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Author |
Mark Andrew Hindell, Clive Reginald McMahon, Christophe Guinet, Rob Harcourt, Ian David Jonsen, Ben Raymond, Dale Maschette |
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Title |
Assessing the potential for resource competition between the Kerguelen Plateau fisheries and southern elephant seals |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Abstract |
Indirect ecological interactions such as competition for resources between fisheries and marine predators have often been proposed but can be difficult to demonstrate empirically. The Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean supports fisheries for both Patagonian toothfish and mackerel icefish and is also an important foraging ground for several avian and mammalian predators, including the southern elephant seal. We quantified the spatio-temporal use of the plateau by southern elephant seals and found that males and females spent 30% of their time on the plateau within the commonly used fishing grounds, indicating the possibility of competition for resources there. We then contrasted the seals’ use of two habitat types, the benthos (where interactions with the long-line fisheries are most likely) and the epi-pelagic zone. The likelihood of feeding on the benthos declined as ocean depth increased and was also less likely at night. Males were also more likely to feed on the benthos than females. The sub-adult male seals consumed an estimated 6,814 – 14,848 tons of high energy content prey (including toothfish) and females 7,085 – 18,037 tons from the plateau during the post-molt winter months. For males this represented 79.6 – 173.4% of the mean annual catch by the Kerguelen fishery compared to 82.8 – 210.7% for adult females. When considering the seals consumption of fish from the benthos within the fishing grounds these estimates decreased to 3.6 – 15.1% of the fishery’s total annual catch for females and 7.8 – 19.1% for males. While this further indicates the possibility of indirect ecological interactions (with the fishery taking more fish than the seals), the lack of detailed diet information for the seals precludes us from establishing the degree or nature of the possible interactions because the importance of toothfish and icefish in the diet of the seals is unknown. However, the unique life history and highly polygynous nature of this species, and the lack of evidence of a measurable effect on either the seal’s population growth rates or the catch per unit of the fishery, suggest that any indirect ecological interactions are not of sufficient magnitude to affect either the seal population or the fishery. |
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109,1201 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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2296-7745 |
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yes |
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Serial  |
8561 |
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Author |
Philip L. Woodworth |
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Title |
Advances in the observation and understanding of changes in sea level and tides |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
1516 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
48-75 |
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Keywords |
extreme sea levels MSL changes ocean circulation variability ocean tides and their changes sea level and geodesy vertical land movements |
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Abstract |
Climate change, of which sea level change is one component, is seldom out of the news. This paper reviews developments in the measurement and understanding of changes in sea level and tides, focusing on the changes during the past century. The main aim has been to demonstrate how sea level and tidal science are now connected intimately with the fields of climate change and geodesy. |
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688 |
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ISSN |
1749-6632 |
ISBN |
1749-6632 |
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yes |
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8560 |
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Author |
A. T. Ringler, R. E. Anthony, R. C. Aster, C. J. Ammon, S. Arrowsmith, H. Benz, C. Ebeling, A. Frassetto, W.-Y. Kim, P. Koelemeijer, H. C. P. Lau, V. Lekić, J. P. Montagner, P. G. Richards, D. P. Schaff, M. Vallée, W. Yeck |
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Title |
Achievements and Prospects of Global Broadband Seismographic Networks After 30 Years of Continuous Geophysical Observations |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Reviews of Geophysics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
60 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e2021RG000749 |
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Abstract |
Global seismographic networks (GSNs) emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, facilitated by seminal international developments in theory, technology, instrumentation, and data exchange. The mid- to late-twentieth century saw the creation of the World-Wide Standardized Seismographic Network (1961) and International Deployment of Accelerometers (1976), which advanced global geographic coverage as seismometer bandwidth increased greatly allowing for the recording of the Earth's principal seismic spectrum. The modern era of global observations and rapid data access began during the 1980s, and notably included the inception of the GEOSCOPE initiative (1982) and GSN (1988). Through continual improvements, GEOSCOPE and the GSN have realized near-real time recording of ground motion with state-of-art data quality, dynamic range, and timing precision to encompass 180 seismic stations, many in very remote locations. Data from GSNs are increasingly integrated with other geophysical data (e.g., space geodesy, infrasound and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar). Globally distributed seismic data are critical to resolving crust, mantle, and core structure; illuminating features of the plate tectonic and mantle convection system; rapid characterization of earthquakes; identification of potential tsunamis; global nuclear test verification; and provide sensitive proxies for environmental changes. As the global geosciences community continues to advance our understanding of Earth structure and processes controlling elastic wave propagation, GSN infrastructure offers a springboard to realize increasingly multi-instrument geophysical observatories. Here, we review the historical, scientific, and monitoring heritage of GSNs, summarize key discoveries, and discuss future associated opportunities for Earth Science. |
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133 |
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ISSN |
1944-9208 |
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yes |
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8559 |
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Author |
Maxime Allioux, Stéven Yvenou, Alexander Merkel, Marc Cozannet, Johanne Aubé, Jolann Pommellec, Marc Le Romancer, Véronique Lavastre, Damien Guillaume, Karine Alain |
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Title |
A metagenomic insight into the microbiomes of geothermal springs in the Subantarctic Kerguelen Islands |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
22243 |
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Keywords |
Computational biology and bioinformatics Ecology Genetics Microbiology |
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Abstract |
The Kerguelen Islands, located in the southern part of the Indian Ocean, are very isolated geographically. The microbial diversity and communities present on the island, especially associated to geothermal springs, have never been analyzed with high-throughput sequencing methods. In this article, we performed the first metagenomics analysis of microorganisms present in Kerguelen hot springs. From four hot springs, we assembled metagenomes and recovered 42 metagenome-assembled genomes, mostly associated with new putative taxa based on phylogenomic analyses and overall genome relatedness indices. The 42 MAGs were studied in detail and showed putative affiliations to 13 new genomic species and 6 new genera of Bacteria or Archaea according to GTDB. Functional potential of MAGs suggests the presence of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, as well as heterotrophs and primary producers possibly involved in the sulfur cycle, notably in the oxidation of sulfur compounds. This paper focused on only four of the dozens of hot springs in the Kerguelen Islands and should be considered as a preliminary study of the microorganisms inhabiting the hot springs of these isolated islands. These results show that more efforts should be made towards characterization of Kerguelen Islands ecosystems, as they represent a reservoir of unknown microbial lineages. |
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1077 |
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ISSN |
2045-2322 |
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yes |
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8558 |
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Author |
Andrew D Foote, Alana Alexander, Lisa T Ballance, Rochelle Constantine, Bárbara Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Christophe Guinet, Kelly M Robertson, Mikkel-Holger S Sinding, Mariano Sironi, Paul Tixier, John Totterdell, Jared R Towers, Rebecca Wellard, Robert L Pitman, Phillip A Morin |
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Title |
“Type D” killer whale genomes reveal long-term small population size and low genetic diversity |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
114 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
94-109 |
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Abstract |
Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here, we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (FROH ≥ 0.65). Detected recombination cross-over events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with 3 modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among geographically dispersed social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the nonindependence of the 3 closely related modern genomes, the recent coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for both the distinctive morphology, and the coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations. |
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Programme |
109 |
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ISSN |
1465-7333 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8557 |
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Author |
Hassen Allegue, Denis Réale, Baptiste Picard, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
Track and dive-based movement metrics do not predict the number of prey encountered by a marine predator |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Movement Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3 |
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Keywords |
Accelerometry Area-restricted search Diving behavior Foraging behavior Marine predator Prey encounter events |
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Abstract |
Studying animal movement in the context of the optimal foraging theory has led to the development of simple movement metrics for inferring feeding activity. Yet, the predictive capacity of these metrics in natural environments has been given little attention, raising serious questions of the validity of these metrics. The aim of this study is to test whether simple continuous movement metrics predict feeding intensity in a marine predator, the southern elephant seal (SES; Mirounga leonine), and investigate potential factors influencing the predictive capacity of these metrics. |
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Programme |
109,1201 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
2051-3933 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8556 |
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Author |
Sophie Musset, Karl-Ludwig Klein, Nicolas Fuller, Gaelle Khreich, Antonin Wargnier |
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Title |
The time profile of relativistic solar particle events as observed by neutron monitors |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
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Pages |
15 |
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Abstract |
The most energetic particles accelerated in solar eruptive events are protons and nuclei with energies that may reach a few tens of GeV. They can be detected on the Earth through the secondaries they produce when interacting with the atmosphere. Solar energetic particle events where this happens are called Ground-Level Enhancements (GLEs). Their study is relevant on the one hand because the high particle energies pose particularly strong challenges to the understanding of the acceleration processes. On the other hand, the secondary particles constitute a source of radiation in the atmosphere that may temporarily exceed the permanent dose rate from galactic cosmic rays. This makes the monitoring of radiation doses received by aircrew from GLEs one issue of space weather services for civil aviation. This study addresses the time profiles of GLEs, in the search for commonalities that can be used to constrain models of acceleration and propagation and to forecast the evolution of an ongoing event. We investigate historical GLEs (1971–2012) with the worldwide network of neutron monitors, comparing the rise and the decay as observed by the neutron monitor with the strongest response. The sample comprises 23 events. We evaluate statistical correlations between rise time and decay time inferred from fits to the time profiles and compute a normalised median GLE time profile. An empirical correlation reported in earlier work between the observed rise times and decay times of the neutron monitor count rate profiles is confirmed. We find indications of a statistical relationship between the rise times and the parent eruptive activity. We discuss ideas on the mechanisms behind the correlation of rise and decay times and on its usefulness for space weather services. |
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227 |
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ISSN |
2115-7251 |
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yes |
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8555 |
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Author |
Christophe Barbraud, Dominique Joubert, Karine Delord |
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Title |
The demography of the White-headed Petrel at Mayes Island, Kerguelen |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Ornithology |
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Keywords |
Adult survival Breeding Capture-mark-recapture Population growth rate Pterodroma lessonii Seabird |
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Abstract |
The demography and factors affecting the population dynamics of gadfly petrels (Pterodroma spp.) remain poorly known, although they constitute the most diverse genus of Procellariiformes and many species are threaten. Using a long-term individual monitoring dataset over 35 years, this study provides estimates of state-specific demographic parameters of the White-headed Petrel (Pterodroma lessonii) from Mayes Island, Kerguelen archipelago, and tests for the effects of environmental factors. Age at first breeding was 8.7 ± 2.6 years and apparent adult annual survival was 0.941 ± 0.058. Annual breeding probability was 0.356 ± 0.036 for successful breeders and 0.988 ± 0.054 for individuals that took a sabbatical year after a successful breeding event. Successful breeders that bred during two consecutive years had a lower breeding success (0.574 ± 0.048) that individuals that bred after a sabbatical year (0.655 ± 0.036). The realized population growth rate (1.073 ± 0.011) suggested that the population is increasing. There was a slight evidence for a positive effect of the Southern Annular Mode on the breeding probability of successful breeders, but no effect of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a or wind was detected on demographic parameters. This study revealed that White-headed Petrels had a particularly high adult survival coherent with a quasi-biennial strategy and late age at first breeding. According to life history theory, populations of White-headed Petrel are thus likely to be very sensitive to small variations in adult survival, and anthropogenic factors causing additive mortality such as introduced predators will constitute serious threats for this species. |
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109 |
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2193-7206 |
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yes |
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8554 |
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Author |
Floriane Provost, Dimitri Zigone, Emmanuel Le Meur, Jean-Philippe Malet, Clément Hibert |
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Title |
Surface dynamics and history of the calving cycle of the Astrolabe glacier (Antarctica) derived from optical imagery |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
EGUsphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-17 |
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Abstract |
The recent calving of the Astrolabe glacier (Terre Adélie, East Antarctica) in November 2021 presents an opportunity to better understand the processes leading to ice fracturing. Optical satellite imagery is used to retrieve the calving cycle of the glacier since 2000 by mapping the ice front location. A recent archive of high resolution optical images from Sentinel-2 is used to measure the ice motion and the ice strain rates for the period 2017–2021 in order to document fractures and rift evolution. These observations are compared with sea ice extent and concentration measurements. We found that a significant change in the sea ice melting periodicity at the vicinity of the Astrolabe glacier occurred in the last decade (2011–2021) with respect to previous observations (1979–2011). After 2011, the occurrence of consecutive years of high sea-ice concentration at the vicinity of the glacier seems to have favored the ice tongue spatial extension. This lead to an unprecedentedly observed extension of the ice tongue until November 2021. The analysis of strain rate time series revealed that the glacier dislocated suddenly in June 2021 in the middle of the winter before releasing an iceberg of around 20 km2 in November 2021 at the onset of sea ice melting season. These observations suggest that although the presence of sea ice favors glacier extension, its buttressing effect may not be sufficient to prevent fracture opening. |
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411 |
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yes |
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8553 |
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Author |
Lucie A. Malard, Benoit Bergk-Pinto, Rose Layton, Timothy M. Vogel, Catherine Larose, David A. Pearce |
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Title |
Snow Microorganisms Colonise Arctic Soils Following Snow Melt |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Microbial Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Keywords |
Airborne dispersal Arctic ecosystems Bacterial diversity Coalescence Microbial colonisation Snow Soils |
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Abstract |
Arctic soils are constantly subjected to microbial invasion from either airborne, marine, or animal sources, which may impact local microbial communities and ecosystem functioning. However, in winter, Arctic soils are isolated from outside sources other than snow, which is the sole source of microorganisms. Successful colonisation of soil by snow microorganisms depends on the ability to survive and compete of both, the invading and resident community. Using shallow shotgun metagenome sequencing and amplicon sequencing, this study monitored snow and soil microbial communities throughout snow melt to investigate the colonisation process of Arctic soils. Microbial colonisation likely occurred as all the characteristics of successful colonisation were observed. The colonising microorganisms originating from the snow were already adapted to the local environmental conditions and were subsequently subjected to many similar conditions in the Arctic soil. Furthermore, competition-related genes (e.g. motility and virulence) increased in snow samples as the snow melted. Overall, one hundred potentially successful colonisers were identified in the soil and, thus, demonstrated the deposition and growth of snow microorganisms in soils during melt. |
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1192 |
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1432-184X |
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yes |
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8552 |
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