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Author N. Aubone, M. Saraceno, M. L. Torres Alberto, J. Campagna, L. Le Ster, B. Picard, M. Hindell, C. Campagna, C. R. Guinet
Title Physical changes recorded by a deep diving seal on the Patagonian slope drive large ecological changes Type Journal
Year 2021 Publication Journal of Marine Systems Abbreviated Journal
Volume 223 Issue Pages 103612
Keywords Elephant seals Malvinas current Patagonian shelf slope Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Abstract The Patagonian slope is the region where Subantarctic waters and bathymetry give raise to physical and ecological processes that support a rich biodiversity and a large-scale industrial fisheries. Unique among the species that depend on this region is the deep diving southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina. We report here on changes in the foraging behavior of a female seal explained by the combined effect of a cold and high salinity water mass and a decrease in surface chlorophyll-a concentration. Behavioral and oceanographic data from about 5000 profiles of temperature, conductivity, pressure, light and prey encounters were collected within an area ranging 59.5–61°W and 46–47.5°S, at depths of 300–700 m, on the Patagonian slope, during November–December 2018. A decrease in temperature (0.15 °C) and an increase in salinity (0.03) was found below the mixed layer, during December. Light data revealed a significant increase of irradiance in December (almost reaching the ocean bottom) associated with a decrease of chlorophyll-a in the upper levels. Concomitantly, the seal had a different diving behavior in December, foraging near the surface at night and close to the bottom during daylight hours. Also, the seal doubled the prey capture attempts in December compared to November. This study reveals the importance of ocean physical properties on seal's diving and foraging behavior, and how this changes, although small, can impact on seals diet and body composition during their post-breeding trips.
Programme 1201
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Language Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0924-7963 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8771
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Author Loïc Le Ster, Hervé Claustre, Francesco d’Ovidio, David Nerini, Baptiste Picard, Christophe Guinet
Title Improved accuracy and spatial resolution for bio-logging-derived chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements in the Southern Ocean Type Journal
Year 2023 Publication Frontiers in Marine Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 10 Issue Pages
Keywords bio-logging tag chla fluorescence Sensor calibration Southern elephant seal Southern Ocean Submesoscale
Abstract The ocean’s meso- and submeso-scales (1-100 km, days to weeks) host features like filaments and eddies that have a key structuring effect on phytoplankton distribution, but that due to their ephemeral nature, are challenging to observe. This problem is exacerbated in regions with heavy cloud coverage and/or difficult access like the Southern Ocean, where observations of phytoplankton distribution by satellite are sparse, manned campaigns costly, and automated devices limited by power consumption. Here, we address this issue by considering high-resolution in-situ data from 18 bio-logging devices deployed on southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in the Kerguelen Islands between 2018 and 2020. These devices have submesoscale-resolving capabilities of light profiles due to the high spatio-temporal frequency of the animals’ dives (on average 1.1 +-0.6 km between consecutive dives, up to 60 dives per day), but observations of fluorescence are much coarser due to power constraints. Furthermore, the chlorophyll a concentrations derived from the (uncalibrated) bio-logging devices’ fluorescence sensors lack a common benchmark to properly qualify the data and allow comparisons of observations. By proposing a method based on functional data analysis, we show that a reliable predictor of chlorophyll a concentration can be constructed from light profiles (14 686 in our study). The combined use of light profiles and matchups with satellite ocean-color data enable effective (1) homogenization then calibration of the bio-logging devices’ fluorescence data and (2) filling of the spatial gaps in coarse-grained fluorescence sampling. The developed method improves the spatial resolution of the chlorophyll a field description from ~30 km to ~12 km. These results open the way to empirical study of the coupling between physical forcing and biological response at submesoscale in the Southern Ocean, especially useful in the context of upcoming high-resolution ocean-circulation satellite missions.
Programme 1201
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ISSN 2296-7745 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8770
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Author Étienne Vignon, Lea Raillard, Christophe Genthon, Massimo Del Guasta, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, Alexis Berne
Title Ice fog observed at cirrus temperatures at Dome C, Antarctic Plateau Type Journal
Year 2022 Publication Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Abbreviated Journal
Volume 22 Issue 19 Pages 12857-12872
Keywords
Abstract As the near-surface atmosphere over the Antarctic Plateau is cold and pristine, its physico-chemical conditions resemble to a certain extent those of the high troposphere where cirrus clouds form. In this paper, we carry out an observational analysis of two shallow fog clouds forming in situ at cirrus temperatures – that is, temperatures lower than 235 K – at Dome C, inner Antarctic Plateau. The combination of lidar profiles with temperature and humidity measurements from advanced thermo-hygrometers along a 45 m mast makes it possible to characterise the formation and development of the fog. High supersaturations with respect to ice are observed before the initiation of fog, and the values attained suggest that the nucleation process at play is the homogeneous freezing of solution aerosol droplets. This is the first time that in situ observations show that this nucleation pathway can be at the origin of an ice fog. Once nucleation occurs, the relative humidity gradually decreases down to subsaturated values with respect to ice in a few hours, owing to vapour deposition onto ice crystals and turbulent mixing. The development of fog is tightly coupled with the dynamics of the boundary layer which, in the first study case, experiences a weak diurnal cycle, while in the second case, it transits from a very stable to a weakly stable dynamical regime. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of the site of Dome C for carrying out observational studies of very cold cloud microphysical processes in natural conditions and using in situ ground-based instruments.
Programme 1013
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ISSN 1680-7316 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8769
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Author Marine Bourriquen, Agnès Baltzer, Denis Mercier, Jérôme Fournier, Laurent Pérez, Sylvain Haquin, Eric Bernard, Maria Jensen
Title Coastal evolution and sedimentary mobility of Brøgger Peninsula, northwest Spitsbergen Type Journal
Year 2016 Publication Polar Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 1689-1698
Keywords High Arctic Paraglacial Sedimentary flux Submarine and aerial coastal evolution Svalbard
Abstract Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA), Svalbard glaciers have undergone a net retreat in response to changing meteorological conditions. Located between 76°N and 80°N, western Spitsbergen has seen a climatic transition from a glacial to a paraglacial system. On the northern shore of the Brøgger Peninsula (northwest Spitsbergen), the average temperature increased by 3 °C between 1965 and 2015, and cold-based valley glaciers have retreated more than 1 km from their LIA limits. This rapid deglaciation has exposed large areas of glacigenic sediments being easily reworked by runoff. This has led to the formation of extensive glacier-river delta systems and coastal progradation. Post-LIA coastal progradation and formation of new landforms in Kongsfjorden have been controlled predominantly by substantial availability of glacial sediment. A combination of aerial photographic and field data has been employed to estimate the post-LIA evolution of coastal sandur deltas and their submarine parts (named here “prodeltas”). The data set reveals that delta shoreline advance could have reached around 5 m/year. between 1966 and 1990 for the most energetic delta of Austre Lovenbreen, and around 4 m/year between 2011 and 2014 for the most energetic delta of Midtre Lovenbreen. The prodeltas registered a net growth from 2009 to 2012: the biggest, located in the prolongation of deltas of Austre Lovenbreen, measured 1033 m in length in 2009 and 1180 m in length in 2012. This substantial amount of sediment supplied in the fjord has an impact on the fjord ecology, especially on the benthic ecosystem.
Programme 1223
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ISSN 1432-2056 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8768
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Author Marta Cruz-Flores, Jérémy Lemaire, Maud Brault-Favrou, Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard, Carine Churlaud, Sébastien Descamps, Kyle Elliott, Kjell Einar Erikstad, Alexey Ezhov, Maria Gavrilo, David Grémillet, Gaël Guillou, Scott Hatch, Nicholas Per Huffeldt, Alexander S. Kitaysky, Yann Kolbeinsson, Yuri Krasnov, Magdalene Langset, Sarah Leclaire, Jannie F. Linnebjerg, Erlend Lorentzen, Mark L. Mallory, Flemming R. Merkel, William Montevecchi, Anders Mosbech, Allison Patterson, Samuel Perret, Jennifer F. Provencher, Tone K. Reiertsen, Heather Renner, Hallvard Strøm, Akinori Takahashi, Jean-Baptiste Thiebot, Thorkell Lindberg Thórarinsson, Alexis Will, Paco Bustamante, Jérôme Fort
Title Spatial distribution of selenium-mercury in Arctic seabirds Type Journal
Year 2024 Publication Environmental Pollution Abbreviated Journal
Volume 343 Issue Pages 123110
Keywords Atlantic-Arctic Black-legged kittiwake Blood Brünnich's guillemot Pacific-Arctic Stable isotopes Thick-billed murre Toxics
Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a metallic trace element toxic for humans and wildlife that can originate from natural and anthropic sources. Hg spatial gradients have been found in seabirds from the Arctic and other oceans, suggesting contrasting toxicity risks across regions. Selenium (Se) plays a protective role against Hg toxicity, but its spatial distribution has been much less investigated than that of Hg. From 2015 to 2017, we measured spatial co-exposure of Hg and Se in blood samples of two seabird species, the Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) from 17 colonies in the Arctic and subarctic regions, and we calculated their molar ratios (Se:Hg), as a measure of Hg sequestration by Se and, therefore, of Hg exposure risk. We also evaluated concentration differences between species and ocean basins (Pacific-Arctic and Atlantic-Arctic), and examined the influence of trophic ecology on Hg and Se concentrations using nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes. In the Atlantic-Arctic ocean, we found a negative west-to-east gradient of Hg and Se for guillemots, and a positive west-to-east gradient of Se for kittiwakes, suggesting that these species are better protected from Hg toxicity in the European Arctic. Differences in Se gradients between species suggest that they do not follow environmental Se spatial variations. This, together with the absence of a general pattern for isotopes influence on trace element concentrations, could be due to foraging ecology differences between species. In both oceans, the two species showed similar Hg concentrations, but guillemots showed lower Se concentrations and Se:Hg than kittiwakes, suggesting a higher Hg toxicity risk in guillemots. Within species, neither Hg, nor Se or Se:Hg differed between both oceans. Our study highlights the importance of considering Se together with Hg, along with different species and regions, when evaluating Hg toxic effects on marine predators in international monitoring programs.
Programme 388
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ISSN 0269-7491 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8767
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Author Coline Marciau, David Costantini, Sophie Bestley, Olivia Hicks, Mark A. Hindell, Akiko Kato, Thierry Raclot, Cécile Ribout, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Frederic Angelier
Title Environmental Drivers of Growth and Oxidative Status during Early Life in a Long-Lived Antarctic Seabird, the Adélie Penguin Type Journal
Year 2023 Publication Physiological and biochemical zoology: PBZ Abbreviated Journal
Volume 96 Issue 3 Pages 177-191
Keywords Adélie penguin Animals Antarctic Regions brood competition brood size early life hatching order oxidative stress Oxidative Stress protein carbonyls reactive oxygen metabolites Spheniscidae
Abstract AbstractIn vertebrates, developmental conditions can have long-term effects on individual performance. It is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress could be one physiological mechanism connecting early-life experience to adult phenotype. Accordingly, markers of oxidative status could be useful for assessing the developmental constraints encountered by offspring. Although some studies have demonstrated that developmental constraints are associated with high levels of oxidative stress in offspring, it remains unclear how growth, parental behavior, and brood competition may altogether affect oxidative stress in long-lived species in the wild. Here, we investigated this question in a long-lived Antarctic bird species by testing the impact of brood competition (e.g., brood size and hatching order) on body mass and on two markers of oxidative damage in Adélie penguin chicks. We also examined the influence of parental effort (i.e., foraging trip duration) and parental body condition on chick body mass and oxidative damage. First, we found that brood competition and parental traits had significant impacts on chick body mass. Second, we found that chick age and, to a lesser extent, chick body mass were two strong determinants of the levels of oxidative damage in Adélie penguin chicks. Finally, and importantly, we also found that brood competition significantly increased the levels of one marker of oxidative damage and was associated with a lower survival probability. However, parental effort and parental condition were not significantly linked to chick levels of oxidative damage. Overall, our study demonstrates that sibling competition can generate an oxidative cost even for this long-lived Antarctic species with a limited brood size (maximum of two chicks).
Programme 1091
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1537-5293 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8766
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Author Olivia Hicks, Akiko Kato, Frederic Angelier, Danuta M. Wisniewska, Catherine Hambly, John R. Speakman, Coline Marciau, Yan Ropert-Coudert
Title Acceleration predicts energy expenditure in a fat, flightless, diving bird Type Journal
Year 2020 Publication Scientific Reports Abbreviated Journal
Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 21493
Keywords Ecology Ecophysiology
Abstract Energy drives behaviour and life history decisions, yet it can be hard to measure at fine scales in free-moving animals. Accelerometry has proven a powerful tool to estimate energy expenditure, but requires calibration in the wild. This can be difficult in some environments, or for particular behaviours, and validations have produced equivocal results in some species, particularly air-breathing divers. It is, therefore, important to calibrate accelerometry across different behaviours to understand the most parsimonious way to estimate energy expenditure in free-living conditions. Here, we combine data from miniaturised acceleration loggers on 58 free-living Adélie penguins with doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements of their energy expenditure over several days. Across different behaviours, both in water and on land, dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of independently measured DLW-derived energy expenditure (R2 = 0.72). The most parsimonious model suggested different calibration coefficients are required to predict behaviours on land versus foraging behaviour in water (R2 = 0.75). Our results show that accelerometry can be used to reliably estimate energy expenditure in penguins, and we provide calibration equations for estimating metabolic rate across several behaviours in the wild.
Programme 1091
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 2045-2322 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8765
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Author Marianna Chimienti, Akiko Kato, Olivia Hicks, Frédéric Angelier, Michaël Beaulieu, Jazel Ouled-Cheikh, Coline Marciau, Thierry Raclot, Meagan Tucker, Danuta Maria Wisniewska, André Chiaradia, Yan Ropert-Coudert
Title The role of individual variability on the predictive performance of machine learning applied to large bio-logging datasets Type Journal
Year 2022 Publication Scientific Reports Abbreviated Journal
Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 19737
Keywords Behavioural ecology Ecological modelling Ecophysiology Machine learning
Abstract Animal-borne tagging (bio-logging) generates large and complex datasets. In particular, accelerometer tags, which provide information on behaviour and energy expenditure of wild animals, produce high-resolution multi-dimensional data, and can be challenging to analyse. We tested the performance of commonly used artificial intelligence tools on datasets of increasing volume and dimensionality. By collecting bio-logging data across several sampling seasons, datasets are inherently characterized by inter-individual variability. Such information should be considered when predicting behaviour. We integrated both unsupervised and supervised machine learning approaches to predict behaviours in two penguin species. The classified behaviours obtained from the unsupervised approach Expectation Maximisation were used to train the supervised approach Random Forest. We assessed agreement between the approaches, the performance of Random Forest on unknown data and the implications for the calculation of energy expenditure. Consideration of behavioural variability resulted in high agreement (> 80%) in behavioural classifications and minimal differences in energy expenditure estimates. However, some outliers with < 70% of agreement, highlighted how behaviours characterized by signal similarity are confused. We advise the broad bio-logging community, approaching these large datasets, to be cautious when upscaling predictions, as this might lead to less accurate estimates of behaviour and energy expenditure.
Programme 1091
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 2045-2322 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8764
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Author Yann Méheust, Karine Delord, Anne-Sophie Bonnet-Lebrun, Thierry Raclot, Julien Vasseur, Jimmy Allain, Virgil Decourteillle, Charles-André Bost, Christophe Barbraud
Title Human infrastructures correspond to higher Adélie penguin breeding success and growth rate Type Journal
Year 2024 Publication Oecologia Abbreviated Journal
Volume 204 Issue 3 Pages 675-688
Keywords Antarctica Breeding habitat quality Human disturbance Population dynamics Population monitoring Pygoscelis adeliae
Abstract Anthropogenic activities generate increasing disturbance in wildlife especially in extreme environments where species have to cope with rapid environmental changes. In Antarctica, while studies on human disturbance have mostly focused on stress response through physiological and behavioral changes, local variability in population dynamics has been addressed more scarcely. In addition, the mechanisms by which breeding communities are affected around research stations remain unclear. Our study aims at pointing out the fine-scale impact of human infrastructures on the spatial variability in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colonies dynamics. Taking 24 years of population monitoring, we modeled colony breeding success and growth rate in response to both anthropic and land-based environmental variables. Building density around colonies was the second most important variable explaining spatial variability in breeding success after distance from skua nests, the main predators of penguins on land. Building density was positively associated with penguins breeding success. We discuss how buildings may protect penguins from avian predation and environmental conditions. The drivers of colony growth rate included topographical variables and the distance to human infrastructures. A strong correlation between 1-year lagged growth rate and colony breeding success was coherent with the use of public information by penguins to select their initial breeding site. Overall, our study brings new insights about the relative contribution and ecological implications of human presence on the local population dynamics of a sentinel species in Antarctica.
Programme 1091
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1432-1939 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8763
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Author Coline Marciau, Thierry Raclot, Sophie Bestley, Christophe Barbraud, Karine Delord, Mark Andrew Hindell, Akiko Kato, Charline Parenteau, Timothée Poupart, Cécile Ribout, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Frédéric Angelier
Title Body condition and corticosterone stress response, as markers to investigate effects of human activities on Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) Type Journal
Year 2023 Publication Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages
Keywords Antarctica basal corticosterone disturbance Human activity Pygoscelis adeliae seabird stress response stress-induced corticosterone
Abstract In Antarctica, there is growing concern about the potential effect of anthropogenic activities (i.e., tourism, research) on wildlife, especially since human activities are developing at an unprecedented rate. Although guidelines exist to mitigate negative impacts, fundamental data are currently lacking to reliably assess impacts. Physiological tools, such as circulating corticosterone levels, appear promising to assess the potential impact of human disturbance on Antarctic vertebrates. In this study, we compared the body condition, and the physiological sensitivity to stress (i.e., basal and stress-induced corticosterone level) of adult and chick Adélie penguins between a disturbed and an undisturbed area (i.e., 2 colonies located in the middle of a research station exposed to intense human activities and 2 colonies located on protected islands with minimal human disturbance). We did not find any significant impact of human activities on body condition and corticosterone levels in adults (incubating adults, brooding adults). In chicks, there were significant inter-colony variations in stress-induced corticosterone levels. Specifically, the chicks from the disturbed colonies tended to have higher stress-induced corticosterone levels than the chicks from the protected areas although this difference between areas was not significant. Overall, our study suggests that this species is not dramatically impacted by human activities, at least when humans and penguins have cohabited for several decades. Our results support therefore the idea that this species is likely to be tolerant to human disturbance and this corroborates with the persistence of Adélie penguin colonies in the middle of the research station. However, our results also suggest that chicks might be more sensitive to human disturbance than adults and might therefore potentially suffer from human disturbance. In addition, and independently of human disturbance we also found significant differences in adult body condition, and chick corticosterone level between colonies, suggesting that other individual and environmental variables outweigh the potential minor impact of human disturbance on these variables. Combining corticosterone with complementary stress-related physiological markers, such as heart rate, may strengthen further studies examining whether human disturbance may have subtle detrimental impacts on individuals.
Programme 1091
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN 2296-701X Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial (down) 8762
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