify which biological (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) traits are most favourable to their realization. The first part focuses on evolutionary processes. We highlight that some popular putative causes of SFs, such as key innovations or ecological speciation, are neither necessary nor sufficient to fulfill some or all of the three criteria. Initial differentiation mechanisms are diverse and difficult to identify a posteriori because a primary differentiation of one type (genetic, ecological or geographical) often promotes other types of differentiation. Furthermore, the criteria are not independent: positive feedbacks between speciosity and ecological diversity among species are expected whatever the initial cause of differentiation, and ecological diversity should enhance habitat dominance at the clade level. We then identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that favour each criterion. Low dispersal emerges as a convincing driver of speciosity. Except for a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation, for which assessment is difficult, high effective population sizes are the single intrinsic factor that directly enhances speciosity, ecological diversity and habitat dominance. No extrinsic factor appeared to enhance all criteria simultaneously but a combination of factors (insularity, fragmentation and environmental stability) may favour the three criteria, although the effect is indirect for habitat dominance. We then apply this analytical framework to Antarctic marine environments by analysing data from 18 speciose clades belonging to echinoderms (five unrelated clades), notothenioid fishes (five clades) and peracarid crustaceans (eight clades). Antarctic shelf environments and history appear favourable to endemicity and speciosity, but not to ecological specialization. Two main patterns are distinguished among taxa. (i) In echinoderms, many brooding, species?rich and endemic clades are reported, but without remarkable ecological diversity or habitat dominance. In these taxa, loss of the larval stage is probably a consequence of past Antarctic environmental factors, and brooding is suggested to be responsible for enhanced allopatric speciation (via dispersal limitation). (ii) In notothenioids and peracarids, many clades fulfill all three SF criteria. This could result from unusual features in fish and crustaceans: chromosome instability and key innovations (antifreeze proteins) in notothenioids, ecological opportunity in peracarids, and a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation in both groups. Therefore, the data do not support our starting point that normal evolutionary factors or processes drive SFs because in these two groups uncommon intrinsic features or ecological opportunity provide the best explanation. The utility of the three?criterion SF concept is therefore questioned and guidelines are given for future studies. |
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1044 |
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ISSN |
1464-7931 |
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1464-7931 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
6688 |
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Author |
Shaojie Song, Hélène Angot, Noelle E. Selin, Hubert Gallée, Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Detlev Helmig, Joël Savarino, Olivier Magand, Aurélien Dommergue |
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Title |
Understanding mercury oxidation and air–snow exchange on the East Antarctic Plateau: a modeling study |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
18 |
Issue |
21 |
Pages |
15825-15840 |
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Abstract |
Abstract. Distinct diurnal and seasonal variations of mercury (Hg) have been observed in near-surface air at Concordia Station on the East Antarctic Plateau, but the processes controlling these characteristics are not well understood. Here, we use a box model to interpret the
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Programme |
1177,1028 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1680-7316 |
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1680-7316 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7518 |
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Author |
Masson-Delmotte V., Steen-Larsen H.-C., Zanetti N., Cattani O., Maturilli M., Debatin S., Terzer S., Bonne J.-L., et Schneider M |
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Title |
Understanding climatic controls on Svalbard water vapour and precipitation isotopic composition |
Type |
Conference - International - Communication |
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Year |
2015 |
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Abstract |
EGU General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 2015
in: EGU2015-14472-1 |
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1134 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6040 |
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Author |
Angélique Melet, Benoit Meyssignac, Rafael Almar, Gonéri Le Cozannet |
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Title |
Under-estimated wave contribution to coastal sea-level rise |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Nature Climate Change |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
234–239 |
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Abstract |
Coastal communities are threatened by sea-level changes operating at various spatial scales; global to regional variations are associated with glacier and ice sheet loss and ocean thermal expansion, while smaller coastal-scale variations are also related to atmospheric surges, tides and waves. Here, using 23 years (1993–2015) of global coastal sea-level observations, we examine the contribution of these latter processes to long-term sea-level rise, which, to date, have been relatively less explored. It is found that wave contributions can strongly dampen or enhance the effects of thermal expansion and land ice loss on coastal water-level changes at interannual-to-multidecadal timescales. Along the US West Coast, for example, negative wave-induced trends dominate, leading to negative net water-level trends. Accurate estimates of past, present and future coastal sea-level rise therefore need to consider low-frequency contributions of wave set-up and swash. |
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Programme |
688 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1758-6798 |
ISBN |
1758-6798 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7045 |
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Author |
Sara Labrousse, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Phillip Reid, Michael Sumner, Christophe Guinet, Robert Harcourt, Clive McMahon, Frédéric Bailleul, Mark A. Hindell, Jean-Benoit Charrassin |
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Title |
Under the sea ice: Exploring the relationship between sea ice and the foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals in East Antarctica |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Progress in Oceanography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
156 |
Issue |
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Pages |
17-40 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Investigating ecological relationships between predators and their environment is essential to understand the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability and change. This is particularly true in polar regions, where sea ice (a sensitive climate variable) plays a crucial yet highly dynamic and variable role in how it influences the whole marine ecosystem, from phytoplankton to top predators. For mesopredators such as seals, sea ice both supports a rich (under-ice) food resource, access to which depends on local to regional coverage and conditions. Here, we investigate sex-specific relationships between the foraging strategies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in winter and spatio-temporal variability in sea ice concentration (SIC) and coverage in East Antarctica. We satellite-tracked 46 individuals undertaking post-moult trips in winter from Kerguelen Islands to the peri-Antarctic shelf between 2004 and 2014. These data indicate distinct general patterns of sea ice usage: while females tended to follow the sea ice edge as it extended northward, the males remained on the continental shelf despite increasing sea ice. Seal hunting time, a proxy of foraging activity inferred from the diving behaviour, was longer for females in late autumn in the outer part of the pack ice, ∼150–370km south of the ice edge. Within persistent regions of compact sea ice, females had a longer foraging activity (i) in the highest sea ice concentration at their position, but (ii) their foraging activity was longer when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30days & 50km). The high spatio-temporal variability of sea ice around female positions is probably a key factor allowing them to exploit these concentrated patches. Despite lack of information on prey availability, females may exploit mesopelagic finfishes and squids that concentrate near the ice-water interface or within the water column (from diurnal vertical migration) in the pack ice region, likely attracted by an ice algal autumn bloom that sustains an under-ice ecosystem. In contrast, male foraging effort increased when they remained deep within the sea ice (420–960km from the ice edge) over the shelf. Males had a longer foraging activity (i) in the lowest sea ice concentration at their position, and (ii) when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30days & 50km) presumably in polynyas or flaw leads between land fast and pack ice. This provides access to zones of enhanced resources in autumn or in early spring such as polynyas, the Antarctic shelf and slope. Our results suggest that some seals utilized a highly sea ice covered environment, which is key for their foraging effort, sustaining or concentrating resources during winter. |
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Programme |
109 |
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ISSN |
0079-6611 |
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0079-6611 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
6643 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Sara Labrousse, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Phillip Reid, Michael Sumner, Christophe Guinet, Robert Harcourt, Clive McMahon, Frédéric Bailleul, Mark A. Hindell, Jean-Benoit Charrassin |
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Title |
Under the sea ice: Exploring the relationship between sea ice and the foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals in East Antarctica |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Progress in Oceanography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
156 |
Issue |
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Pages |
17-40 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Investigating ecological relationships between predators and their environment is essential to understand the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability and change. This is particularly true in polar regions, where sea ice (a sensitive climate variable) plays a crucial yet highly dynamic and variable role in how it influences the whole marine ecosystem, from phytoplankton to top predators. For mesopredators such as seals, sea ice both supports a rich (under-ice) food resource, access to which depends on local to regional coverage and conditions. Here, we investigate sex-specific relationships between the foraging strategies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in winter and spatio-temporal variability in sea ice concentration (SIC) and coverage in East Antarctica. We satellite-tracked 46 individuals undertaking post-moult trips in winter from Kerguelen Islands to the peri-Antarctic shelf between 2004 and 2014. These data indicate distinct general patterns of sea ice usage: while females tended to follow the sea ice edge as it extended northward, the males remained on the continental shelf despite increasing sea ice. Seal hunting time, a proxy of foraging activity inferred from the diving behaviour, was longer for females in late autumn in the outer part of the pack ice, ∼150–370km south of the ice edge. Within persistent regions of compact sea ice, females had a longer foraging activity (i) in the highest sea ice concentration at their position, but (ii) their foraging activity was longer when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30days & 50km). The high spatio-temporal variability of sea ice around female positions is probably a key factor allowing them to exploit these concentrated patches. Despite lack of information on prey availability, females may exploit mesopelagic finfishes and squids that concentrate near the ice-water interface or within the water column (from diurnal vertical migration) in the pack ice region, likely attracted by an ice algal autumn bloom that sustains an under-ice ecosystem. In contrast, male foraging effort increased when they remained deep within the sea ice (420–960km from the ice edge) over the shelf. Males had a longer foraging activity (i) in the lowest sea ice concentration at their position, and (ii) when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30days & 50km) presumably in polynyas or flaw leads between land fast and pack ice. This provides access to zones of enhanced resources in autumn or in early spring such as polynyas, the Antarctic shelf and slope. Our results suggest that some seals utilized a highly sea ice covered environment, which is key for their foraging effort, sustaining or concentrating resources during winter. |
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Programme |
109 |
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0079-6611 |
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0079-6611 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7167 |
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Author |
Duhamel G., Fitch S., Purves M. & Watkins B. |
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Title |
Undeclared catches of Dissostichus eleginoides (compilation of available data) – report of the subgroup on 144 fisheries. |
Type |
Report |
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Year |
1999 |
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Pages |
13 |
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Abstract |
W6. FSA 99-51 |
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180 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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yes |
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778 |
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Author |
Gisele P. M. Dantas, Larissa R. Oliveira, Amanda M. Santos, Mariana D. Flores, Daniella R. de Melo, Alejandro Simeone, Daniel González-Acuña, Guillermo Luna-Jorquera, Céline Le Bohec, Armando Valdés-Velásquez, Marco Cardeña, João S. Morgante, Juliana A. Vianna |
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Title |
Uncovering population structure in the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) along the Pacific coast at South America |
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Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
PLOS ONE |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
e0215293 |
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Keywords |
Animal sociality Chile (country) Gene flow Haplotypes Islands Penguins Population genetics Seabirds |
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Abstract |
The upwelling hypothesis has been proposed to explain reduced or lack of population structure in seabird species specialized in food resources available at cold-water upwellings. However, population genetic structure may be challenging to detect in species with large population sizes, since variation in allele frequencies are more robust under genetic drift. High gene flow among populations, that can be constant or pulses of migration in a short period, may also decrease power of algorithms to detect genetic structure. Penguin species usually have large population sizes, high migratory ability but philopatric behavior, and recent investigations debate the existence of subtle population structure for some species not detected before. Previous study on Humboldt penguins found lack of population genetic structure for colonies of Punta San Juan and from South Chile. Here, we used mtDNA and nuclear markers (10 microsatellites and RAG1 intron) to evaluate population structure for 11 main breeding colonies of Humboldt penguins, covering the whole spatial distribution of this species. Although mtDNA failed to detect population structure, microsatellite loci and nuclear intron detected population structure along its latitudinal distribution. Microsatellite showed significant Rst values between most of pairwise locations (44 of 56 locations, Rst = 0.003 to 0.081) and 86% of individuals were assigned to their sampled colony, suggesting philopatry. STRUCTURE detected three main genetic clusters according to geographical locations: i) Peru; ii) North of Chile; and iii) Central-South of Chile. The Humboldt penguin shows signal population expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), suggesting that the genetic structure of the species is a result of population dynamics and foraging colder water upwelling that favor gene flow and phylopatric rate. Our findings thus highlight that variable markers and wide sampling along the species distribution are crucial to better understand genetic population structure in animals with high dispersal ability. |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1932-6203 |
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yes |
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6962 |
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