| Home | [21–30] << 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 >> [41–50] |
|
Romie Tignat-Perrier, Aurélien Dommergue, Alban Thollot, Christoph Keuschnig, Olivier Magand, Timothy M. Vogel, Catherine Larose. (2019). Global airborne microbial communities controlled by surrounding landscapes and wind conditions (Vol. 9).
Abstract: The atmosphere is an important route for transporting and disseminating microorganisms over short and long distances. Understanding how microorganisms are distributed in the atmosphere is critical due to their role in public health, meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. In order to determine the dominant processes that structure airborne microbial communities, we investigated the diversity and abundance of both bacteria and fungi from the PM10 particle size (particulate matter of 10 micrometers or less in diameter) as well as particulate matter chemistry and local meteorological characteristics over time at nine different meteorological stations around the world. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Sphingomonas as well as the fungal species Pseudotaeniolina globaosa and Cladophialophora proteae were the most abundant taxa of the dataset, although their relative abundances varied greatly based on sampling site. Bacterial and fungal concentration was the highest at the high-altitude and semi-arid plateau of Namco (China; 3.56 × 106 ± 3.01 × 106 cells/m3) and at the high-altitude and vegetated mountain peak Storm-Peak (Colorado, USA; 8.78 × 104 ± 6.49 × 104 cells/m3), respectively. Surrounding ecosystems, especially within a 50 km perimeter of our sampling stations, were the main contributors to the composition of airborne microbial communities. Temporal stability in the composition of airborne microbial communities was mainly explained by the diversity and evenness of the surrounding landscapes and the wind direction variability over time. Airborne microbial communities appear to be the result of large inputs from nearby sources with possible low and diluted inputs from distant sources.
Programme: 1028
|
|
Scott D. Chambers, Susanne Preunkert, Rolf Weller, Sang-Bum Hong, Ruhi S. Humphries, Laura Tositti, Hélène Angot, Michel Legrand, Alastair G. Williams, Alan D. Griffiths, Jagoda Crawford, Jack Simmons, Taejin J. Choi, Paul B. Krummel, Suzie Molloy, Zoë Loh, Ian Galbally, Stephen Wilson, Olivier Magand, Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Aurélien Dommergue. (2018). Characterizing Atmospheric Transport Pathways to Antarctica and the Remote Southern Ocean Using Radon-222 (Vol. 6). Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: We discuss remote terrestrial influences on boundary layer air over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, and the mechanisms by which they arise, using atmospheric radon observations as a proxy. Our primary motivation was to enhance the scientific community’s ability to understand and quantify the potential effects of pollution, nutrient or pollen transport from distant land masses to these remote, sparsely-instrumented regions. Seasonal radon characteristics are discussed at 6 stations (Macquarie Island, King Sejong, Neumayer, Dumont d’Urville, Jang Bogo and Dome Concordia) using 1-4 years of continuous observations. Context is provided for differences observed between these sites by Southern Ocean radon transects between 45-67S made by the Research Vessel Investigator. Synoptic transport of continental air within the marine boundary layer (MBL) dominated radon seasonal cycles in the mid-Southern Ocean site (Macquarie Island). MBL synoptic transport, tropospheric injection, and Antarctic outflow all contributed to the seasonal cycle at the sub-Antarctic site (King Sejong). Tropospheric subsidence and injection events delivered terrestrially-influenced air to the Southern Ocean MBL in the vicinity of the circumpolar trough (or “Polar Front”). Katabatic outflow events from Antarctica were observed to modify trace gas and aerosol characteristics of the MBL 100-200 km off the coast. Radon seasonal cycles at coastal Antarctic sites were dominated by a combination of local radon sources in summer and subsidence of terrestrially-influenced tropospheric air, whereas those on the Antarctic Plateau were primarily controlled by tropospheric subsidence. Separate characterization of long-term marine and katabatic flow air masses at Dumont d’Urville revealed monthly mean differences in summer of up to 5 ppbv in ozone and 0.3 ng m-3 in gaseous elemental mercury. These differences were largely attributed to chemical processes on the Antarctic Plateau. A comparison of our observations with some Antarctic radon simulations by global climate models over the past two decades indicated that: (i) some models overestimate synoptic transport to Antarctica in the MBL, (ii) the seasonality of the Antarctic ice sheet needs to be better represented in models, (iii) coastal Antarctic radon sources need to be taken into account, and (iv) the underestimation of radon in subsiding tropospheric air needs to be investigated.
Keywords: Antarctica atmospheric transport MBL Mercury Ozone Radon Southern Ocean Troposphere
Programme: 1028
|
|
Kévin Fourteau, Patricia Martinerie, Xavier Faïn, Christoph F. Schaller, Rebecca J. Tuckwell, Henning Löwe, Laurent Arnaud, Olivier Magand, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Johannes Freitag, Robert Mulvaney, Martin Schneebeli, Vladimir Ya Lipenkov. (2019). Multi-tracer study of gas trapping in an East Antarctic ice core (Vol. 13).
Abstract:
Abstract. We study a firn and ice core drilled at the new “Lock-In” site in East Antarctica, located 136 km away from Concordia station towards Dumont d'Urville. High-resolution chemical and physical measurements were performed on the core, with a particular focus on the trapping zone of the firn where air bubbles are formed. We measured the air content in the ice, closed and open porous volumes in the firn, firn density, firn liquid conductivity, major ion concentrations, and methane concentrations in the ice. The closed and open porosity volumes of firn samples were obtained using the two independent methods of pycnometry and tomography, which yield similar results. The measured increase in the closed porosity with density is used to estimate the air content trapped in the ice with the aid of a simple gas-trapping model. Results show a discrepancy, with the model trapping too much air. Experimental errors have been considered but do not explain the discrepancy between the model and the observations. The model and data can be reconciled with the introduction of a reduced compression of the closed porosity compared to the open porosity. Yet, it is not clear if this limited compression of closed pores is the actual mechanism responsible for the low amount of air in the ice. High-resolution density measurements reveal the presence of strong layering, manifesting itself as centimeter-scale variations. Despite this heterogeneous stratification, all layers, including the ones that are especially dense or less dense compared to their surroundings, display similar pore morphology and closed porosity as a function of density. This implies that all layers close in a similar way, even though some close in advance or later compared to the bulk firn. Investigation of the chemistry data suggests that in the trapping zone, the observed stratification is partly related to the presence of chemical impurities. Programme: 1028
|
|
Romie Tignat-Perrier. (2019). Facteurs de structuration des communautés microbiennes de la couche limite atmosphérique ; Structuring factors of microbial communities in the atmospheric boundary layer. Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: La couche limite planétaire est la couche atmosphérique la plus basse qui est en interaction directe et constante avec les surfaces terrestres et marines sur lesquelles se concentrent les activités humaines, les cultures et divers écosystèmes. Comprendre l’origine de sa composition à la fois chimique et microbiologique est fondamental dans notre étude approfondie de la biosphère. Alors que les microorganismes de la couche limite planétaire – retrouvés jusqu’à 106 cellules par mètre cube d’air – semblent varier significativement à l’échelle spatiale et temporelle en termes de concentration et de diversité, ils restent largement méconnus. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de comprendre comment se structurent les communautés microbiennes dans la troposphère, et en particulier dans la couche limite planétaire, ainsi que d’identifier les facteurs de contrôle majeurs. En travaillant sur des échantillons collectés pendant plusieurs semaines sur neuf sites répartis sur la planète, et en utilisant les technologies de séquençage ADN haut-débit, nous avons étudié la composition taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes de la phase gazeuse et solide de l’atmosphère (c’est-à-dire non associés aux nuages).Nos premiers résultats sur la taxonomie des communautés microbiennes révèlent que les surfaces proches des sites sont les contributeurs principaux de distribution des communautés microbiennes atmosphériques, malgré l’occurrence potentielle du transport longue-distance des microorganismes atmosphériques. Egalement, les conditions météorologiques combinées à la diversité des surfaces locales terrestres ou océaniques jouent un rôle important dans la variation temporelle de la structure des communautés microbiennes de la couche limite planétaire. Une deuxième étude nous a permis d’étudier davantage la variation temporelle des communautés microbiennes atmosphériques sur un site continental montagneux en France (1465 m d’altitude) sur une année complète. Cette étude révèle l’importance des conditions de surface des paysages aux alentours dans la composition taxonomique des communautés atmosphériques. L’évolution au cours de l’année des terres agricoles et de la végétation, qui composaient en majeure partie le paysage du site, était responsable du changement temporel observé dans la composition taxonomique des communautés microbiennes atmosphériques. Finalement, nous avons étudié la composition fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes de la couche limite planétaire afin d’identifier si les conditions physiques et chimiques de l’atmosphère jouaient un rôle dans la sélection ou adaptation microbienne des microorganismes atmosphériques. L’analyse comparative de données métagénomiques ne révèle pas de signature atmosphérique spécifique du potentiel fonctionnel des communautés microbiennes atmosphériques. La composition fonctionnelle semble avant tout liée aux écosystèmes locaux. Toutefois, nous avons observé que les champignons étaient plus dominants relativement aux bactéries dans l’air comparativement aux autres écosystèmes. Ce résultat suggère un processus de sélection des champignons durant l’aérosolisation et/ou le transport aérien. Les champignons pourraient survivre davantage l’aérosolisation et le transport aérien comparativement aux bactéries du fait de leur résistance naturelle aux conditions physiques stressantes de l’atmosphère. Nos résultats ont apporté une meilleure compréhension des facteurs déterminants (c’est-à-dire les surfaces locales, les sources distantes, les conditions météorologiques locales, les conditions physiques stressantes de l’atmosphère) et de leur contribution dans la structuration des communautés microbiennes de la couche limite atmosphérique. Nos investigations constituent une base importante pour de nouvelles études sur la prévision et le contrôle des communautés microbiennes atmosphériques, afin de répondre à des questions majeures dans les domaines de la santé publique et de l’agronomie.
Keywords: 570 Aerosolisation Airborne microbial communities Atmospheric microorganisms Communautés microbiennes Comparative metagenomics Couche limite planétaire Facteurs de structuration Fonctions microbiennes High throughput sequencing Microorganismes -- Analyse Microorganismes -- Dispersion Microorganismes atmosphériques Planetary boundary layer Séquençage à haut débit Séquençage ADN haut-Débit
Programme: 1028
|
|
Hippolyte LEURIDAN (based in LSCE, internship will be supervised both by LSCE - Michel RAMONET -, and IGE - Olivier MAGAND-, laboratories). (2021). Investigation of Radon measurements as a tracer of atmospheric mercury sources using Amsterdam Island records (Indian Ocean).
Abstract: Since The Signature Of The Minamata Convention On Mercury In 2017, National Regulation Coordinated At An International Level Will Come Into Force In Order To Limit Anthropogenic Emissions And Therefore Protect The Human Health And Ecosystem From This Highly Toxic Pollutant. One Need To Evaluate The Efficiency Of National Measures, And Long-term Monitoring Of Atmospheric Mercury (Hg) Is An Important Tool To Address The Changes Over Time Of Emission Sources, Transport, And Deposition Patterns.the Global Mercury Observation System (Gmos) Project Was Funded By The European Commission (Http://www.gmos.eu) And Started In November 2010 With The Overall Goal To Develop A Coordinated Global Observing System To Monitor Hg On A Global Scale, Including A Large Network Of Ground-based Monitoring Stations. To Date, More Than 40 Ground-based Monitoring Sites Constitute The Global Network Covering Many Regions Where Little To No Observational Data Were Available Before Gmos (Sprovieri Et Al., 2016). All Gmos Work Is Now Continued In The Framework Of The International Frame Work Of Gos4m (Global Observation System For Mercury – Http://www.gos4m.org)although Essential To Fully Understand The Cycling Of Mercury At The Global Scale, Mercury Species Records In The Southern Hemisphere Were Really Scarce Before Gmos. In This Context, An Atmospheric Mercury Monitoring Station Has Been Set Up On Amsterdam Island (37◦48 S, 77◦34 E) In The Remote Southern Indian Ocean In 2012. Since 2012, We Continuously Measured Gaseous Mercury Species With A 15 Min Frequency. Angot Et Al. (2014) Discussed The First Two Years Of This Record, Using Principally Wind Sector Analysis And Air Mass Back Trajectories. They Also Include In Their Analysis The Unique Continuous Record Of Radon 222 And 220 (Thoron) (Polian Et Al., 1986; Kritz Et Al., 1990). Radon 222 And 220 (Thoron) Activities Can Be Used To Distinguish Local Soil Outgassing From Remote Continental Source. Combined With Meteorological Data, The Change Of Activities Are Then Powerful Tool To Classify Air Mass Origin For The Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury Record. Rapid And Sharp Variations Of Radon 222 Activity, Referred To As &Ldquo;radonic Storms” (Lambert Et Al., 1970) And Ascribed To Strong Continental Air Mass Advection, Are Then Observed At Amsterdam Island. The Occurrence Of Radonic Storms Was Estimated To Be About 4 % In 2012 And 7 % In 2013. Considering The Works Realized In 2014, The Goal Of This Internship Is To Deeper Explore The Relationships Between The Collected Gaseous Elemental Mercury And Observed Radon (222rn / 220rn) Activities In The Entire Data Set. In Particular, We Will Study The Specific And Coupled Trend Of These Compounds, The Frequency And Intensity Of Radonic Storm Occurrence And Their Potential Link With The Gaseous Elemental Mercury Cycle. Local Meteorology Data As Well As Backtrajectories Simulation (Hysplit And/or Flexpart Model) Will Be Also Used.
Programme: 1028
|
|
Cyrielle Solis (Based In Lsce, Internship Will Be Supervised Both By Lsce - Amaelle Landais, Françoise Vimeux -, And Ige - Olivier Magand-, Laboratories). (2021). Isotopic signature of atmospheric dynamics on the island of Amsterdam and link to large-scale moisture transport.
Abstract: Climate And Water Cycle Reconstruction Over The Last Centuries And Prediction Should Be Improved In The Southern Hemisphere (E.g. Last Ipcc Report). First, Direct Observations Are Scarce (E.g. In Antarctica, Mainly Basic Automatic Weather Station – Aws – Only Since The 50’s And Satellite Observations). As A Consequence, Climate And Water Cycle Reconstructions Are Largely Dependent On Proxy Measurements Such As Water Isotopes In Polar Ice Cores, Even Over The Last Century. Second, Climate And Water Cycle Reconstructions Using Models Should Be Improved. In Particular, Problems Have Been Identified For (1) Estimation Of Precipitation Amounts (Large Discrepancies Among Models Over The Austral Ocean And The Ice-sheet), (2) Description Of Particular Atmospheric Processes Associated With Cloud Microphysics And Exchanges Between Surface And Atmosphere In Polar Regions And (3) Seasonal To Interannual Evolution Of The Locations Of The Westerlies And Subtropical Jet And Associated Air Mass Trajectories. The Last Aspect Has Important Direct Consequences For The Atmospheric Dynamics In This Region But Also Indirect Consequences Such As The Links Between Westerlies, Co2 Outgassing And Sea Ice Extent In The Austral Ocean (Saunders Et Al. 2018; Menviel Et Al. 2018; Holland And Kwok, 2012). With The Objectives To Provide (1) A Better Description Of Water Cycle Dynamic In The Southern Ocean At Annual And Interannual Scales And (2) An Improved Transfer Function Between Climate / Water Cycle And Water Isotopes In This Region, A Bunch Of Instruments Measuring Continuously The Isotopic Composition Of Water In The Water Vapor And In The Precipitation Has Been Installed Over The Last Years Along A Transect From La Réunion To Antarctica.first Results From The Antarctic Instruments Reveal Clear Isotopic Signatures Of Large Scale Water Cycle Features Such As Atmospheric Rivers Dominating The Surface Mass Balance In Antarctica. In La Réunion, An Extensive Study Of The Drivers Of The Isotopic Composition Of The Water Vapor Showed That The Influence Of The Subtropical Westerly Jet Dominates The Water Isotopic Signal At Night. To Connect The Two Regions, An Instrument Is Running On Amsterdam Island Since November 2019 With First Results Showing A Clear Isotopic Signature During The High Pressure And Low Pressure Synoptic Events. Still, No In-depth Study Of The Data Trying To Connect The Isotopic Record In Amsterdam Island To Larger Scale Patterns Of The Water Cycle Has Been Initiated.the Goal Of This Internship Is To Provide The First Analyses Of The Isotopic (Water Vapor And Precipitation) Records On Amsterdam Island With A Comparison With Meteorological Data And Environmental Data Collected In Parallel On The Observatory Of Amsterdam Island (E.g. Gaseous Elemental Mercury). After These First Analyses Of The Data, Comparisons Will Be Performed With Water Isotopic Records In La Réunion Over Selected Events (Subtropical Jet Or Cold Fronts Intrusions). This Study Will Involve Analyses Of Meteorological Maps As Well As Backtrajectories.this Internship Requires Skills For (Python Or R Languages) And Involves Large Interactions Within A Large Research Team.
Programme: 1028
|
|
Warren RL. Cairns, Clara Turetta, Niccolò Maffezzoli, Olivier Magand, Beatriz Ferreira Araujo, Hélène Angot, Delia Segato, Paolo Cristofanelli, Francesca Sprovieri, Claudio Scarchilli, Paolo Grigioni, Virginia Ciardini, Carlo Barbante, Aurélien Dommergue, Andrea Spolaor. (2021). Mercury in precipitated and surface snow at Dome C and a first estimate of mercury depositional fluxes during the Austral summer on the high Antarctic plateau (Vol. 262).
Abstract: The role of deposition fluxes on the mercury cycle at Concordia station, on the high Antarctic plateau have been investigated over the Austral summer between December 2017 to January 2018. Wet/frozen deposition was collected daily from specially sited tables, simultaneously with the collection of surface (0–3 cm) and subsurface (3–6 cm) snow and the analysis of Hg0 in the ambient air. Over the course of the experiment the atmospheric Hg0 concentrations ranged from 0.58 ± 0.19 to 1.00 ± 0.33 ng m−3, surface snow Hg concentrations varied between (0–3 cm) 0.006 ± 0.003 to 0.001 ± 0.001 ng cm−3 and subsurface snow (3–6 cm) concentrations varied between 0.001 ± 0.001 to 0.003 ± 0.002 ng cm−3. The maximum daily wet deposition flux was found to be 23 ng m−2 d−1. Despite the low temporal resolution of our measurements combined with their potential errors, the linear regression of the Hg deposition fluxes against the snow accumulation rates allowed us to estimate the mean dry deposition rate from the intercept of the graph as −0.005 +- 0.008 ng m−2 d−1. From this analysis, we conclude that wet deposition accounts for the vast majority of the Hg deposition fluxes at Concordia Station. The number of snow events, together with the continuous GEM measurements have allowed us to make a first estimation of the mean snow scavenging factor at Dome C. Using the slope of the regression of mercury flux on snow accumulation we obtained a snow scavenging factor that ranges from 0.21 to 0.22 ± 0.02 (ngHg/g snow)/(ngHg/m3 air). Our data indicate that the boundary layer height and local meteorological effects influence Hg0 reemission from the top of (0–3 cm) the snowpack into the atmosphere and into the deeper snowpack layer (3–6 cm). These data will help constrain numerical models on the behaviour of mercury in Antarctica.
Keywords: Atmospheric conditions High resolution sampling Snow scavenging factor Snow sublimation
Programme: 1028
|
|
Steffen M. Noe, Ksenia Tabakova, Alexander Mahura, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Miriam Kosmale, Jyri Heilimo, Roberto Salzano, Mattia Santoro, Rosamaria Salvatori, Andrea Spolaor, Warren Cairns, Carlo Barbante, Fidel Pankratov, Angelika Humbert, Jeroen E. Sonke, Kathy S. Law, Tatsuo Onishi, Jean-Daniel Paris, Henrik Skov, Andreas Massling, Aurélien Dommergue, Mikhail Arshinov, Denis Davydov, Boris Belan, Tuukka Petäjä. (2022). Arctic observations and sustainable development goals – Contributions and examples from ERA-PLANET iCUPE data (Vol. 132).
Abstract: Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) project developed 24 novel datasets utilizing in-situ observational capacities within the Arctic or remote sensing observations from ground or from space. The datasets covered atmospheric, cryospheric, marine, and terrestrial domains. This paper connects the iCUPE datasets to United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and showcases the use of selected datasets as knowledge provision services for policy- and decision-making actions. Inclusion of indigenous and societal knowledge into the data processing pipelines enables a feedback mechanism that facilitates data driven public services.
Keywords: Arctic data Data driven public services In-situ Mercury Remote sensing Sustainable development
Programme: 1028
|
|
Stefan Osterwalder, Sarrah M. Dunham-Cheatham, Beatriz Ferreira Araujo, Olivier Magand, Jennie L. Thomas, Foteini Baladima, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Torunn Berg, Lei Zhang, Jiaoyan Huang, Aurélien Dommergue, Jeroen E. Sonke, Mae Sexauer Gustin. (2021). Fate of Springtime Atmospheric Reactive Mercury: Concentrations and Deposition at Zeppelin, Svalbard (Vol. 5).
Abstract: Mid-latitude atmospheric elemental mercury (Hg) emissions undergo extensive oxidation to reactive Hg (RM) compounds during Arctic polar sunrise, resulting in enhanced atmospheric deposition that impacts Arctic marine wildlife and humans. It has been difficult to estimate RM dry deposition, because RM concentrations, compounds, and their deposition velocities are ill-defined. Here, we investigate RM concentrations sampled with membrane-based methods and find these to exceed denuder-based RM detection by 5 times at the Zeppelin Observatory on Svalbard (March 26–July 24, 2019). Measured dry deposition of gaseous oxidized Hg was about half of the modeled RM deposition, demonstrating that particulate-bound Hg was an important component of dry deposition. Using thermal membrane desorption, RM chemistry was found to be dominated by Hg–Cl/Br (51%) and Hg–N (45%) compounds. Back-trajectory analysis indicated that Hg–Br/Cl compounds were predominantly advected from within the marine boundary layer (sea ice exposure), while Hg–N originated from the free troposphere. Weekly average RM compound-specific dry deposition velocities ranged from 0.12 to 0.49 cm s–1, with a net RM dry deposition of 1.9 μg m–2 (1.5–2.5 μg m–2; 95% confidence interval) that exceeds the mean annual Hg wet deposition flux in Svalbard. Overall, we find that springtime atmospheric RM deposition has been underestimated in the Arctic marine environment.
Programme: 1028
|
|
Tignat-Perrier, R., Vogel, T. M., Técher, N., Larose, C., and Dommergue, A. (2022). Microorganisms Floating Through the Air.
Abstract: Would you believe us if we told you that, when you breathe in, you inhale thousands of microorganisms with every breath. Although this might sound scary, be assured that they are safe for your health. These airborne microorganisms, too small to see with the naked eye, consist of many different species. Who are they? Where do they come from? What do they do in the air? These are some of the questions that we answer in this article, although many questions about airborne microorganisms remain to be explored.
Programme: 1028
|