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Author |
Monnin, E.; Indermuhle, A.; Dallenbach, A.; Fluckiger, J.; Stauffer, B.; Stocker, T.F.; Raynaud, D.; Barnola, J.-M. |
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Title |
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
291 |
Issue |
5501 |
Pages |
112-114 |
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Abstract |
A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations |
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960 |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.291.5501.112 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5574 |
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Author |
Trampert, J.; Snieder, R. |
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Title |
Model Estimations Biased by Truncated Expansions: Possible Artifacts in Seismic Tomography |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
271 |
Issue |
5253 |
Pages |
1257-1260 |
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Keywords |
seismology ; tomography ; errors ; mathematical models ; methods ; inverse problem ; elastic waves ; Rayleigh waves ; algorithms |
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Abstract |
In most linear imaging problems, where the model to be sought is expanded in a set of basis functions, it is common practice to truncate the set at a certain (arbitrary) level. The solution then depends on the chosen parameterization, and neglected basis functions may leak into the solution to produce artifacts in the retrieved model. An unbiased estimate of the coefficients of the true model may be obtained in the chosen finite basis set ; here, a method to suppress leakage is illustrated on an example of global seismic tomography. |
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133 |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.271.5253.1257 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5615 |
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Author |
Morin, S.; Savarino, J.; Frey, M.M.; Yan, N.; Bekki, S.; Bottenheim, J.W.; Martins, J.M.F. |
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Title |
Tracing the Origin and Fate of NOx in the Arctic Atmosphere Using Stable Isotopes in Nitrate |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
322 |
Issue |
5902 |
Pages |
730-732 |
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Abstract |
Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx =NO+ NO2) play a pivotal role in the cycling of reactive nitrogen (ultimately deposited as nitrate) and the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Combined measurements of nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of nitrate collected in the Arctic atmosphere were used to infer the origin and fate of NOx and nitrate on a seasonal basis. In spring, photochemically driven emissions of reactive nitrogen from the snowpack into the atmosphere make local oxidation of NOx by bromine oxide the major contributor to the nitrate budget. The comprehensive isotopic composition of nitrate provides strong constraints on the relative importance of the key atmospheric oxidants in the present atmosphere, with the potential for extension into the past using ice cores. |
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1011 |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.1161910 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5513 |
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Author |
Steffensen, J.P.; Andersen, K.K.; Bigler, M.; Clausen, H.B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Fischer, H.; Goto-Azuma, K.; Hansson, M.; Johnsen, S.J.; Jouzel, J.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Popp, T.; Rasmussen, S.O.; Rothlisberger, R.; Ruth, U.; Stauffer, B.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Sveinbjornsdottir, A.E.; Svensson, A.; White, J.W.C. |
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Title |
High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
321 |
Issue |
5889 |
Pages |
680-684 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next. |
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Programme |
458 |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.1157707 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5524 |
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Author |
Stephens, B.B.; Gurney, K.R.; Tans, P.P.; Sweeney, C.; Peters, W.; Bruhwiler, L.; Ciais, P.; Ramonet, M.; Bousquet, P.; Nakazawa, T.; Aoki, S.; Machida, T.; Inoue, G.; Vinnichenko, N.; Lloyd, J.; Jordan, A.; Heimann, M.; Shibistova, O.; Langenfelds, R.L.; Steele, L.P.; Francey, R.J.; Denning, A.S. |
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Title |
Weak Northern and Strong Tropical Land Carbon Uptake from Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric CO2 |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
316 |
Issue |
5832 |
Pages |
1732-1735 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Measurements of midday vertical atmospheric CO2 distributions reveal annual-mean vertical CO2 gradients that are inconsistent with atmospheric models that estimate a large transfer of terrestrial carbon from tropical to northern latitudes. The three models that most closely reproduce the observed annual-mean vertical CO2 gradients estimate weaker northern uptake of -1.5 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1) and weaker tropical emission of +0.1 Pg C year-1 compared with previous consensus estimates of -2.4 and +1.8 Pg C year-1, respectively. This suggests that northern terrestrial uptake of industrial CO2 emissions plays a smaller role than previously thought and that, after subtracting land-use emissions, tropical ecosystems may currently be strong sinks for CO2. |
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Programme |
416 |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.1137004 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5525 |
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Author |
Baroni, M.; Thiemens, M.H.; Delmas, R.J.; Savarino, J. |
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Title |
Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Stratospheric Volcanic Eruptions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
315 |
Issue |
5808 |
Pages |
84-87 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
The observed mass-independent sulfur isotopic composition ({Delta}33S) of volcanic sulfate from the Agung (March 1963) and Pinatubo (June 1991) eruptions recorded in the Antarctic snow provides a mechanism for documenting stratospheric events. The sign of {Delta}33S changes over time from an initial positive component to a negative value. {Delta}33S is created during photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid on a monthly time scale, which indicates a fast process. The reproducibility of the results reveals that {Delta}33S is a reliable tracer to chemically identify atmospheric processes involved during stratospheric volcanism. |
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Programme |
457;1011 |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.1131754 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5612 |
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Author |
Masson-Delmotte, V.; Jouzel, J.; Landais, A.; Stievenard, M.; Johnsen, S.J.; White, J.W.C.; Werner, M.; Sveinbjornsdottir, A.; Fuhrer, K. |
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Title |
GRIP Deuterium Excess Reveals Rapid and Orbital-Scale Changes in Greenland Moisture Origin |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
309 |
Issue |
5731 |
Pages |
118-121 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
The Northern Hemisphere hydrological cycle is a key factor coupling ice sheets, ocean circulation, and polar amplification of climate change. Here we present a Northern Hemisphere deuterium excess profile covering one climatic cycle, constructed with the use of {delta}18O and {delta}D Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) records. Past changes in Greenland source and site temperatures are quantified with precipitation seasonality taken into account. The imprint of obliquity is evidenced in the site-to-source temperature gradient at orbital scale. At the millennial time scale, GRIP source temperature changes reflect southward shifts of the geographical locations of moisture sources during cold events, and these rapid shifts are associated with large-scale changes in atmospheric circulation. |
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Programme |
458 |
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ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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Notes |
10.1126/science.1108575 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5507 |
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Author |
Talbot, D.A.; Duchamp, C.; Rey, B.; Hanuise, N.; Rouanet, J.L.; Sibille, B.; Brand, M.D. |
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Title |
Uncoupling protein and ATP/ADP carrier increase mitochondrial proton conductance after cold adaptation of king penguins |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of physiology-london |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Physiol. (Lond.) |
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Volume |
558 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
123-135 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Juvenile king penguins develop adaptive thermogenesis after repeated immersion in cold water. However, the mechanisms of such metabolic adaptation in birds are unknown, as they lack brown adipose tissue and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), which mediate adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis in mammals. We used three different groups of juvenile king penguins to investigate the mitochondrial basis of avian adaptive thermogenesis . Skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from penguins that had never been immersed in cold water showed no superoxide-stimulated proton conductance, indicating no functional avian UCP. Skeletal muscle mitochondria from penguins that had been either experimentally immersed or naturally adapted to cold water did possess functional avian UCP, demonstrated by a superoxide-stimulated, GDP-inhibitable proton conductance across their inner membrane. This was associated with a markedly greater abundance of avian UCP mRNA. In the presence (but not the absence) of fatty acids, these mitochondria also showed a greater adenine nucleotide translocase-catalysed proton conductance than those from never-immersed penguins. This was due to an increase in the amount of adenine nucleotide translocase. Therefore, adaptive thermogenesis in juvenile king penguins is linked to two separate mechanisms of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle mitochondria: increased proton transport activity of avian UCP (dependent on superoxide and inhibited by GDP) and increased proton transport activity of the adenine nucleotide translocase (dependent on fatty acids and inhibited by carboxyatractylate). |
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Programme |
131 |
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ISSN |
0022-3751 |
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Notes |
10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063768 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5614 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Simon, N.S.C.; Neumann, E.-R.; Bonadiman, C.; Coltorti, M.; Delpech, G.; Gregoire, M.; Widom, E. |
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Title |
Ultra-refractory Domains in the Oceanic Mantle Lithosphere Sampled as Mantle Xenoliths at Ocean Islands |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of petrology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
49 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1223-1251 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Many peridotite xenoliths sampled at ocean islands appear to have strongly refractory major element and modal compositions. To better constrain the chemistry, abundance and origin of these ultra-refractory rocks we compiled a large number of data for xenoliths from nine groups of ocean islands. The xenoliths were filtered petrographically for signs of melt infiltration and modal metasomatism, and the samples affected by these processes were excluded. The xenolith suites from most ocean islands are dominated by ultra-refractory harzburgites. Exceptions are the Hawaii and Tahiti peridotites, which are more fertile and contain primary clinopyroxene, and the Cape Verde suite, which contains both ultra-refractory and more fertile xenoliths. Ultra-refractory harzburgites are characterized by the absence of primary clinopyroxene, low whole-rock Al2O3, CaO, FeO/MgO and heavy rare earth element (HREE) concentrations, low Al2O3 in orthopyroxene (generally < 3 wt %), high Cr-number in spinel (0{middle dot}3-0{middle dot}8) and high forsterite contents in olivine (averages > 91{middle dot}5). They are therefore on average significantly more refractory than peridotites dredged and drilled from mid-ocean ridges and fracture zones. Moreover, their compositions resemble those of oceanic forearc peridotites. The formation of ultra-refractory ocean island harzburgites requires potential temperatures above those normally observed at modern mid-ocean ridges, and/or fluid fluxed conditions. Some ultra-refractory ocean island harzburgites give high Os model ages (up to 3300 Ma), showing that their formation significantly pre-dates the oceanic crust in the area. A genetic relationship with the host plume is considered unlikely based on textural observations, equilibration temperatures and pressures, inferred physical properties, and the long-term depleted Os and Sr isotope compositions of some of the harzburgites. Although we do not exclude the possibility that some ultra-refractory ocean island harzburgites have formed at mid-ocean ridges, we favor a model in which they formed in a process spatially and temporally unrelated to the formation of the oceanic plate and the host plume. As a result of their whole-rock compositions, ultra-refractory harzburgites have a very high solidus temperature at a given pressure, low densities and very high viscosities, and will tend to accumulate at the top of the convecting mantle. They may be preserved as fragments in the convecting mantle over long periods of time and be preferentially incorporated into newly formed lithosphere. |
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Programme |
444 |
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ISSN |
0022-3530 |
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Notes |
10.1093/petrology/egn023 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5566 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
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Title |
King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
105 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2493-2497 |
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Abstract |
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Programme |
109;137 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
0027-8424 |
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Notes |
10.1073/pnas.0712031105 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5573 |
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Permanent link to this record |