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G. Hubert, M. T. Pazianotto, C. A. Federico, P. Ricaud |
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Title |
Analysis of the Forbush Decreases and Ground-Level Enhancement on September 2017 Using Neutron Spectrometers Operated in Antarctic and Midlatitude Stations |
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2019 |
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Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |
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124 |
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1 |
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661-673 |
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This work investigates solar events occurred in September 2017 characterized by a series of Forbush decreases and a ground level enhancement (GLE). Forbush decreases is a rapid decrease in the observed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galacticcosmicray intensity following a coronal mass ejection while GLE is induced by a strong solar event for which the flux of high-energy solar particles is sufficient to enhance the radiation level on the ground. These investigations were performed using data recorded by a neutron spectrometer network composed of a Bonner sphere system. Two instruments located at Pic-du-Midi Observatory (+2,885 m above sea level) and at Concordia station (Antarctica, +3,233 m) record simultaneously and continuously the neutron spectra, allowing to consider short-term variations during solar events. The main objective is to analyze neutron spectral properties including their energy distributions and dynamics. This paper presents cosmic ray-induced neutron spectra during active solar event leading to changes in the local cosmic ray spectrum (Forbush decreases and a GLE). Concerning the GLE, analyses show that neutrons in the evaporation domain are particularly amplified during the GLE, while other energetic domains increase uniformly. |
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910,1112 |
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7556 |
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Ricaud P, Carminati F, Attié J-L, Courcoux Y, Rose T, Genthon C, Pellegrini A, Tremblin P, August T, |
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Title |
Quality Assessment of the First Measurements of Tropospheric Water Vapor and Temperature by the HAMSTRAD Radiometer Over Concordia Station, Antarctica
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on |
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0196-2892 |
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PP |
Issue |
99 |
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1-23 |
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Extraterrestrial measurements, Instruments, Microwave radiometry, Ocean temperature, Temperature measurement, Terrestrial atmosphere, Water, Antarctica, atmospheric measurements, humidity measurements, least squares methods, microwave measurements, microwave radiometry, temperature measurements, time series analysis, |
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The HAMSTRAD microwave instrument operates at 60 and 183 GHz and measures temperature and water vapor, respectively, from 0- to 10-km altitude with a time resolution of 7 min. The radiometer has been successfully deployed at Dome C (Concordia Station), Antarctica ($75^{circ}06^{prime} hbox{S}$, $123^{circ}21^{prime} hbox{E}$, 3233 m amsl) during the first summertime campaign for 12 days in January–February 2009. The radiometer has been continuously running since January 2010, hosted within a dedicated shelter. We have used the very first set of HAMSTRAD data, recorded when the instrument was outdoors, to assess its potential to sound the troposphere over Dome C, from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) up to the tropopause ($sim$6 km above surface, $sim$9 km amsl). We have compared the HAMSTRAD measurements to several sets of measurements performed at the Dome-C station or in its vicinity: meteorological radiosondes, in situ PT100 and Humicap sondes along the vertical extent of a 45-m tower, meteorological sensor attached to the HAMSTRAD instrument, and the spaceborne Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument onboard the EUMETSAT MetOp-A satellite in polar orbit. The variability of integrated water vapor (IWV) observed by HAMSTRAD with extremely low values of 0.5 $hbox{kg} cdot hbox{m}^{-2}$ was also measured by the radiosondes (very high HAMSTRAD versus radiosonde correlation of 0.98), whereas IASI cloud-free measurements did not reproduce well the HAMSTRAD IWV variation (weak HAMSTRAD versus IASI correlation of 0.58). The measurements of absolute humidity $(hbox{H}{2}hbox{O})$ from HAMSTRAD at Dome C cover a large vertical extent from the surface to about 6 km above surface with a high sensitivity in the free troposphere. The strong diurnal v- riation of $hbox{H}{2}hbox{O}$ observed by the in situ sensors in the PBL is not well detected by the radiometer. In the free troposphere, the HAMSTRAD versus radiosonde $hbox{H}_{2}hbox{O}$ correlation can reach 0.8–0.9. Around the tropopause, HAMSTRAD shows the same variability as IASI and radiosondes but with a dry bias of 0.01 $hbox{g} cdot hbox{m}^{-3}$. HAMSTRAD tends to show a wetter atmosphere by 0.1–0.3 $hbox{g} cdot hbox{m}^{-3}$ compared with radiosondes from the surface to $sim$2-km altitude and a drier atmosphere above by $sim!! hbox{0.1} hbox{g} cdot hbox{m}^{-3}$. The sensitivity of the temperature profiles from HAMSTRAD is very high in the PBL and in the free troposphere but degrades around the tropopause. The strong diurnal signal measured above the surface by HAMSTRAD (3–6 K) is consistent with all the other in situ data sets. The temporal evolution over the 12-day period in the PBL is also consistent with all other data sets (radiosondes, IASI, in situ sondes, and meteorological sensors). In the free troposphere and around the tropopause, the HAMSTRAD temporal evolution is consistent with that observed by radiosondes and IASI, although a cold bias exists compared with IASI and radiosondes around the tropopause. For heights less than 4 km above surface, HAMSTRAD correlates very well with radiosondes and in situ sensors (correlation better than 0.8) but less well with IASI (0.4). Below the tropopause, the IASI and HAMSTRAD correlation reaches 0.9, whereas above the tropopause, the correlation of IASI and radiosondes with HAMSTRAD is rather low ($<$ 0.5). Throughout the 12-day period (except on January 23), in the lowermost troposphere for heights less than 500 m above surface, the HAMSTR |
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910,1013 |
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660 |
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Ricaud P, Carminati F, Courcoux Y, Pellegrini A, Attié J-L, El Amraoui L, Abida R, Genthon C, August T, Warner J, |
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Title |
Statistical analyses and correlation between tropospheric temperature and humidity at Dome C, Antarctica
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
ANTARCTIC SCIENCE |
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Antarct. Sci. |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
03 |
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290-308 |
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Keywords |
ground-based sensors,, , integrated water vapour, meteorological analyses, radiosonde, space-borne sensors, |
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Abstract |
The Dome C (Concordia) station in Antarctica (75°06'S, 123°21'E, 3233 m amsl) has a unique opportunity to test the quality of remote-sensing measurements and meteorological analyses because it is situated well inside the Eastern Antarctic Plateau and is less affected by local phenomena. Measurements of tropospheric temperature and water vapor (H2O) together with the integrated water vapor (IWV) performed in 2010 are statistically analyzed to assess their quality and to study the yearly correlation between temperature and H2O over the entire troposphere. The statistical tools include yearly evolution, seasonally-averaged mean and bias, standard deviation and linear Pearson correlation. The datasets are made of measurements from the ground-based microwave radiometer H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometer (HAMSTRAD), radiosonde, in-situ sensors, the space-borne infrared sensors Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the MetOp-A platform and the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) on the AQUA platform, and the analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). Despite some obvious biases within all these datasets, our study shows that temperature and IWV are generally measured with high quality whilst H2O measurement quality is slightly worse. The AIRS and IASI measurements do not have the vertical resolution to correctly probe the lowermost troposphere, whilst HAMSTRAD loses sensitivity in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. Within the entire troposphere over the whole year, it is found that the time evolution of temperature and H2O is highly correlated (> 0.8). This suggests that, in addition to the variability of solar radiation producing in summer an obvious diurnal cycle in the planetary boundary layer and an obvious seasonal cycle over the year, the H2O and temperature intra-seasonal variabilities are affected by the same processes, e.g. related to the long-range transport of air masses. |
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910,1013 |
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4500 |
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Author |
Motte E. |
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Développement d’un radiomètre micro-onde pour l’étude de la vapeur d’eau stratosphérique, Thèse de l'Université de Toulouse |
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2008 |
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910 |
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yes |
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4923 |
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Motte E., Ricaud P., Gabard B., Niclas M. & Gangneron F. |
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Title |
A 22 GHz Mobile Microwave Radiometer (MobRa) for the study of stratospheric water vapor |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING |
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46 |
Issue |
10 |
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3104-3114 |
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910 |
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0196-2892 |
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4924 |
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Ricaud, P., O. Drasin, B. Gabard, S. Derrien, J.-L. Attié, T. Rose, H. Czekala |
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Title |
VALIDATION OF TROPOSPHERIC WATER VAPOUR AS MEASURED BY THE 183-GHZ RADIOMETER HAMSTRAD WITH IASI AND SONDES OVER THE PYRENEES MOUNTAINS, FRANCE, 2nd EPS/Metop RAO Workshop, Barcelona, Spain, May 2009. |
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Conference - International - Article without Reading Comitee |
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2009 |
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910 |
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5690 |
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Ricaud, P. B. Gabard, O. Drasin, S. Derrien, J.-P. Chaboureau, J.-L. Attié, T. Rose, A. Mombauer, H. Czekala |
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The 183-GHz HAMSTRAD-Tropo Radiometer: Validation over the Pyrenees mountains (France) and first measurements at Dome C (Antarctica), 2009 IEEE IGARSS Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 13-17 July 2009. |
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Conference - International - Article with Reading Comitee |
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2009 |
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5691 |
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RICAUD Philippe, GABARD Benjamin, DERRIEN Sol, CHABOUREAU Jean-Pierre, ROSE Thomas, MOMBAUER Andreas, CZEKALA Harald, |
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Title |
HAMSTRAD-Tropo, A 183-GHz Radiometer Dedicated to Sound Tropospheric Water Vapor Over Concordia Station, Antarctica |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
16 |
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Atmospheric measurements, humidity measurement, microwave measurements, microwave radiometry, Europe, Europe, Western Europe, Europe Ouest, polar regions, R, France, France, Antarctica, Antarctique, radiometry, Radiom, atmosphere, Atmosph, models, Mod, sounding, Sondage, humidity, Humidit, accuracy, Pr, temperature, Temp, oxygen, Oxyg, technology, Technologie, domes, Dome, programs, Programme, microwaves, Hyperfr, water vapor, Vapeur eau, |
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Abstract |
The H[2]O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers (HAMSTRAD) program aims to develop two ground-based microwave radiometers to sound tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor (H[2]O) above Dome C (Concordia Station), Antarctica (75°06'S, 123°21'E, 3233 m asml), an extremely cold and dry environment, over decades. By using state-of-the-art technology, the HAMSTRAD-Tropo radiometer uses spectral information in the domains 51-59 GHz (oxygen line) and 169-197 GHz (water vapor line) to derive accurate tropospheric profiles of temperature (with accuracy ranging from 1 to 2 K) and low absolute humidity (with accuracy ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 g · m[-3]), together with integrated water vapor (with accuracy of about 0.008 kg · m[-2]) and liquid water path. Prior to its installation at Dome C in January 2009, the fully automated radiometer has been deployed at the Pic du Midi (PdM, 42°56'N, 0°08'E, 2877 m asml, France) in February 2008 and was in operation for five months. Preliminary comparisons with radio soundings particularly launched in the vicinity of PdM in February 2008 and the outputs from the mesoscale MESO-NH model show a great consistency to within 0.2-0.3 g · m[-3] between all absolute humidity data sets whatever the atmosphere considered (extremely dry or wet). |
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910 |
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
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New York, NY, ETATS-UNIS |
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Ricaud, P. Gabard, B. Derrien, S. Attie, J.-L. Rose, T. Czekala, H. |
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Validation of tropospheric water vapor as measured by the 183-GHz HAMSTRAD Radiometer over the Pyrenees Mountains, France |
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2010 |
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IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society |
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48 |
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5 |
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2189-2203 |
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The H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers (HAMSTRAD) 183-GHz radiometer has been developed to measure vertical profiles of tropospheric water vapor above Dome C (Concordia station), Antarctica ( 75?06'S, 123?21'E, 3233 m asml), which is an extremely cold and dry environment, over decades. Prior to its installation at Dome C in January 2009, the instrument was deployed at the Pic du Midi (PdM) station ( 42?56'N, 0?08'E, 2877 m asml) in the Pyrenees Mountains, France, over the period covering February-June 2008. Vertical profiles of absolute humidity and integrated water vapor (IWV) as measured by HAMSTRAD were compared with measurements from radiosondes launched in three different sites: Lannemezan (43?07'N, 0?23'E, 610 m asml), France (~30 km northeast from PdM), Bordeaux-Me?rignac Airport (44?49'N, 0?42'W, 50 m asml), France ( ~ 220 km northwest from PdM), and Zaragoza (41?39'N, 0?53'W, 263 m asml), Spain ( ~170 km southwest from PdM). The validation process also used the vertical profiles of tropospheric H2O as measured by the nadir-viewing infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI) instrument aboard the MetOp-A space platform. The temporal evolution of the HAMSTRAD H2O measurements above the PdM station is very consistent with IASI, sonde, and in situ measurements, tracking the same atmosphere from a dry period in February to a wet period in June. HAMSTRAD showed unrealistic values in periods of well-established snow tempest. While the sensitivity of the HAMSTRAD measurements tends to be degraded 6 km above the altitude of the instrument, namely, above 8877 m asml, the HAMSTRAD measurements seem reasonable at the uppermost retrieval level (namely, 10 km, 12 877 m asml). In May, the wet periods are systematically showing a good agreement between sonde and HAMSTRAD IWV fields and H2O below 6777 m asml but a dry bias of IASI by more than 4-kg m-2 IWV, where- – as outside of these periods, the three data sets behave consistently. Since the best results (mean, standard deviation, bias, and correlation) are obtained when the HAMSTRAD radiometer operates in the very dry conditions of February, namely, in dryness conditions comparable to Dome C summertime values, we are very confident in the optimal use of the instrument when deployed in Antarctica. |
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52 |
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Ricaud, P., S. Derrien, J.-P. Chaboureau, J.-L. Attié, T. Rose, H. Czekala, C. Genthon, L. Genoni, A. Pellegrini and G. Durand |
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The 183-GHz radiometer HAMSTRAD: Validation over the Pyrenees mountains (France) and first measurements at Dome C (Antarctica) |
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Conference - International - Article without Reading Comitee |
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2010 |
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Conférence CONCORDIASI, Toulouse, March 2010. |
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910 |
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