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David H. Bromwich, Kirstin Werner, Barbara Casati, Jordan G. Powers, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, François Massonnet, Vito Vitale, Victoria J. Heinrich, Daniela Liggett, Stefanie Arndt, Boris Barja, Eric Bazile, Scott Carpentier, Jorge F. Carrasco, Taejin Choi, Yonghan Choi, Steven R. Colwell, Raul R. Cordero, Massimo Gervasi, Thomas Haiden, Naohiko Hirasawa, Jun Inoue, Thomas Jung, Heike Kalesse, Seong-Joong Kim, Matthew A. Lazzara, Kevin W. Manning, Kimberley Norris, Sang-Jong Park, Phillip Reid, Ignatius Rigor, Penny M. Rowe, Holger Schmithüsen, Patric Seifert, Qizhen Sun, Taneil Uttal, Mario Zannoni, Xun Zou |
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Title |
The Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Bulletin of the american meteorological society |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
E1653-E1676 |
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Abstract The Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) had a special observing period (SOP) that ran from 16 November 2018 to 15 February 2019, a period chosen to span the austral warm season months of greatest operational activity in the Antarctic. Some 2,200 additional radiosondes were launched during the 3-month SOP, roughly doubling the routine program, and the network of drifting buoys in the Southern Ocean was enhanced. An evaluation of global model forecasts during the SOP and using its data has confirmed that extratropical Southern Hemisphere forecast skill lags behind that in the Northern Hemisphere with the contrast being greatest between the southern and northern polar regions. Reflecting the application of the SOP data, early results from observing system experiments show that the additional radiosondes yield the greatest forecast improvement for deep cyclones near the Antarctic coast. The SOP data have been applied to provide insights on an atmospheric river event during the YOPP-SH SOP that presented a challenging forecast and that impacted southern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. YOPP-SH data have also been applied in determinations that seasonal predictions by coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice models struggle to capture the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Antarctic sea ice minimum. Education, outreach, and communication activities have supported the YOPP-SH SOP efforts. Based on the success of this Antarctic summer YOPP-SH SOP, a winter YOPP-SH SOP is being organized to support explorations of Antarctic atmospheric predictability in the austral cold season when the southern sea ice cover is rapidly expanding. |
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1013 |
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0003-0007, 1520-0477 |
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yes |
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8150 |
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Author |
Amandine Kaiser, Davide Faranda, Sebastian Krumscheid, Danijel Belušić, Nikki Vercauteren |
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Title |
Detecting Regime Transitions of the Nocturnal and Polar Near-Surface Temperature Inversion |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of the atmospheric sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
2921-2940 |
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Abstract Many natural systems undergo critical transitions, i.e., sudden shifts from one dynamical regime to another. In the climate system, the atmospheric boundary layer can experience sudden transitions between fully turbulent states and quiescent, quasi-laminar states. Such rapid transitions are observed in polar regions or at night when the atmospheric boundary layer is stably stratified, and they have important consequences in the strength of mixing with the higher levels of the atmosphere. To analyze the stable boundary layer, many approaches rely on the identification of regimes that are commonly denoted as weakly and very stable regimes. Detecting transitions between the regimes is crucial for modeling purposes. In this work a combination of methods from dynamical systems and statistical modeling is applied to study these regime transitions and to develop an early warning signal that can be applied to nonstationary field data. The presented metric aims to detect nearing transitions by statistically quantifying the deviation from the dynamics expected when the system is close to a stable equilibrium. An idealized stochastic model of near-surface inversions is used to evaluate the potential of the metric as an indicator of regime transitions. In this stochastic system, small-scale perturbations can be amplified due to the nonlinearity, resulting in transitions between two possible equilibria of the temperature inversion. The simulations show such noise-induced regime transitions, successfully identified by the indicator. The indicator is further applied to time series data from nocturnal and polar meteorological measurements. |
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1013 |
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0022-4928, 1520-0469 |
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yes |
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8151 |
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Jean-Yves Toullec, Kévin Cascella, Stéphanie Ruault, Alexandre Geffroy, David Lorieux, Nicolas Montagné, Céline Ollivaux, Chi-Ying Lee |
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Title |
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in a warming ocean: thermotolerance and deciphering Hsp70 responses |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Cell Stress and Chaperones |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
519-531 |
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Abstract |
The Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is a Southern Ocean endemic species of proven ecological importance to the region. In the context of predicted global warming, it is particularly important to understand how classic biomarkers of heat stress function in this species. In this respect, Hsp70s are acknowledged as good candidates. However, previous studies of expression kinetics have not been able to demonstrate significant upregulation of these genes in response to heat shocks at 3 °C and 6 °C for 3 and 6 h. The current work complements these previous results and broadens the prospects for the use of Hsp70s as a relevant marker of thermal shock in this krill species. New experiments demonstrate that induction of Hsp70 isoforms was not detected during exposure to heat shock, but increased expression was observed after several hours of recovery. To complete the analysis of the expression kinetics of the different isoforms, experiments were carried out over short time scales (1 and 2 h at 3 °C and 6 °C) as well as at higher temperatures (9 °C, 12 °C, and 15 °C for 3 h), without any significant response. A 6-week monitoring of animals at 3 °C showed that the time factor is decisive in the establishment of the response. CTmax experiments with incremental times of 1 °C per day or 1 °C every 3 days have shown a particularly high resilience of the animals. The demonstration of the abundance of Hsp70s present before thermal stress in various species of krill, as well as in specimens of E. superba of various origins, showed that the delay in the response in expression could be related to the high constitutive levels of Hsp70 available before the stress experiments. The alternative labelling of the two main isoforms of Hsp70 according to the origin of the animals allowed hypotheses to be put forward on the functioning of thermoregulation in Antarctic krill as well as ice krill. |
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1039 |
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1466-1268 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8173 |
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Author |
S. Fabri-Ruiz, N. Navarro, R. Laffont, B. Danis, T. Saucède |
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Title |
Diversity of Antarctic Echinoids and Ecoregions of the Southern Ocean |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Biology bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
683-698 |
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Abstract |
Significant environmental changes have already been documented in the Southern Ocean (e.g. sea water temperature increase and salinity drop) but its marine life is still incompletely known given the heterogeneous nature of biogeographic data. However, to establish sustainable conservation areas, understanding species and communities distribution patterns is critical. For this purpose, the ecoregionalization approach can prove useful by identifying spatially explicit and well-delimited regions of common species composition and environmental settings. Such regions are expected to have similar biotic responses to environmental changes and can be used to define priorities for the designation of Marine Protected Areas. In the present work, a benthic ecoregionalization of the Southern Ocean is proposed based on echinoids distribution data and abiotic environmental parameters. Echinoids are widely distributed in the Southern Ocean, they are taxonomically and ecologically well diversified and documented. Given the heterogeneity of the sampling effort, predictive spatial models were produced to fill the gaps in between species distribution data. A first procedure was developed using Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to combine individual species models into ecoregions. A second, integrative procedure was implemented using the Generalized Dissimilarity Models (GDM) to model and assemble species distributions. Both procedures were compared to propose benthic ecoregions at the scale of the entire Southern Ocean. |
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1044 |
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1608-3059 |
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yes |
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6698 |
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Patrick Pomerleau, Alain Royer, Alexandre Langlois, Patrick Cliche, Bruno Courtemanche, Jean-Benoît Madore, Ghislain Picard, Éric Lefebvre |
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Title |
Low Cost and Compact FMCW 24 GHz Radar Applications for Snowpack and Ice Thickness Measurements |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Sensors |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
3909 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Arctic snow tundra Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar lake ice thickness snow boreal forest snow density snow monitoring snow water equivalent snow wetness subarctic snow taiga |
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Abstract |
Monitoring the evolution of snow on the ground and lake ice—two of the most important components of the changing northern environment—is essential. In this paper, we describe a lightweight, compact and autonomous 24 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system for freshwater ice thickness and snow mass (snow water equivalent, SWE) measurements. Although FMCW radars have a long-established history, the novelty of this research lies in that we take advantage the availability of a new generation of low cost and low power requirement units that facilitates the monitoring of snow and ice at remote locations. Test performance (accuracy and limitations) is presented for five different applications, all using an automatic operating mode with improved signal processing: (1) In situ lake ice thickness measurements giving 2 cm accuracy up to ≈1 m ice thickness and a radar resolution of 4 cm; (2) remotely piloted aircraft-based lake ice thickness from low-altitude flight at 5 m; (3) in situ dry SWE measurements based on known snow depth, giving 13% accuracy (RMSE 20%) over boreal forest, subarctic taiga and Arctic tundra, with a measurement capability of up to 3 m in snowpack thickness; (4) continuous monitoring of surface snow density under particular Antarctic conditions; (5) continuous SWE monitoring through the winter with a synchronized and collocated snow depth sensor (ultrasonic or LiDAR sensor), giving 13.5% bias and 25 mm root mean square difference (RMSD) (10%) for dry snow. The need for detection processing for wet snow, which strongly absorbs radar signals, is discussed. An appendix provides 24 GHz simulated effective refractive index and penetration depth as a function of a wide range of density, temperature and wetness for ice and snow. |
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1110 |
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yes |
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8232 |
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Author |
Samuel Veilleux, Najat Bhiry, Armelle Decaulne |
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Title |
Talus slope characterization in Tasiapik Valley (subarctic Québec): Evidence of past and present slope processes |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Geomorphology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
349 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106911 |
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Keywords |
Morphometry Nunavik Periglacial Slope dynamics Snow avalanches |
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Abstract |
Topographic, granulometric, morphometric, petrographic and vegetation surveys were conducted on the slopes of Tasiapik Valley, near Umiujaq (Nunavik), to document mass wasting processes and their geomorphological impact. Talus slopes, widespread at the foot of the steep rockwalls of Tasiapik Valley, are an important landscape feature in the area. The lithology of the slope deposits attest their local origin, namely the result of rockfalls coming from the adjacent wall. Locally, poor vegetation covering the clasts exhibits recently fallen debris; elsewhere, dense shrub cover has colonized the slopes demonstrating the low activity nowadays. On-going periglacial processes have led to extensive dismantling of the rockface, enabling for debris supply. Following the last deglaciation, paraglacial processes have potentially favoured slope instabilities. The use of automatic cameras during the winter 2017–2018 resulted in the observation of many snow-avalanche events; however few rockfall events have been observed. Spring snow avalanches have carried rock debris to the talus at the foot of the slope; snow also enabled debris redistribution on the slopes. |
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1148 |
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ISSN |
0169-555X |
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yes |
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Serial |
8261 |
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Author |
Jan Jansen, Piers K. Dunstan, Nicole A. Hill, Philippe Koubbi, Jessica Melbourne-Thomas, Romain Causse, Craig R. Johnson |
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Title |
Integrated assessment of the spatial distribution and structural dynamics of deep benthic marine communities |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Ecological Applications |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e02065 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica continental shelf deep sea ecosystem dynamic ecosystem structure qualitative network model Southern Ocean spatial model species archetype model upper slope |
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Abstract |
Characterizing the spatial distribution and variation of species communities and validating these characteristics with data from the field are key elements for an ecosystem-based approach to management. However, models of species distributions that yield community structure are usually not linked to models of community dynamics, constraining understanding and management of the ecosystem, particularly in data-poor regions. Here we use a qualitative network model to predict changes in Antarctic benthic community structure between major marine habitats characterized largely by seafloor depth and slope, and use multivariate mixture models of species distributions to validate the community dynamics. We then assess how future increases in primary production associated with anticipated loss of sea-ice may affect the ecosystem. Our study shows how both spatial and structural features of ecosystems in data-poor regions can be analyzed and possible futures assessed, with direct relevance for ecosystem-based management. |
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281 |
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1939-5582 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8263 |
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Alice Gadea, Mathieu Fanuel, Anne-Cécile Le Lamer, Joël Boustie, Hélène Rogniaux, Maryvonne Charrier, Françoise Lohézic-Le Devehat |
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Title |
Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Specialized Metabolites for Predicting Lichen Fitness and Snail Foraging |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Plants |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
70 |
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Keywords |
Notodiscus hookeri Pseudocyphellaria crocata Chemical Ecology Lichens Lobariaceae Mass Spectrometry Imaging Optimal Defense Theory Specialized Metabolites |
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Abstract |
Lichens are slow-growing organisms supposed to synthetize specialized metabolites to protect themselves against diverse grazers. As predicted by the optimal defense theory (ODT), lichens are expected to invest specialized metabolites in higher levels in reproductive tissues compared to thallus. We investigated whether Laser Desorption Ionization coupled to Mass Spectrometry Imaging (LDI-MSI) could be a relevant tool for chemical ecology issues such as ODT. In the present study, this method was applied to cross-sections of thalli and reproductive tissues of the lichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata. Spatial mapping revealed phenolic families of metabolites. A quantification of these metabolites was carried out in addition to spatial imaging. By this method, accumulation of specialized metabolites was observed in both reproductive parts (apothecia and soralia) of P. crocata, but their nature depended on the lichen organs: apothecia concentrated norstictic acid, tenuiorin, and pulvinic acid derivatives, whereas soralia mainly contained tenuiorin and pulvinic acid. Stictic acid, tenuiorin and calycin, tested in no-choices feeding experiments, were deterrent for N. hookeri while entire thalli were consumed by the snail. To improve better knowledge in relationships between grazed and grazing organisms, LDI-MSI appears to be a complementary tool in ecological studies |
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136 |
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yes |
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8265 |
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Y. Quesnel, W. Zylberman, P. Rochette, M. Uehara, J. Gattacceca, G. R. Osinski, P. Dussouillez, C. Lepaulard, C. Champollion |
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Title |
Geophysical signature of the Tunnunik impact structure, Northwest Territories, Canada |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Meteoritics & Planetary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
480-495 |
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Abstract |
In 2011, the discovery of shatter cones confirmed the 28 km diameter Tunnunik complex impact structure, Northwest Territories, Canada. This study presents the first results of ground-based electromagnetic, gravimetric, and magnetic surveys over this impact structure. Its central area is characterized by a 10 km wide negative gravity anomaly of about 3 mGal amplitude, roughly corresponding to the area of shatter cones, and associated with a positive magnetic field anomaly of 120 nT amplitude and 3 km wavelength. The latter correlates well with the location of the deepest uplifted strata, an impact-tilted Proterozoic dolomite layer of the Shaler Supergroup exposed near the center of the structure and intruded by dolerite dykes. Locally, electromagnetic field data unveil a conductive superficial formation which corresponds to an 80–100 m thick sand layer covering the impact structure. Based on the measurements of magnetic properties of rock samples, we model the source of the magnetic anomaly as the magnetic sediments of the Shaler Supergroup combined with a core of uplifted crystalline basement with enhanced magnetization. More classically, the low gravity signature is attributed to a reduction in density measured on the brecciated target rocks and to the isolated sand formations. However, the present-day fractured zone does not extend deeper than 1 km in our model, indicating a possible 1.5 km of erosion since the time of impact, about 430 Ma ago. |
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1139 |
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ISSN |
1945-5100 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8266 |
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Author |
Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, Oskar Knudsen, Agust Guðmundsson, Hervé Guillou, Gilles Chazot, Jessica Langlade, Céline Liorzou, Philippe Nonnotte |
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Title |
Volcanoes and climate: the triggering of preboreal Jökulhlaups in Iceland |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
International Journal of Earth Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
109 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
847-876 |
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Abstract |
The Early Holocene (12–8.2 cal ka) deglaciation and pulsed warming was associated in Iceland with two major generations of jökulhlaups around the Vatna ice-cap (Vatnajökull), at ca 11.4–11.2 cal ka and ca 10.4–9.9 cal ka, and major tephra emissions from the Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga subglacial volcanoes. The earliest flood events were recorded inland during the Middle Younger Dryas and their deposits were overlain by the Early Preboreal Vedde Ash (11.8 cal ka). The first Holocene flood events (ca 11.4–11.2 cal ka) are issued from a glacial advance. The second, and major, set of floods was partly driven by the Erdalen cold events and advances (10.1–9.7 10Be ka) initially issued from the Bárðarbunga (10.4, 10.1–9.9 ka) and Grímsvötn volcanoes (Saksunarvatn tephra complex, ca. 10.2–9.9 cal ka). These floods were also fed by the residual glacio-isostatic depressions below the Vatnajökull that enabled the storage of meltwaters in large subglacial lakes or aquifers until ca. 9.3 cal ka. This storage was enhanced by ice-damming and permafrost, especially during the twinned Erdalen events. Due to the glacio-isostatic rebound, the general slope was nearly flat, and the valley was partly filled with sediments until ca 10.8 cal ka. Temporary lacustrine deposits in this valley resulted from the very broad splay of waters as for the ca 11.2 cal ka and ca 10.1–9.9 cal ka flood, due to regional permafrost. These floods had a potential duration of several months as they were mostly fed by climate-driven meltwater. The maximal volume evacuated by these events did not greatly exceed 1 × 106 m3 s−1 from the flood-affected transverse profile of the valleys that remain partly filled with sediments. |
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