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Quillfeldt Petra, Cherel Yves, Masello Juan F, Delord Karine, McGill Rona A R, Furness Robert W, Moodley Yoshan, Weimerskirch Henri, . (2015). Half a world apart? Overlap in nonbreeding distributions of Atlantic and Indian Ocean thin-billed prions.
. PloS one, 10(5), e0125007.
Abstract: Distant populations of animals may share their non-breeding grounds or migrate to distinct areas, and this may have important consequences for population differentiation and dynamics. Small burrow-nesting seabirds provide a suitable case study, as they are often restricted to safe breeding sites on islands, resulting in a patchy breeding distribution. For example, Thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri have two major breeding colonies more than 8,000 km apart, on the Falkland Islands in the south-western Atlantic and in the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. We used geolocators and stable isotopes to compare at-sea movements and trophic levels of these two populations during their non-breeding season, and applied ecological niche models to compare environmental conditions in the habitat. Over three winters, birds breeding in the Atlantic showed a high consistency in their migration routes. Most individuals migrated more than 3000 km eastwards, while very few remained over the Patagonian Shelf. In contrast, all Indian Ocean birds migrated westwards, resulting in an overlapping nonbreeding area in the eastern Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geolocators and isotopic signature of feathers indicated that prions from the Falklands moulted at slightly higher latitudes than those from Kerguelen Islands. All birds fed on low trophic level prey, most probably crustaceans. The phenology differed notably between the two populations. Falkland birds returned to the Patagonian Shelf after 2-3 months, while Kerguelen birds remained in the nonbreeding area for seven months, before returning to nesting grounds highly synchronously and at high speed. Habitat models identified sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration as important environmental parameters. In summary, we show that even though the two very distant populations migrate to roughly the same area to moult, they have distinct wintering strategies: They had significantly different realized niches and timing which may contribute to spatial niche partitioning.
Programme: 109
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Torres Leigh G, Sutton Philip J H, Thompson David R, Delord Karine, Weimerskirch Henri, Sagar Paul M, Sommer Erica, Dilley Ben J, Ryan Peter G, Phillips Richard A, . (2015). Poor transferability of species distribution models for a pelagic predator, the grey petrel, indicates contrasting habitat preferences across ocean basins.
. PloS one, 10(3), e0120014.
Keywords: Animals, Birds, Birds: physiology, Ecosystem, Models, Biological, Oceans and Seas, Predatory Behavior, Predatory Behavior: physiology,
Programme: 109
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Bailleul Frederic, Vacquie-Garcia Jade, Guinet Christophe, . (2015). Dissolved Oxygen Sensor in Animal-Borne Instruments: An Innovation for Monitoring the Health of Oceans and Investigating the Functioning of Marine Ecosystems.
. PloS one, 10(7), e0132681.
Abstract: The current decline in dissolved oxygen concentration within the oceans is a sensitive indicator of the effect of climate change on marine environment. However the impact of its declining on marine life and ecosystems' health is still quite unclear because of the difficulty in obtaining in situ data, especially in remote areas, like the Southern Ocean (SO). Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) proved to be a relevant alternative to the traditional oceanographic platforms to measure physical and biogeochemical structure of oceanic regions rarely observed. In this study, we use a new stage of development in biologging technology to draw a picture of dissolved oxygen concentration in the SO. We present the first results obtained from a dissolved oxygen sensor added to Argos CTD-SRDL tags and deployed on 5 female elephant seals at Kerguelen. From October 2010 and October 2011, 742 oxygen profiles associated with temperature and salinity measurements were recorded. Whether a part of the data must be considered cautiously, especially because of offsets and temporal drifts of the sensors, the range of values recorded was consistent with a concomitant survey conducted from a research vessel (Keops-2 project). Once again, elephant seals reinforced the relationship between marine ecology and oceanography, delivering essential information about the water masses properties and the biological status of the Southern Ocean. But more than the presentation of a new stage of development in animal-borne instrumentation, this pilot study opens a new field of investigation in marine ecology and could be enlarged in a near future to other key marine predators, especially large fish species like swordfish, tuna or sharks, for which dissolved oxygen is expected to play a crucial role in distribution and behaviour.
Programme: 109
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Costantini David, Goutte Aurelie, Barbraud Christophe, Faivre Bruno, Sorci Gabriele, Weimerskirch Henri, Delord Karine, Chastel Olivier, . (2015). Demographic Responses to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans).
. PloS one, 10(8), e0133967.
Abstract: One of the major challenges in ecological research is the elucidation of physiological mechanisms that underlie the demographic traits of wild animals. We have assessed whether a marker of plasma oxidative stress (TBARS) and plasma haptoglobin (protein of the acute inflammatory phase response) measured at time t predict five demographic parameters (survival rate, return rate to the breeding colony, breeding probability, hatching and fledging success) in sexually mature wandering albatrosses over the next four years (Diomedea exulans) using a five-year individual-based dataset. Non-breeder males, but not females, having higher TBARS at time t had reduced future breeding probabilities; haptoglobin was not related to breeding probability. Neither TBARS nor haptoglobin predicted future hatching or fledging success. Haptoglobin had a marginally positive effect on female survival rate, while TBARS had a marginally negative effect on return rate. Our findings do not support the role for oxidative stress as a constraint of future reproductive success in the albatross. However, our data point to a potential mechanism underlying some aspects of reproductive senescence and survival. Our results also highlight that the study of the consequences of oxidative stress should consider the life-cycle stage of an individual and its reproductive history.
Programme: 109
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Joliet F. (2011). Umiujaq, regards inuit sur le paysage. Bachelor's thesis, Presses de l'UQAM, .
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Masson-Delmotte V, Stenni B, Pol K, Braconnot P, Cattani O, Falourd S, Kageyama M, Jouzel J, Landais A, Minster B, Barnola J M, Chappellaz J, Krinner G, Johnsen S, Rothlisberger R, Hansen J, Mikolajewicz U, Otto-Bliesner B, . (2010). EPICA Dome C record of glacial and interglacial intensities
. Quat Sci Rev, 29(1-2), 113–128.
Abstract: Climate models show strong links between Antarctic and global temperature both in future and in glacial climate simulations. Past Antarctic temperatures can be estimated from measurements of water stable isotopes along the EPICA Dome C ice core over the past 800 000 years. Here we focus on the reliability of the relative intensities of glacial and interglacial periods derived from the stable isotope profile. The consistency between stable isotope-derived temperature and other environmental and climatic proxies measured along the EDC ice core is analysed at the orbital scale and compared with estimates of global ice volume. MIS 2,12 and 16 appear as the strongest glacial maxima, while MIS 5.5 and 11 appear as the warmest interglacial maxima. The links between EDC temperature, global temperature, local and global radiative forcings are analysed. We show: (i) a strong but changing link between EDC temperature and greenhouse gas global radiative forcing in the first and second part of the record; (ii) a large residual signature of obliquity in EDC temperature with a 5 ky lag; (iii) the exceptional character of temperature variations within interglacial periods. Focusing on MIS 5.5, the warmest interglacial of EDC record, we show that orbitally forced coupled climate models only Simulate a precession-induced shift of the Antarctic seasonal cycle of temperature. While they do capture annually persistent Greenland warmth, models fail to capture the warming indicated by Antarctic ice core delta D. We suggest that the model-data mismatch may result from the lack of feedbacks between ice sheets and climate including both local Antarctic effects due to changes in ice sheet topography and global effects due to meltwater-thermohaline circulation interplays. An MIS 5.5 sensitivity study conducted with interactive Greenland melt indeed induces a slight Antarctic warming. We suggest that interglacial EDC optima are caused by transient heat transport redistribution comparable with glacial north-south seesaw abrupt climatic changes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: glaciology, meteorology climatology,
Programme: 458
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Petkov, B.; Vitale, V.; Tomasi, C.; Bonaf, U.; Scaglione, S.; Flori, D.; Santaguida, R.; Gausa, M.; Hansen, G.; Colombo, T. (2006). Narrowband filter radiometer for ground-based measurements of global ultraviolet solar irradiance and total ozone. Applied optics, 45(18), 4383–4395.
Keywords: Atmospheric optics; Ozone; Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology
Programme: 1176
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Dobson F Stephen, Jouventin Pierre, . (2010). The trade-off of reproduction and survival in slow-breeding seabirds
. Can. J. Zool., 88(9), 889–899.
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de Dinechin Marc, Dobson F Stephen, Zehtindjiev Pavel, Metcheva Roumiana, Couchoux Charline, Martin Alice, Quillfeldt Petra, Jouventin Pierre, . (2012). Can. J. Zool., 90(3), 352–360.
Abstract: Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua (J.R. Forster 1781)) are defined morphologically as a single species with a northern and southern subspecies. Differences in nuptial displays and particularly mating calls, however, suggest isolation among island archipelagos of different ocean basins. We thus asked whether genetic divergence of populations could be confirmed using molecular markers. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from a sample of 110 Gentoo Penguins and 58 haplotypes from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA. Reanalyses of historical data on morphology were conducted to construct additional phylogenetic trees for comparison. In agreement with differences in mating calls, the phylogenetic tree that was based on mitochondrial DNA showed a deep division between populations in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. The current systematic division into two subspecies based on morphology was not supported. The division between populations in the Indian and Atlantic oceans was great enough to justify taxonomic revision, with at least three distinct clades: two in the respective sub-Antarctic and Antarctic zones of the Atlantic Ocean, and a deeply divergent and unnamed third clade in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean. In contrast to more pelagic species like Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781)), the restricted coastal foraging ranges of Gentoo Penguins and the distances among isolated oceanic archipelagos could explain the distribution of genetically differentiated populations.
Programme: 354
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Tremblay Sylvain, Bhiry Najat, Lavoie Martin, . (2014). Long-term dynamics of a palsa in the sporadic permafrost zone of northwestern Quebec (Canada)
. Can. J. Earth Sci., 51(5), 500–509.
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