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Camille Lemonnier. (2021). Coping with socially stressful environments in colonial seabirds: a test of adaptive phenotype programming in king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus).
Abstract: Group-living is associated with both fitness benefits and costs for animals. In seabird colonies, spatial heterogeneity in social density and other environmental parameters may affect the quality of breeding territories. For instance, in king penguins, increased conspecific density has been correlated with increased stress hormone levels and increased energy expenditure in individual birds, suggesting a cost of colonial breeding. We unravelled the influences of early (genetic and early maternal effects) and rearing environments on chick growth trajectories, stress physiology and survival. Our results suggest that the rearing social environment (rather than biological background) can influence chicks’ phenotype, growth and survival. Especially, chicks reared in high density areas of the colony showed increased weight gain and survival probabilities. These results suggest either a difference in terms of parental quality between individual breeding at high and low social densities or a difference in chick’s competitiveness due to their early life social environment.
Programme: 119
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Viblanc Va, Stier A, Bize P, Schull Q, Criscuolo F, Groscolas R, Robin Jp. (2021). The ecophysiology of king penguins : responses to a fluctuating environment. Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: Penguins are sea...birds. These highly evolved marine predators thrive in the oceanic habitat. Yet, they are conflicted – confronted to the duality of a life spent partly at sea, partly on-land. This life style has them subject to a number of very different ecological pressures. The ECONERGY polar project (IPEV #119) seeks to understand how king penguin cope with the constraints they face while living on-land, and the underlying physiological adaptations that allow them to do so. This includes studies dealing with fasting, parasites, predators, aggressive neighbors, climate and human disturbance. I will present some of the advances our project has made over the past decades, and where we will proceed in the years to come with a new project. We aim to understand bird stress from an integrative perspective, building a long-term observatory of penguin physiological responses to a changing world, and determining how breeding performances on land and foraging performances at sea are related.
Programme: 119
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Lemonnier C, Schull Q, Stier A, Boonstra R, Delahanty B, Lefol E, Durand L, Robin Jp, Criscuolo F, Bize P, Viblanc Va. (2021). Coping with socially stressful environments in colonial seabirds: a test of adaptive phenotype programming in king penguins.
Abstract: Coloniality is associated with various benefits and costs for animals affecting their fitness. Breeding colonies are heterogeneous both in terms of physical and social parameters, thus, breeding territories are of different quality relative to their location within the colony. In king penguins, increased conspecific density has been correlated with increased stress level in individual birds, suggesting a cost of colonial breeding. We used a cross-fostering approach to question the relationship linking breeding location, phenotype and reproduction success. We crossfostered eggs shortly after laying within and between high-and low-density colony areas. This design allowed us to unravel the influences of early genetic and maternal effects together with rearing environments on chick growth trajectories, stress physiology and survival. We tested whether chick phenotype is determined at birth to match their early environment or if higher social density conferred an advantage for reproduction.
Programme: 119
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Stier A, Lewden A, Ruuskanen S, Noiret A, Angelier F, Robin Jp, Bize P, Raclot T, Roussel D, Ropert-coudert Y, Viblanc Va. (2021). HotPenguin : cool in the water, too hot on land ? Risks and consequences of heat stress in penguins facing climate change.
Abstract: Animals from polar regions have evolved highly specialized adaptations to cope with cold climates, which put them at risk regarding the current rapid climate change. This is especially true for penguins who live most of the year in cold water, but breed on land in the spring/summer. Penguins are thereby likely to be threatened by periods of unusually warm temperatures on land. While heat stress is increasingly studied in warm regions, few studies have investigated whether heat stress could occur in polar regions, and to what extent it could affect individual health and reproduction. My aim is to fill this knowledge gap by leading a collaborative research project taking an integrative approach, from animal behavior to the sub-cellular level. This project aims at helping to better predict how penguin populations will respond to future climate change, and raise awareness of scientists, stakeholders and the general public towards an under-appreciated risk of climate change in polar regions.
Programme: 119
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O. Alemany, P. Talalay, P. Boissonneau, J. Chappellaz, J. F. Chemin, R. Duphil, E. Lefebvre, L. Piard, P. Possenti, J. Triest. (2021). The SUBGLACIOR drilling probe: hydraulic considerations (Vol. 62).
Abstract: Using significant technological breakthroughs and unconventional approaches, the goal of the in situ probing of glacier ice for a better understanding of the orbital response of climate (SUBGLACIOR) project is to advance ice core research by inventing, constructing and testing an in situ probe to evaluate if a target site is suitable for recovering ice as old as 1.5 million years. Embedding a laser spectrometer, the probe is intended to make its own way down into the ice and to measure, in real time and down to the bedrock, the depth profiles of the ice δD water isotopes as well as the trapped CH4 gas concentration and dust concentration. The probe descent is achieved through electromechanical drilling combined with continuous meltwater sample production using a central melting finger in the drill head. A key aspect of the project lies in the design and implementation of an efficient method to continuously transfer to the surface the ice chips being produced by the drill head and from the refreezed water expulsed downstream from the melting finger, into the borehole. This paper presents a detailed calculation and analysis of the flow rates and pressure conditions required to overcome friction losses of the drilling fluid and to effectively transport ice chips to the surface.
Keywords: Glaciological instruments and methods ice coring ice engineering paleoclimate
Programme: 119
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Lemonnier C, Schull Q, Stier A, Boonstra R, Delahanty B, Lefol E, Durand L, Robin J-p, Criscuolo F, Bize P &Amp; Va Viblanc. (2021). Coping with socially stressful environment in colonial seabirds: a test of adaptive phenotype programming in king penguins.
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Garcin N, Viblanc VA, Schull Q, Michaux D, Reichert S, Robin JP, Bize P, Stier A. (2021). Naturally equipped to resist stress.
Abstract: Stress exposure and stress response are likely to vary according to life history strategies and environmental contexts. Although the acute release of glucocorticoids in response to unpredictable environmental conditions may lead to adaptative behavioral and physiological responses, exposure to high glucocorticoid levels on the long-term usually leads to deleterious cascading effects on animal’s physiology, behavior and fitness. Yet, some species may be more adapted to cope with challenging events than others and might naturally possess protective mechanisms limiting the adverse consequences of prolonged exposure to high glucocorticoid levels. King penguin chicks being naturally exposed to harsh weather, prolonged fasting and constant predation pressure, we investigated the life-history, behavioral and physiological consequences of an experimental increase in corticosterone levels on the medium and long-term (after removing implants), predicting to find relatively few costs associated with such treatment. Although non-significant, CORT-treated chicks were slightly larger, fledged slightly earlier and had slightly higher survival chances than placebo chicks. CORT-treated chicks were significantly more aggressive and displayed lower corticosterone response to acute stress on the medium term, while their physical activity and whole-body energetics were not significantly affected. While mitochondrial density was not significantly affected by the CORT treatment, CORT-treated chicks had lower oxidative stress levels on the long-term than placebo ones, and no significant impact was observed on telomere shortening. Finally, the expression of several genes (i.e. CORT receptor, HSP90, mTOR, NRF2 and TERF2) was up regulated in treated chicks, which could potentially mediate the apparent ‘stress’ resistance we observed at the phenotypic level.
Programme: 119
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Viblanc Va, Stier A, Bize P, Schull Q, Criscuolo F, Groscolas R, Robin Jp. (2021). The ecophysiology of king penguins: responses to a fluctuating environment.
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Matteo Feltracco, Elena Barbaro, Clara J. M. Hoppe, Klara K. E. Wolf, Andrea Spolaor, Rose Layton, Christoph Keuschnig, Carlo Barbante, Andrea Gambaro, Catherine Larose. (2021). Airborne bacteria and particulate chemistry capture Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an Arctic fjord (Vol. 256). Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: Primary biological aerosol particles and microorganisms are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. Investigations of airborne chemical markers and microbial communities are critical for identifying sources, transport and transformation processes of aerosols. One potential major source of airborne chemical compounds and microbial communities (e.g. L- and D-amino acids, Flavobacteria) could be related to phytoplankton blooms that occur during the spring season in Arctic fjord systems. Here, we conducted a field study in a polar environment to investigate the occurrence in coarse and fine particles of water-soluble compounds (major ions, carboxylic acids and free L- and D-amino acids) and airborne bacterial communities in aerosol samples. The sampling was conducted with a 6 day sampling frequency at the Gruvebadet observatory, close to Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands). Glycine, D-amino acids and C4- organic acids increased during the exponential phase of a marine bloom that occurred in Kongsfjorden and started to drop at the beginning of the main-bloom phase. On the other hand, Polaribacter together with free L-amino acids overlapped with the Chlorophyll a peak and the subsequent decline, and thus might constitute a useful marker for the main-bloom phase.
Keywords: Air-to-sea exchanges Amino acids Arctic Atmospheric microorganisms Marine phytoplankton bloom
Programme: 1192
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Christian Zdanowicz, Jean-Charles Gallet, Mats P. Björkman, Catherine Larose, Thomas Schuler, Bartłomiej Luks, Krystyna Koziol, Andrea Spolaor, Elena Barbaro, Tõnu Martma, Ward van Pelt, Ulla Wideqvist, Johan Ström. (2021). Elemental and water-insoluble organic carbon in Svalbard snow: a synthesis of observations during 2007–2018 (Vol. 21).
Abstract: Light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols emitted by biomass or fossil fuel combustion can contribute to amplifying Arctic climate warming by lowering the albedo of snow. The Svalbard archipelago, being near to Europe and Russia, is particularly affected by these pollutants, and improved knowledge of their distribution in snow is needed to assess their impact. Here we present and synthesize new data obtained on Svalbard between 2007 and 2018, comprising measurements of elemental (EC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) in snow from 37 separate sites. We used these data, combined with meteorological data and snowpack modeling, to investigate the variability of EC and WIOC deposition in Svalbard snow across latitude, longitude, elevation and time. Overall, EC concentrations (CsnowEC) ranged from <1.0 to 266.6 ng g−1, while WIOC concentrations (CsnowWIOC) ranged from <1 to 9426 ng g−1, with the highest values observed near Ny-Ålesund. Calculated snowpack loadings (LsnowEC, LsnowWIOC) on glaciers surveyed in spring 2016 were 0.1 to 2.6 mg m−2 and 2 to 173 mg m−2, respectively. The median CsnowEC and the LsnowEC on those glaciers were close to or lower than those found in earlier (2007–2009), comparable surveys. Both LsnowEC and LsnowWIOC increased with elevation and snow accumulation, with dry deposition likely playing a minor role. Estimated area-averaged snowpack loads across Svalbard were 1.1 mg EC m−2 and 38.3 mg WIOC m−2 for the 2015–2016 winter. An ∼11-year long dataset of spring surface snow measurements from the central Brøgger Peninsula was used to quantify the interannual variability of EC and WIOC deposition in snow. In most years, CsnowEC and CsnowWIOC at Ny-Ålesund (50 m a.s.l.) were 2–5 times higher than on the nearby Austre Brøggerbreen glacier (456 m a.s.l.), and the median EC/WIOC in Ny-Ålesund was 6 times higher, suggesting a possible influence of local EC emission from Ny-Ålesund. While no long-term trends between 2011 and 2018 were found, CsnowEC and CsnowWIOC showed synchronous variations at Ny-Ålesund and Austre Brøggerbreen. When compared with data from other circum-Arctic sites obtained by comparable methods, the median CsnowEC on Svalbard falls between that found in central Greenland (lowest) and those in continental sectors of European Arctic (northern Scandinavia, Russia and Siberia; highest), which is consistent with large-scale patterns of BC in snow reported by surveys based on other methods.
Programme: 1192
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