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Author |
Christophe Sauser, Karine Delord, Christophe Barbraud |
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Title |
Sea ice and local weather affect reproductive phenology of a polar seabird with breeding consequences |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Ornithological Applications |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
123 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
duab032 |
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Abstract |
Breeding at the right time is essential for animals living in seasonal environments to ensure that energy requirements for reproduction, especially the nutritional needs for rearing offspring, coincide with peak food availability. Climate change is likely to cause modifications in the timing of maximum food availability, and organisms living in polar environments where the breeding period is heavily contracted may be particularly affected. Here we used a 26-year dataset to study the phenological response of a pagophilic species, the Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea), to climate change and its demographic impact. First, we investigated the trends and relationships between climate variables and hatching dates measured in three neighboring colonies. In a second step, we examined the impact of the hatching date and environmental covariates on the fledging probability. Our results showed that sea ice, a climate-related variable, showed a positive temporal trend. We found that hatching date was delayed when sea ice concentration was greater and local weather conditions were worse (i.e., increase in the number of windy days or the number of snow days). Hatching date had a negative effect on fledging probability, and fledging probability showed a bell-shaped temporal trend. We suggest that Snow Petrels can delay breeding phenology in response to environmental conditions. However, this plasticity may be limited as fledging success decreased with delayed hatching, potentially making the Snow Petrel vulnerable to a mismatch between resource availability and nutritional needs.• Timing of reproduction is essential for wild animals to ensure that reproductive requirements, including nutritional requirements for rearing offspring, coincide with peak food availability.• Climate change can affect the timing of food availability, and organisms living in polar environments, where the timing of reproduction is highly contracted, may be particularly affected. We analyzed whether a sea ice dependent species, the Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea), would breed earlier or later in response to climate change, as measured by changes in sea ice and weather conditions. Then, we looked at the impact that a shift in reproduction might have on breeding success.• Our results showed that hatching date was delayed when sea ice increased and local weather conditions worsened. Secondly, we showed that the shift in hatching date had a negative effect on breeding success.• Snow Petrels adjusted the onset of reproduction in response to environmental changes. However, this adjustment had limits since late reproduction likely leads to a mismatch between the availability of resources and nutritional needs, and thus to a decrease the breeding success. |
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109 |
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0010-5422 |
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yes |
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8431 |
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Author |
Benjamin Pohl, Vincent Favier, Jonathan Wille, Danielle G Udy, Tessa R Vance, Julien Pergaud, Niels Dutrievoz, Juliette Blanchet, Christoph Kittel, Charles Amory, Gerhard Krinner, Francis Codron |
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Title |
Relationship Between Weather Regimes and Atmospheric Rivers in East Antarctica |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
e2021JD035294 |
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Keywords |
atmospheric rivers East Antarctica snowfall amounts temperature anomalies weather regimes |
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Abstract |
Here, we define weather regimes in the East Antarctica—Southern Ocean sector based on daily anomalies of 700 hPa geopotential height derived from ERA5 reanalysis during 1979–2018. Most regimes and their preferred transitions depict synoptic-scale disturbances propagating eastwards off the Antarctic coastline. While regime sequences are generally short, their interannual variability is strongly driven by the polarity of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Regime occurrences are then intersected with atmospheric rivers (ARs) detected over the same region and period. ARs are equiprobable throughout the year, but clearly concentrate during regimes associated with a strong atmospheric ridges/blockings on the eastern part of the domain, which act to channel meridional advection of heat and moisture from the lower latitudes towards Antarctica. Both regimes and ARs significantly shape climate variability in Antarctica. Regimes favorable to AR occurrences are associated with anomalously warm and humid conditions in coastal Antarctica and, to a lesser extent, the hinterland parts of the Antarctic plateau. These anomalies are strongly enhanced during AR events, with warmer anomalies and dramatically amplified snowfall amounts. Large-scale conditions favoring AR development are finally explored. They show weak dependency to the SAM, but particularly strong atmospheric ridges/blockings over the Southern Ocean appear as the most favorable pattern, in which ARs can be embedded, and to which they contribute. |
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411 |
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2169-8996 |
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yes |
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8430 |
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Author |
Carlo Cauzzi, Susana Custódio, Christos P. Evangelidis, Giovanni Lanzano, Lucia Luzi, Lars Ottemöller, Helle Pedersen, Reinoud Sleeman |
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Title |
Preface to the Focus Section on European Seismic Networks and Associated Services and Products |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Seismological Research Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1483-1490 |
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Abstract |
Most of the articles of this focus section serve as good examples in the open science domain, in which data are expected to be “findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable” (Wilkinson et al., 2016). In many contributions, emphasis is placed on quality: as automated access to seismological archives via standardized web services emerges as the preferred user strategy, ensuring the high quality of data and metadata becomes more and more important (e.g., Büyükakpınar et al., 2021; Cambaz et al., 2021; Carrilho et al., 2021; Evangelidis et al., 2021; Mader and Ritter, 2021; Ottemöller et al., 2021; Péquegnat et al., 2021; Stammler et al., 2021; Strollo et al., 2021). Quality is especially important at a time when very large datasets are increasingly being processed routinely and “blindly” in machine‐learning approaches. The vast majority of seismological data centers already manage multisensor archives (seismometers, accelerometers, infrasound, amphibian seismological instruments, high‐rate global navigation satellite systems, etc.), and the inclusion of new types of data (e.g., rotational sensors, low‐cost instrumentation, and synthetic waveforms) in seismological archives poses new challenges and prompts for new technical solutions and standards for data archiving, metadata preparation, quality checks, data dissemination, and processing. A particular challenge over the next few years (Quinteros, Carter, et al., 2021) is the upcoming massive growth of data volume, due in particular to new instruments (large‐N experiments and distributed acoustic sensing systems) but also to increased volumes of traditional seismic data. It is expected that multisensor experiments will progressively dominate the technical and scientific discussion in geosciences in the coming decade, spurred by the societal need to develop multidisciplinary, multihazard science and research products. Joining forces and competences is therefore key to addressing future challenges: the EarthScope Consortium was recently established in the United States, and the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) was created as the framework to integrate all geoscience services in the greater European region. ORFEUS and its seismic network community strongly support the development and consolidation of EPOS by participating in the activities of its thematic core service for seismology. |
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133 |
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0895-0695 |
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yes |
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8429 |
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Author |
Charles Amory, Christoph Kittel, Louis Le Toumelin, Cécile Agosta, Alison Delhasse, Vincent Favier, Xavier Fettweis |
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Title |
Performance of MAR (v3.11) in simulating the drifting-snow climate and surface mass balance of Adélie Land, East Antarctica |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Geoscientific Model Development |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
3487-3510 |
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Abstract |
Drifting snow, or the wind-driven transport of snow particles originating from clouds and the surface below and above 2 m above ground and their concurrent sublimation, is a poorly documented process on the Antarctic ice sheet, which is inherently lacking in most climate models. Since drifting snow mostly results from erosion of surface particles, a comprehensive evaluation of this process in climate models requires a concurrent assessment of simulated drifting-snow transport and the surface mass balance (SMB). In this paper a new version of the drifting-snow scheme currently embedded in the regional climate model MAR (v3.11) is extensively described. Several important modifications relative to previous version have been implemented and include notably a parameterization for drifting-snow compaction of the uppermost snowpack layer, differentiated snow density at deposition between precipitation and drifting snow, and a rewrite of the threshold friction velocity above which snow erosion initiates. Model results at high resolution (10 km) over Adélie Land, East Antarctica, for the period 2004–2018 are presented and evaluated against available near-surface meteorological observations at half-hourly resolution and annual SMB estimates. The evaluation demonstrates that MAR resolves the local drifting-snow frequency and transport up to the scale of the drifting-snow event and captures the resulting observed climate and SMB variability, suggesting that this model version can be used for continent-wide applications. |
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411 |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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8428 |
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Author |
Alain Manceau, Romain Brossier, Sarah E. Janssen, Tylor J. Rosera, David P. Krabbenhoft, Yves Cherel, Paco Bustamante, Brett A. Poulin |
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Title |
Mercury Isotope Fractionation by Internal Demethylation and Biomineralization Reactions in Seabirds: Implications for Environmental Mercury Science |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Environmental Science & Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
20 |
Pages |
13942-13952 |
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Abstract |
A prerequisite for environmental and toxicological applications of mercury (Hg) stable isotopes in wildlife and humans is quantifying the isotopic fractionation of biological reactions. Here, we measured stable Hg isotope values of relevant tissues of giant petrels (Macronectes spp.). Isotopic data were interpreted with published HR-XANES spectroscopic data that document a stepwise transformation of methylmercury (MeHg) to Hg-tetraselenolate (Hg(Sec)4) and mercury selenide (HgSe) (Sec = selenocysteine). By mathematical inversion of isotopic and spectroscopic data, identical δ202Hg values for MeHg (2.69 ± 0.04‰), Hg(Sec)4 (−1.37 ± 0.06‰), and HgSe (0.18 ± 0.02‰) were determined in 23 tissues of eight birds from the Kerguelen Islands and Adélie Land (Antarctica). Isotopic differences in δ202Hg between MeHg and Hg(Sec)4 (−4.1 ± 0.1‰) reflect mass-dependent fractionation from a kinetic isotope effect due to the MeHg → Hg(Sec)4 demethylation reaction. Surprisingly, Hg(Sec)4 and HgSe differed isotopically in δ202Hg (+1.6 ± 0.1‰) and mass-independent anomalies (i.e., changes in Δ199Hg of ≤0.3‰), consistent with equilibrium isotope effects of mass-dependent and nuclear volume fractionation from Hg(Sec)4 → HgSe biomineralization. The invariance of species-specific δ202Hg values across tissues and individual birds reflects the kinetic lability of Hg-ligand bonds and tissue-specific redistribution of MeHg and inorganic Hg, likely as Hg(Sec)4. These observations provide fundamental information necessary to improve the interpretation of stable Hg isotope data and provoke a revisitation of processes governing isotopic fractionation in biota and toxicological risk assessment in wildlife. |
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109 |
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0013-936X |
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yes |
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Serial |
8427 |
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Author |
Xaver von Beckerath, Gita Benadi, Olivier Gilg, Benoît Sittler, Glenn Yannic, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Bernhard Eitzinger |
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Title |
Long-term monitoring reveals topographical features and vegetation that explain winter habitat use of an Arctic rodent |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Arctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
349-361 |
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Abstract |
The quality of wintering habitats, such as depth of snow cover, plays a key role in sustaining population dynamics of Arctic lemmings. However, few studies so far investigated habitat use during the Arctic winter. Here, we used a unique long-term time series to test whether lemmings are associated with topographical and vegetational habitat features for their wintering sites. We examined yearly numbers and distribution of 22 769 winter nests of the collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill, 1823) from an ongoing long-term research on Traill Island, Northeast Greenland, collected between 1989 and 2019, and correlated this information with data on dominant vegetation types, elevation, and slope. We found that the number of lemming nests was highest in areas with a high proportion of Dryas heath, but was also correlated with other vegetation types, suggesting some flexibility in resource use of wintering lemmings. Furthermore, lemmings showed a higher use for sloped terrain, probably as it enhances the formation of deep snow drifts, which increases the insulative characteristics of the snowpack and protection from predators. With global warming, prime lemming winter habitats may become scarce through alteration of snow physical properties, potentially resulting in negative consequence for the whole community of terrestrial vertebrates. |
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Programme |
1036 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8426 |
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Per Fauchald, Arnaud Tarroux, Françoise Amélineau, Vegard Sandøy Bråthen, Sébastien Descamps, Morten Ekker, Halfdan Helgi Helgason, Malin Kjellstadli Johansen, Benjamin Merkel, Børge Moe, Jens Åström, Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Oskar Bjørnstad, Olivier Chastel, Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jóhannis Danielsen, Francis Daunt, Nina Dehnhard, Kjell Einar Erikstad, Alexey Ezhov, Maria Gavrilo, Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson, Erpur Snær Hansen, Mike Harris, Morten Helberg, Jón Einar Jónsson, Yann Kolbeinsson, Yuri Krasnov, Magdalene Langset, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, Erlend Lorentzen, Mark Newell, Bergur Olsen, Tone Kristin Reiertsen, Geir Helge Systad, Paul Thompson, Thorkell Lindberg Thórarinsson, Sarah Wanless, Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Hallvard Strøm |
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Title |
Year-round distribution of Northeast Atlantic seabird populations: applications for population management and marine spatial planning |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
676 |
Issue |
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Pages |
255-276 |
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Keywords |
Alle alle Fratercula arctica Fulmarus glacialis Marine spatial planning Rissa tridactyla SEATRACK Uria aalge Uria lomvia |
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Abstract |
Tracking data of marine predators are increasingly used in marine spatial management. We developed a spatial data set with estimates of the monthly distribution of 6 pelagic seabird species breeding in the Northeast Atlantic. The data set was based on year-round global location sensor (GLS) tracking data of 2356 adult seabirds from 2006-2019 from a network of seabird colonies, data describing the physical environment and data on seabird population sizes. Tracking and environmental data were combined in monthly species distribution models (SDMs). Cross-validations were used to assess the transferability of models between years and breeding locations. The analyses showed that birds from colonies close to each other (<500 km apart) used the same nonbreeding habitats, while birds from distant colonies (>1000 km) used colony-specific and, in many cases, non-overlapping habitats. Based on these results, the SDM from the nearest model colony was used to predict the distribution of all seabird colonies lying within a species-specific cut-off distance (400-500 km). Uncertainties in the predictions were estimated by cluster bootstrap sampling. The resulting data set consisted of 4692 map layers, each layer predicting the densities of birds from a given species, colony and month across the North Atlantic. This data set represents the annual distribution of 23.5 million adult pelagic seabirds, or 87% of the Northeast Atlantic breeding population of the study species. We show how the data set can be used in population and spatial management applications, including the detection of population-specific nonbreeding habitats and identifying populations influenced by marine protected areas. |
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330 |
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ISSN |
0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8425 |
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Author |
G. Picard, H. Löwe, F. Domine, L. Arnaud, F. Larue, V. Favier, E. Le Meur, E. Lefebvre, J. Savarino, A. Royer |
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Title |
The Microwave Snow Grain Size: A New Concept to Predict Satellite Observations Over Snow-Covered Regions |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
AGU Advances |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
e2021AV000630 |
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Keywords |
microstructure microwave modeling porous media remote sensing snow |
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Abstract |
Satellite observations of snow-covered regions in the microwave range have the potential to retrieve essential climate variables such as snow height. This requires a precise understanding of how microwave scattering is linked to snow microstructural properties (density, grain size, grain shape and arrangement). This link has so far relied on empirical adjustments of the theories, precluding the development of robust retrieval algorithms. Here we solve this problem by introducing a new microstructural parameter able to consistently predict scattering. This “microwave grain size” is demonstrated to be proportional to the measurable optical grain size and to a new factor describing the chord length dispersion in the microstructure, a geometrical property known as polydispersity. By assuming that the polydispersity depends on the snow grain type only, we retrieve its value for rounded and faceted grains by optimization of microwave satellite observations in 18 Antarctic sites, and for depth hoar in 86 Canadian sites using ground-based observations. The value for the convex grains (0.6) compares favorably to the polydispersity calculated from 3D micro-computed tomography images for alpine grains, while values for depth hoar show wider variations (1.2–1.9) and are larger in Canada than in the Alps. Nevertheless, using one value for each grain type, the microwave observations in Antarctica and in Canada can be simulated from in-situ measurements with good accuracy with a fully physical model. These findings improve snow scattering modeling, enabling future more accurate uses of satellite observations in snow hydrological and meteorological applications. |
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1110,1177 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
2576-604X |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8424 |
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Author |
Armelle Decaulne, Najat Bhiry, Janie Faucher-Roy, Clara Pelletier Boily |
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Title |
The development of Kangiqsualujjuaq and the threat of snow avalanches in a permafrost degradation context, Nunavik, Canada |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Espace populations sociétés. Space populations societies |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
2020/3-2021/1 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
active layer Canada demographic growth Nordic village slopes snow avalanches |
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Abstract |
Slope processes are active in the rolling plateau landscapes of Nunavik, Northern Québec, Canada. There are a few short but very steep escarpments in this region. On January 1st, 1999 a powerful snow avalanche struck Kangiqsualujjuaq, one of the 14 Inuit villages in Nunavik. Nine people died and 25 were injured. This village and its surrounding are located within a glacial valley, in a periglacial environment. There is significant population growth, as well as in the other villages in Nunavik. As early as 1999-2000, there was a significant spatial reorganization of the village's infrastructures to avoid the impact of other snow-avalanche events. The main objective of this paper is to examine the village expansion in response to snow-avalanche process and population growth, within an area constrained with permafrost thawing and steep slopes. From naturalist geomorphologic methods, written sources such as archive documents and aerial photographs, the results show that slopes above Kangiqsualujjuaq are prone to release snow avalanches during blizzards from uncommon directions, and that the newly built housing may be at risk in some places, due to the conjunction of snow avalanches and permafrost thawing. |
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Programme |
1148 |
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0755-7809 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8423 |
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Author |
Adam D. Morris, Simon J. Wilson, Rob J. Fryer, Philippe J. Thomas, Karista Hudelson, Birgitta Andreasen, Pierre Blévin, Paco Bustamante, Olivier Chastel, Guttorm Christensen, Rune Dietz, Marlene Evans, Anita Evenset, Steven H. Ferguson, Jérôme Fort, Mary Gamberg, David Grémillet, Magali Houde, Robert J. Letcher, Lisa Loseto, Derek Muir, Marianna Pinzone, Amanda Poste, Heli Routti, Christian Sonne, Gary Stern, Frank F. Rigét |
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Title |
Temporal trends of mercury in Arctic biota: 10 more years of progress in Arctic monitoring |
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Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
839 |
Issue |
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Pages |
155803 |
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Keywords |
Arctic Biota Environmental monitoring Mercury Statistical assessment Temporal trends |
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Abstract |
Temporal trend analysis of (total) mercury (THg) concentrations in Arctic biota were assessed as part of the 2021 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Mercury Assessment. A mixed model including an evaluation of non-linear trends was applied to 110 time series of THg concentrations from Arctic and Subarctic biota. Temporal trends were calculated for full time series (6–46 years) and evaluated with a particular focus on recent trends over the last 20 years. Three policy-relevant questions were addressed: (1) What time series for THg concentrations in Arctic biota are currently available? (2) Are THg concentrations changing over time in biota from the Arctic? (3) Are there spatial patterns in THg trends in biota from the Arctic? Few geographical patterns of recent trends in THg concentrations were observed; however, those in marine mammals tended to be increasing at more easterly longitudes, and those of seabirds tended to be increasing in the Northeast Atlantic; these should be interpreted with caution as geographic coverage remains variable. Trends of THg in freshwater fish were equally increasing and decreasing or non-significant while those in marine fish and mussels were non-significant or increasing. The statistical power to detect trends was greatly improved compared to the 2011 AMAP Mercury Assessment; 70% of the time series could detect a 5% annual change at the 5% significance level with power ≥ 80%, while in 2011 only 19% met these criteria. Extending existing time series, and availability of new, powerful time series contributed to these improvements, highlighting the need for annual monitoring, particularly given the spatial and temporal information needed to support initiatives such as the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Collecting the same species/tissues across different locations is recommended. Extended time series from Alaska and new data from Russia are also needed to better establish circumarctic patterns of temporal trends. |
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Programme |
330,388 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8422 |
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