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Librado P, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Schubert M, Jónsson H, Albrechtsen A, Fumagalli M, Yang MA, Gamba C, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen CD, Petersen B, Hoover CA, Lorente-Galdos B, Nedoluzhko A, Boulygina E, Tsygankova S, Neuditschko M, Jagannathan V, Thèves C, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Popov R, Grigoriev S, Alekseev AN, Rubin EM, McCue M, Rieder S, Leeb T, Tikhonov A, Crubézy E, Slatkin M, Marques-Bonet T, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Kantanen J, Prokhortchouk E, Orlando L. (2015). Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(50), 6889–97.
Abstract: Yakutia, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian Far East, represents one of the coldest places on Earth, with winter record temperatures dropping below -70 °C. Nevertheless, Yakutian horses survive all year round in the open air due to striking phenotypic adaptations, including compact body conformations, extremely hairy winter coats, and acute seasonal differences in metabolic activities. The evolutionary origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis of their adaptations remain, however, contentious. Here, we present the complete genomes of nine present-day Yakutian horses and two ancient specimens dating from the early 19th century and ∼5,200 y ago. By comparing these genomes with the genomes of two Late Pleistocene, 27 domesticated, and three wild Przewalski's horses, we find that contemporary Yakutian horses do not descend from the native horses that populated the region until the mid-Holocene, but were most likely introduced following the migration of the Yakut people a few centuries ago. Thus, they represent one of the fastest cases of adaptation to the extreme temperatures of the Arctic. We find cis-regulatory mutations to have contributed more than nonsynonymous changes to their adaptation, likely due to the comparatively limited standing variation within gene bodies at the time the population was founded. Genes involved in hair development, body size, and metabolic and hormone signaling pathways represent an essential part of the Yakutian horse adaptive genetic toolkit. Finally, we find evidence for convergent evolution with native human populations and woolly mammoths, suggesting that only a few evolutionary strategies are compatible with survival in extremely cold environments.
Programme: 1038
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A. Riberon, S. Duchesne, C. Keyser. (2015). Utilisation de la phylogénie pour le traitement des données culturelles : l'exemple des yakoutes..
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Hagelberg Erika, Hofreiter Michael, Keyser Christine, . (2015). Ancient DNA: the first three decades. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 370(1660), 20130371.
Abstract: When Russell Higuchi, Allan Wilson and co-workers reported the molecular cloning of a small fragment of DNA from a piece of dry tissue of a quagga, an extinct member of the horse family [[1][1]], they could hardly imagine that 30 years later several hundred scientists would meet at The Royal Society
Programme: 1038
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E. Crubézy, C. Keyser, D. Nikolaeva, S. Duchesne, P. Gerard, A. Alexeev, B. Ludes. (2016). Paléogénétique, Mythe et Histoire. Hommage au Pr Georges Larrouy..
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D. Nikolaeva, S. Duchesne, C. Keyser. (2016). La nécropole Xiongnu de Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu..
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D. Nikolaeva, P. Gerard. (2016). La population de l'Indigirka (fouilles archéologique 2013-2015)..
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L. Romanova, V. Balter, S. Duchesne, P. Gérard, N. Pokatilova, M. Deveaux, E. Crubézy, B. Ludes. (2016). La diffusion du thé et du tabac dans l'Arctique Sibérien : la tombe gelée d'Omouk 1 (Yakoutie, Sibérie Orientale)..
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Zvénigorosky V., Crubézy E. , Gibert M. , Thèves C., Hollard C., Gonzalez A., Fedorova S. Alexeeve A. , Bravinae R. , Ludes B., Keyser C. (2016). The genetics of kinship in remote human groups.. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 25, 52–62.
Abstract: For fifteen years, part of the work of our research team has been focused on the study of parental links between individuals living hundreds or thousands of years ago, whose remains have been found in single graves or large funerary complexes. These studies have been undertaken using methods developed by forensic genetics to identify individuals, mainly based on the genotyping of autosomal STR (Short Tandem Repeats). Issues arose from this work, namely the limits of studying small numbers of subjects, originating from groups of finite sizes where kinships cannot be inferred a priori and for which reference allelic frequencies do not exist. Although ideal human populations are rare when undertaking such studies, the Yakuts of Eastern Siberia constitute a very advantageous model, with large numbers of small pastoral communities and well-preserved archaeological material. The study of kinship in the ancient Yakuts allowed us to highlight the difficulties in analysing genetic data from small ancient human groups and to develop a strategy to improve the accuracy of statistical computations. This work describes this strategy and possible solutions to the study of populations outside of the frame of reference of global meta-populations, due either to isolation, remoteness or antiquity.
Programme: 1038
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E. Crubezy, D. Nikolaeva. (2017). Vainqueurs ou vaincus ? L'énigme Iakoute..
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. (2016). The genetics of kinship in remote human groups (Vol. 25).
Abstract: For fifteen years, part of the work of our research team has been focused on the study of parental links between individuals living hundreds or thousands of years ago, whose remains have been found in single graves or large funerary complexes. These studies have been undertaken using methods developed by forensic genetics to identify individuals, mainly based on the genotyping of autosomal STR (Short Tandem Repeats). Issues arose from this work, namely the limits of studying small numbers of subjects, originating from groups of finite sizes where kinships cannot be inferred a priori and for which reference allelic frequencies do not exist. Although ideal human populations are rare when undertaking such studies, the Yakuts of Eastern Siberia constitute a very advantageous model, with large numbers of small pastoral communities and well-preserved archaeological material. The study of kinship in the ancient Yakuts allowed us to highlight the difficulties in analysing genetic data from small ancient human groups and to develop a strategy to improve the accuracy of statistical computations. This work describes this strategy and possible solutions to the study of populations outside of the frame of reference of global meta-populations, due either to isolation, remoteness or antiquity.
Keywords: Ancient DNA Genetic kinship Population genetics Short tandem repeats Yakutia
Programme: 1038
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