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Author |
Nathalie Boullot, Florence Rabier, Rolf Langland, Ron Gelaro, Carla Cardinali, Vincent Guidard, Peter Bauer, Alexis Doerenbecher |
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Title |
Observation impact over the southern polar area during the Concordiasi field campaign |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
142 |
Issue |
695 |
Pages |
597-610 |
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Keywords |
dropsondes forecast score forecast sensitivity to observations observing-system experiment |
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Abstract |
The impact of observations on analysis uncertainty and forecast performance was investigated for austral spring 2010 over the southern polar area for four different systems (NRL, GMAO, ECMWF and Météo-France) at the time of the Concordiasi field experiment. The largest multi-model variance in 500 hPa height analyses is found in the southern sub-Antarctic oceanic region, where there are rapidly evolving weather systems, rapid forecast-error growth, and fewer upper-air wind observation data to constrain the analyses. The total impact of all observations on the model forecast was computed using the 24 h forecast sensitivity-to-observations diagnostic. Observation types that contribute most to the reduction of the forecast error are shown to be AMSU, IASI, AIRS, GPS-RO, radiosonde, surface and atmospheric motion vector observations. For sounding data, radiosondes and dropsondes, one can note a large impact on the analysis and forecasts of temperature at low levels and a large impact of wind at high levels. Observing system experiments using the Concordiasi dropsondes show a large impact of the observations over the Antarctic plateau extending to lower latitudes with the forecast range, with the largest impact around 50–70°S. These experiments indicate there is a potential benefit from using radiance data better over land and sea-ice and from innovative atmospheric motion vectors obtained from a combination of various satellites to fill the current data gaps and improve numerical weather prediction analyses in this region. |
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914 |
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ISSN |
1477-870X |
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yes |
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Serial  |
8281 |
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Author |
T. Dinh, A. Podglajen, A. Hertzog, B. Legras, R. Plougonven |
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Title |
Effect of gravity wave temperature fluctuations on homogeneous ice nucleation in the tropical tropopause layer |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
35-46 |
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Abstract |
The impact of high-frequency fluctuations of temperature on homogeneous nucleation of ice crystals in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause is investigated using a bin microphysics scheme for air parcels. The imposed temperature fluctuations come from measurements during isopycnic balloon flights near the tropical tropopause. The balloons collected data at high frequency, guaranteeing that gravity wave signals are well resolved.
With the observed temperature time series, the numerical simulations with homogeneous freezing show a full range of ice number concentration (INC) as previously observed in the tropical upper troposphere. In particular, a low INC may be obtained if the gravity wave perturbations produce a non-persistent cooling rate (even with large magnitude) such that the absolute change in temperature remains small during nucleation. This result is explained analytically by a dependence of the INC on the absolute drop in temperature (and not on the cooling rate). This work suggests that homogeneous ice nucleation is not necessarily inconsistent with observations of low INCs. |
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914 |
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ISSN |
1680-7316 |
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yes |
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8280 |
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Author |
Elisabeth Schlosser, Anna Dittmann, Barbara Stenni, Jordan G. Powers, Kevin W. Manning, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Mauro Valt, Anselmo Cagnati, Paolo Grigioni, Claudio Scarchilli |
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Title |
The influence of the synoptic regime on stable water isotopes in precipitation at Dome C, East Antarctica |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
The Cryosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
2345-2361 |
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Abstract |
The Correct Derivation Of Paleotemperatures From Ice Cores Requires Exact Knowledge Of All Processes Involved Before And After The Deposition Of Snow And The Subsequent Formation Of Ice. At The Antarctic Deep Ice Core Drilling Site Dome C, A Unique Data Set Of Daily Precipitation Amount, Type, And Stable Water Isotope Ratios Is Available That Enables Us To Study In Detail Atmospheric Processes That Influence The Stable Water Isotope Ratio Of Precipitation. Meteorological Data From Both Automatic Weather Station And A Mesoscale Atmospheric Model Were Used To Investigate How Different Atmospheric Flow Patterns Determine The Precipitation Parameters. A Classification Of Synoptic Situations That Cause Precipitation At Dome C Was Established And, Together With Back-trajectory Calculations, Was Utilized To Estimate Moisture Source Areas. With The Resulting Source Area Conditions (Wind Speed, Sea Surface Temperature, And Relative Humidity) As Input, The Precipitation Stable Isotopic Composition Was Modeled Using The So-called Mixed Cloud Isotope Model (Mcim). The Model Generally Underestimates The Depletion Of 18o In Precipitation, Which Was Not Improved By Using Condensation Temperature Rather Than Inversion Temperature. Contrary To The Assumption Widely Used In Ice Core Studies, A More Northern Moisture Source Does Not Necessarily Mean Stronger Isotopic Fractionation. This Is Due To The Fact That Snowfall Events At Dome C Are Often Associated With Warm Air Advection Due To Amplification Of Planetary Waves, Which Considerably Increases The Site Temperature And Thus Reduces The Temperature Difference Between Source Area And Deposition Site. In Addition, No Correlation Was Found Between Relative Humidity At The Moisture Source And The Deuterium Excess In Precipitation. The Significant Difference In The Isotopic Signal Of Hoarfrost And Diamond Dust Was Shown To Disappear After Removal Of Seasonality. This Study Confirms The Results Of An Earlier Study Carried Out At Dome Fuji With A Shorter Data Set Using The Same Methods. |
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Programme |
1149 |
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ISSN |
1994-0416 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8279 |
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Author |
Agnès Lewden, Manfred R. Enstipp, Batshéva Bonnet, Caroline Bost, Jean-Yves Georges, Yves Handrich |
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Title |
Thermal strategies of king penguins during prolonged fasting in water |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
220 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
4600-4611 |
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Abstract |
Most animals experience periods of unfavourable conditions, challenging their daily energy balance. During breeding, king penguins fast voluntarily for up to 1.5 months in the colony, after which they replenish their energy stores at sea. However, at sea, birds might encounter periods of low foraging profitability, forcing them to draw from previously stored energy (e.g. subcutaneous fat). Accessing peripheral fat stores requires perfusion, increasing heat loss and thermoregulatory costs. Hence, how these birds balance the conflicting demands of nutritional needs and thermoregulation is unclear. We investigated the physiological responses of king penguins to fasting in cold water by: (1) monitoring tissue temperatures, as a proxy of tissue perfusion, at four distinct sites (deep and peripheral); and (2) recording their oxygen consumption rate while birds floated inside a water tank. Despite frequent oscillations, temperatures of all tissues often reached near-normothermic levels, indicating that birds maintained perfusion to peripheral tissues throughout their fasting period in water. The oxygen consumption rate of birds increased with fasting duration in water, while it was also higher when the flank tissue was warmer, indicating greater perfusion. Hence, fasting king penguins in water maintained peripheral perfusion, despite the associated greater heat loss and, therefore, thermoregulatory costs, probably to access subcutaneous fat stores. Hence, the observed normothermia in peripheral tissues of king penguins at sea, upon completion of a foraging bout, is likely explained by their nutritional needs: depositing free fatty acids (FFA) in subcutaneous tissues after profitable foraging or mobilizing FFA to fuel metabolism when foraging success was insufficient. |
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Programme |
394 |
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ISSN |
0022-0949 |
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yes |
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8278 |
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Author |
Samuel Roturier, Sébastien Ollier, Lars-Evert Nutti, Urban Bergsten, Hans Winsa |
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Title |
Restoration of reindeer lichen pastures after forest fire in northern Sweden: Seven years of results |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Ecological Engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
108 |
Issue |
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Pages |
143-151 |
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Keywords |
Artificial dispersal Caribou Prescribed burning Restoration ecology Transplantation |
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Abstract |
Fire suppression since the 19th century has modified the functioning of boreal forest ecosystems in northern Sweden. In the long run, it induces changes in understory vegetation that result, especially on mesic sites, in feather mosses and Ericaceous dwarf shrubs outcompeting ground lichens, thus decreasing winter pastures for reindeer husbandry. In 2008, a field experiment was established in which, two years after a large forest fire, reindeer lichen (Cladonia spp.) was transplanted across various plots. The general objective was to accelerate the recovery of lichen-rich reindeer pastures, and test the ability of lichen thalli to establish on burnt surfaces following different post-fire treatments (tree harvest and standing trees retained), in different transplantation seasons (summer and winter) and at different doses (0.45Lm−2 and 2.25Lm−2). The abundance and level of occupancy of viable and established lichen fragments was determined in 0.25m2 quadrats in 2010, 2013 and 2015. There was a continuous increase in lichen establishment over time, and seven years after transplantation, established lichen occupied, on average, 55% and 83% of the 0.25m2 quadrats treated with the lower and higher doses, respectively. Nine years after fire, no lichen had colonized the control, i.e. the burnt surface outside the experimental area. At the site with standing trees retained, lichen had already formed a well-established mat with a significantly higher lichen occupancy and abundance than in the open, clear-cut sites, where lichen agglomerated in proto-mats. Lichen transplanted in late-summer exhibited higher abundance and occupancy than that transplanted in late-winter. On average, the difference in lichen occupancy and abundance between different doses after seven years was of lower magnitude than between the doses of lichen transplanted initially. The experiment reveals useful results for the restoration of reindeer pastures and for specifying fire management regimes adapted to both forestry and reindeer husbandry. |
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Programme |
1127 |
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ISSN |
0925-8574 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8277 |
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Author |
Elodie C. M. Camprasse, Yves Cherel, John P. Y. Arnould, Andrew J. Hoskins, Paco Bustamante, Charles-André Bost |
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Title |
Mate similarity in foraging Kerguelen shags: a combined bio-logging and stable isotope investigation |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
578 |
Issue |
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Pages |
183-196 |
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Keywords |
Diet Diving behaviour Kerguelen shags Mate choice Pair similarity Spatial use Stable isotopes |
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Abstract |
Similarity or dissimilarity between 2 individuals that have formed a pair to breed can occur in morphology, behaviour and diet. Such patterns influence partners’ cooperation when rearing their offspring, consequently influencing reproductive success. They may confer different benefits, depending on species and contexts. However, the extent to which breeding partners are more similar in morphology, behaviour, and diet is poorly documented. Furthermore, the relationship between behavioural consistency and mate choice is particularly poorly understood. To investigate these issues, Kerguelen shags Phalacrocorax verrucosus, which are monogamous with high mate fidelity across years, were studied. Partners were equipped with GPS and diving behaviour loggers. Feather and blood samples were analysed for stable isotopes (δ13C, a proxy of foraging habitat, and δ15N, a proxy of diet/trophic position). Generalized linear mixed effects models and permutation tests were used to investigate pair similarity in morphology, foraging behaviour, behavioural consistency, overlap in foraging areas, and diets/foraging habitats. Mates were found not to exhibit size-assortative mating, but were more similar in foraging behaviour. They did not show assortative or disassortative mating based on foraging behavioural consistency. Furthermore, they followed more similar bearings and overlapped more in foraging areas. In accordance with this, partners were more similar in δ15N. Given the lack of assortative mating by morphology, the similarity in behaviour could be due to individuals selecting mates with similar foraging abilities, linked with individual quality, and/or subsequently using information gained from their partners’ foraging strategies (e.g. local enhancement). This could help breeding pairs increase their foraging efficiency and reproductive success. |
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Programme |
394 |
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ISSN |
0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
ISBN |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8276 |
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Author |
Antoine Martin, Marie-Noëlle Houssais, Hervé Le Goff, Claudie Marec, Denis Dausse |
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Title |
Circulation and water mass transports on the East Antarctic shelf in the Mertz Glacier region |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Deep sea research part i: oceanographic research papers |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-20 |
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Keywords |
Adélie Georges V Land Antarctica Continental shelf Freshwater transport Heat transport Modified Circumpolar Deep Water |
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Abstract |
The East Antarctic shelf off Adélie-George V Land is known to be an important region for Dense Shelf Water (DSW) formation as a result of intense sea ice production in the Mertz Glacier Polynya during the winter season. It is also a region where the warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) penetrates onto the shelf during the summer. Using hydrographic observations from a summer survey in 2008 we implement a box inverse model to propose a comprehensive view of the steady state circulation on this shelf in summer. Additional information from mooring observations collected on the depression slope is used to provide context to the retrieved circulation scheme. Over the depression slope, the summer baroclinic structure of the currents is found to contrast with the almost barotropic structure in winter. The summer circulation is strongly constrained by the DSW distribution and forms a clockwise circulation primarily transporting the fresh surface waters and the warm mCDW around the dome of DSW. Over the upper flank of the Mertz Bank, the inflow branch transports the mCDW towards the Mertz Glacier, while, over the lower part of the slope, the outflow branch returns to the sill a diluted mode of the same water mass. A total of 0.19Sv of mCDW inflows at the sill and two-third reach the Mertz Glacier and recirculate in front of it, allowing the mCDW to penetrate into the deeper part of the depression. Possible scenarios of interaction between the mCDW and the DSW with the glacier are examined. It is shown that, despite the water mass pathways and transports suggest possible ice-ocean interaction, both lateral and basal melting were likely small in summer 2008. Finally, our results suggest that, in addition to bathymetric features, the distribution of the residual DSW which is left from the preceding winter sets up regional pressure gradients which provide a seasonal control on the shelf circulation. In particular, the spring collapse of the convective patch would contribute to setting up a deep pycnocline which strongly impacts the shelf circulation in the following summer, with possible feedback of the mCDW transports on the polynya activity and water mass formation. |
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Programme |
452 |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0967-0637 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8275 |
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Author |
Marie L. Verheye, Thierry Backeljau, Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz |
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Title |
Locked in the icehouse: Evolution of an endemic Epimeria (Amphipoda, Crustacea) species flock on the Antarctic shelf |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
114 |
Issue |
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Pages |
14-33 |
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Keywords |
Amphipoda Divergence times Diversification Historical biogeography Phylogeny Southern ocean |
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Abstract |
The Antarctic shelf’s marine biodiversity has been greatly influenced by the climatic and glacial history of the region. Extreme temperature changes led to the extinction of some lineages, while others adapted and flourished. The amphipod genus Epimeria is an example of the latter, being particularly diverse in the Antarctic region. By reconstructing a time-calibrated phylogeny based on mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (28S and H3) markers and including Epimeria species from all oceans, this study provides a temporal and geographical framework for the evolution of Antarctic Epimeria. The monophyly of this genus is not supported by Bayesian Inference, as Antarctic and non-Antarctic Epimeria form two distinct well-supported clades, with Antarctic Epimeria being a sister clade to two stilipedid species. The monophyly of Antarctic Epimeria suggests that this clade evolved in isolation since its origin. While the precise timing of this origin remains unclear, it is inferred that the Antarctic lineage arose from a late Gondwanan ancestor and hence did not colonize the Antarctic region after the continent broke apart from the other fragments of Gondwanaland. The initial diversification of the clade occurred 38.04Ma (95% HPD [48.46Ma; 28.36Ma]) in a cooling environment. Adaptation to cold waters, along with the extinction of cold-intolerant taxa and resulting ecological opportunities, likely led to the successful diversification of Epimeria on the Antarctic shelf. However, there was neither evidence of a rapid lineage diversification early in the clade’s history, nor of any shifts in diversification rates induced by glacial cycles. This suggests that a high turnover rate on the repeatedly scoured Antarctic shelf could have masked potential signals of diversification bursts. |
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Programme |
281,1124,1142 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1055-7903 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8274 |
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Author |
Anais J. Orsi, Kenji Kawamura, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Xavier Fettweis, Jason E. Box, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Gary D. Clow, Amaelle Landais, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus |
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Title |
The recent warming trend in North Greenland |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Geophysical Research Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
6235-6243 |
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Keywords |
borehole temperature Greenland ice sheet surface warming |
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Abstract |
The Arctic is among the fastest warming regions on Earth, but it is also one with limited spatial coverage of multidecadal instrumental surface air temperature measurements. Consequently, atmospheric reanalyses are relatively unconstrained in this region, resulting in a large spread of estimated 30 year recent warming trends, which limits their use to investigate the mechanisms responsible for this trend. Here we present a surface temperature reconstruction over 1982–2011 at NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling Project, 51°W, 77°N), in North Greenland, based on the inversion of borehole temperature and inert gas isotope data. We find that NEEM has warmed by 2.7 ± 0.33°C over the past 30 years, from the long-term 1900–1970 average of −28.55 ± 0.29°C. The warming trend is principally caused by an increase in downward longwave heat flux. Atmospheric reanalyses underestimate this trend by 17%, underlining the need for more in situ observations to validate reanalyses. |
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Programme |
458 |
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ISSN |
1944-8007 |
ISBN |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8273 |
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Author |
Aurore Ponchon, Christophe Aulert, Gilles Le Guillou, Fabrice Gallien, Clara Péron, David Grémillet |
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Title |
Spatial overlaps of foraging and resting areas of black-legged kittiwakes breeding in the English Channel with existing marine protected areas |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Marine Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
164 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
119 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
The English Channel is one of the most anthropized marine ecosystems due to increasing human pressures, both along the coasts and at sea. Numerous marine protected areas (MPAs) have been created in this area but their ecological relevance still needs to be demonstrated for mobile species such as seabirds. Here, we identified the at-sea foraging and resting areas of black-legged kittiwakes to quantify their spatial overlap with existing neighbouring MPAs. Using solar-powered GPS-UHF, we tracked at-sea trips of 36 kittiwakes breeding at three colonies along the French coasts of the English Channel: Boulogne-sur-Mer (Hauts-de-France, n = 11), Fécamp (Normandy, n = 14) and Saint-Pierre-du-Mont (Normandy, n = 11). While kittiwakes nesting at the two Normand colonies shared some of their foraging areas, birds from Boulogne-sur-Mer did not overlap their foraging areas with Normand birds. GPS-tracked birds from all three colonies remained close to the shore (<30 km) and mainly remained within French national waters. The existing MPA network encompassed >60% of all recorded locations, but MPA use was largely colony-specific. Habitat models built to predict habitat suitability confirmed that some MPAs encompassed highly suitable foraging and resting habitats for black-legged kittiwakes in the English Channel. Connectivity between the studied colonies was high, as indicated by inter-colony prospecting movements recorded in two individuals which supposedly failed their reproduction. Overall, this work highlights that marine species such as seabirds could benefit from existing MPAs. Nevertheless, the diversity of MPA types and their different roles complicates their effectiveness to protect marine biodiversity. |
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8272 |
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