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Author |
Pierre Blévin |
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Title |
Physiological consequences of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances, organochlorine compounds and mercury in an Arctic breeding seabird |
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Thesis |
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Year |
2018 |
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Arctic Arctique Biologie de l'environnement, des populations, écologie Black-legged kittiwake Contaminants organiques Ecophysiologie Ecophysiology Ecotoxicologie Ecotoxicology Métaux lourds Mouette tridactyle Mouette tridactyle -- Effets des métaux lourds Organic contaminant Polluants organiques persistants -- Arctique Toxicologie de la reproduction Trace element |
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Abstract |
A cause d’une anthropisation toujours plus forte des écosystèmes, de plus en plus de menaces pèsent sur la biodiversité. Parmi celles-ci, l’exposition aux contaminants est particulièrement problématique pour les organismes vivants. Emis et utilisés dans les pays industrialisés, ces contaminants hautement persistants dans l’environnement vont gagner les régions polaires puis se bio-accumuler dans les organismes vivants au cours du temps et se bio-amplifier le long du réseau trophique. Ainsi, les oiseaux marins, longévifs et situés dans les maillons supérieurs de la chaine alimentaire, sont particulièrement exposés et vulnérables à une exposition chronique à ces contaminants. A travers une perturbation endocrinienne, ces contaminants vont pouvoir impacter certains mécanismes physiologiques et traits comportementaux, entrainant in fine des conséquences à long-terme sur la fitness des individus et populations. Ma thèse s’articule autour de trois grandes familles de contaminants : i) les composés perfluoroalkylés (PFASs), encore largement utilisés dans plusieurs secteurs industriels et agricoles et en augmentation dans l’environnement ; (ii) les composés organochlorés dits « d’héritage » (OCs), interdits depuis des années mais entrainants toujours des effets délétères sur la biodiversité et (iii) le mercure (Hg), métal lourd non-essentiel ayant une origine à la fois anthropique et naturelle. Basé sur une approche corrélative in natura, je me suis intéressé aux conséquences physiologiques et comportementales d’une exposition chronique à ces trois grandes familles de contaminants présents chez la mouette tridactyle (Rissa tridactyla) de l’Arctique Norvégien (Svalbard) au cours de son cycle reproducteur (depuis l’accouplement jusqu’à l’élevage des poussins). Spécifiquement, j’ai étudié les relations entre ces contaminants et la fertilité (morphologie et motilité des spermatozoïdes), l’expression des signaux sexuels (visuel : coloration des téguments, olfactif : signature chimique), les comportements de soins parentaux (température d’incubation et rotation de l’œuf), le vieillissement cellulaire (longueur des télomères) et la dépense énergétique (métabolisme de base). Je me suis également penché sur de potentiels mécanismes sous-jacents permettant d’expliquer ces relations. Puisque ces mécanismes physiologiques et comportementaux sont fortement impliqués dans la valeur sélective des individus, les possibles conséquences à long terme de cette exposition sur la reproduction et survie des individus sont discutées. Ce travail permet de souligner la forte toxicité de certains composés organochlorés « historiques » (en particulier les chlordanes) et d’apporter de toutes nouvelles connaissances sur la toxicité très mal connue des PFASs chez la faune sauvage. Fait important, ce travail de thèse révèle que les PFASs et les OCs pourraient agir de manière contrastée sur plusieurs mécanismes physiologiques et traits comportementaux. Spécifiquement, une forte exposition à l’oxychlordane, un métabolite du chlordane, pesticide interdit depuis des décennies, est associée à des télomères plus courts, une réduction du métabolisme de base et à une moindre capacité à incuber les œufs. A l’inverse, on observe une élongation des télomères, une augmentation du métabolisme de base et une rotation des œufs accrue chez les individus les plus exposés aux PFASs. Le Hg, au moins en ce qui concerne les paramètres étudiés, ne semble pas jouer un rôle majeur. Cette étude souligne l'importance de tenir compte de plusieurs groupes de contaminants lorsqu'on étudie les conséquences de l'exposition aux contaminants environnementaux chez la faune sauvage. |
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330 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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Thèse de doctorat en Biologie de l'environnement, des populations, écologie.Université La Rochelle |
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yes |
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6986 |
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Author |
Marine DUC |
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Title |
(Se) loger et étudier à Nuuk |
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Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Urbanités |
Abbreviated Journal |
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1213 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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2268-9613 |
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http://www.revue-urbanites.fr/ |
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yes |
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5684 |
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Author |
Van Petegem, F.,; Collins, T.,; Meuwis, M.-A.,; Gerday, C.,; Feller, G.,; Van Beeumen, J., |
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Title |
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a xylanase from the psychrophile Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Acta crystallographica section d-biological crystallography |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. |
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Volume |
58 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1494-1496 |
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Keywords |
psychrophiles; cold-adapted enzyme; glycosyl hydrolases |
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Abstract |
The 46 kDa xylanase from the Antarctic microorganism Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis is an enzyme that efficiently catalyzes reactions at low temperatures. Here, the crystallization of both the native protein and the SeMet-substituted enzyme and data collection from both crystals using synchrotron radiation are described. The native data showed that the crystals diffract to 1.3 A resolution and belong to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 50.87, b = 90.51, c = 97.23 A. SAD data collected at the peak of the selenium absorption edge proved to be sufficient to determine the heavy-atom configuration and to obtain electron density of good quality. |
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193 |
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International Union of Crystallography |
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0907-4449 |
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Notes |
doi:10.1107/S0907444902011666 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5579 |
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Author |
BOURGEON, S.; VIERA, V.M.; RACLOT, T.; GROSCOLAS, R. |
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Title |
Hormones and immunoglobulin levels in king penguins during moulting and breeding fasts |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Ecoscience |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
519-528 |
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Programme |
119;137 |
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ISSN |
1195-6860 |
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Notes |
doi: 10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[519:HAILIK]2.0.CO;2 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5535 |
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Author |
Criscuolo, F.; Bertile, F.; Durant, J. M.; Raclot, T.; Gabrielsen, G. W.; Massemin, S.; Chastel, O. |
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Title |
Body Mass and Clutch Size May Modulate Prolactin and Corticosterone Levels in Eiders |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Physiological and biochemical zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Biochem. Zool. |
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Volume |
79 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
514-521 |
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Abstract |
Altered body condition, increased incubation costs, and egg loss are important proximate factors modulating bird parental behavior, since they inform the adult about its remaining chances of survival or about the expected current reproductive success. Hormonal changes should reflect internal or external stimuli, since corticosterone levels (inducing nest abandonment) are known to increase while body condition deteriorates, and prolactin levels (stimulating incubation) decrease following egg predation. However, in a capital incubator that based its investment on available body reserves and naturally lost about half of its body mass during incubation, corticosterone should be maintained at a low threshold to avoid protein mobilization for energy supply. This study focused on the regulation of corticosterone and prolactin release in such birds during incubation, when facing egg manipulation (control, reduced, or increased) or a stressful event. Blood samples were taken before and after clutch manipulation and at hatching. Corticosterone levels were determined before and after 30 min of captivity. Female eiders exhibited a high hypothalamic?pituitary?adrenal sensitivity, plasma concentration of corticosterone being increased by four? to fivefold following 30 min of captivity. The adrenocortical response was not modified by body mass loss but was higher in birds for which clutch size was increased. In the same way, females did not show different prolactin levels among the experimental groups. However, when incubation started, prolactin levels were correlated to body mass, suggesting that nest attendance is programmed in relation to the female initial body condition. Moreover, due to an artifactual impact of bird manipulation, increased baseline corticosterone was associated with a prolactin decrease in the control group. These data suggest that, in eiders, body mass and clutch size modification can modulate prolactin and corticosterone levels, which cross?regulate each other in order to finely control incubation behavior. |
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332 |
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1522-2152 |
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Notes |
doi: 10.1086/501065; PMID: 16691517 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5576 |
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Author |
Tougne, J.; Paty, B.; Meynard, D.; Martin, J.-M.; Letellier, T.; Rosnet, E. |
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Title |
Group Problem Solving and Anxiety During a Simulated Mountaineering Ascent |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Environment and behavior |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-23 |
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Abstract |
Eight mountaineers were placed in a hypobaric chamber to simulate oxygen depletion accompanying a mountain ascent. The aim was to examine the evolution of individual and group efficiency in problem solving and anxiety according to simulated altitude. Relationships within the group, state and trait anxiety, and individual and collective performance in problem solving were repeatedly assessed at simulated altitudes of 5000m, 6000m, 7000m, and 8000m. The decrease of individual performance in problem solving, shown to be simultaneous to the increase of state anxiety, had little effect on collective performance in problem solving. These results suggest (a) that the collective success could be due to the emergence of a positive common goal and a positive appraisal of the situation and (b) that the state anxiety could act as a mediator between the variation in altitude and its effects on individual performance. The relevance of these results to real mountaineering expeditions is discussed. |
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374;901 |
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0013-9165 |
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Notes |
10.1177/0013916506296201 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5529 |
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Author |
Raccurt, M.; Baudimont, F.; Tirard, J.; Rey, B.; Moureaux, E.; Geloen, A.; Duchamp, C. |
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Title |
Growing in Antarctica, a challenge for white adipose tissue development in Adelie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
American journal of physiology-regulatory integrative and comparative physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. |
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Volume |
295 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
R1671-1679 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Rapid growth is of crucial importance for Adelie penguin chicks reared during the short Antarctic summer. It partly depends on the rapid ontogenesis of fat stores that are virtually null at hatching but then develop considerably (x40) within a month to constitute both an isolative layer against cold and an energy store to fuel thermogenic and growth processes. The present study was aimed at identifying by RT-PCR the major transcriptional events that chronologically underlie the morphological transformation of adipocyte precursors into mature adipocytes from hatching to 30 days of age. The peak expression of GATA binding protein 3, a marker of preadipocytes, at day 7 posthatch indicates a key proliferation step, possibly in relation to the expression of C/EBP{alpha} (C/EBP{alpha}). High plasma total 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) levels and high levels of growth hormone receptor transcripts at hatching suggested that growth hormone and T3 play early activating roles to favor proliferation of preadipocyte precursors. Differentiation and growth of preadipocytes may occur around day 15 in connection with increased abundance of transcripts encoding IGF-1, proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma}, and C/EBP{beta}, gradually leading to functional maturation of metabolic features of adipocytes including lipid uptake and storage (lipoprotein lipase, fatty-acid synthase) and late endocrine functions (adiponectin) by day 30. Present results show a close correlation between adipose tissue development and chick biology and a difference in the scheduled expression of regulatory factors controlling adipogenesis compared with in vitro studies using cell lines emphasizing the importance of in vivo approaches. |
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131 |
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0363-6119 |
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Notes |
10.1152/ajpregu.90371.2008 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5506 |
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Author |
Schmidt, A.; Alard, F.; Handrich, Y. |
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Title |
Changes in body temperatures in king penguins at sea: the result of fine adjustments in peripheral heat loss? |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of physiology-regulatory integrative and comparative physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. |
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Volume |
291 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
R608-618 |
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Abstract |
To investigate thermoregulatory adjustments at sea, body temperatures (the pectoral muscle and the brood patch) and diving behavior were monitored during a foraging trip of several days at sea in six breeding king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus. During inactive phases at sea (water temperature: 4-7{degrees}C), all tissues measured were maintained at normothermic temperatures. The brood patch temperature was maintained at the same values as those measured when brooding on shore (38{degrees}C). This high temperature difference causes a significant loss of heat. We hypothesize that high-energy expenditure associated with elevated peripheral temperature when resting at sea is the thermoregulatory cost that a postabsorptive penguin has to face for the restoration of its subcutaneous body fat. During diving, mean pectoral temperature was 37.6 {+/-} 1.6{degrees}C. While being almost normothermic on average, the temperature of the pectoral muscle was still significantly lower than during inactivity in five out of the six birds and underwent temperature drops of up to 5.5{degrees}C. Mean brood patch temperature was 29.6 {+/-} 2.5{degrees}C during diving, and temperature decreases of up to 21.6{degrees}C were recorded. Interestingly, we observed episodes of brood patch warming during the descent to depth, suggesting that, in some cases, king penguins may perform active thermolysis using the brood patch. It is hypothesized that functional pectoral temperature may be regulated through peripheral adjustments in blood perfusion. These two paradoxical features, i.e., lower temperature of deep tissues during activity and normothermic peripheral tissues while inactive, may highlight the key to the energetics of this diving endotherm while foraging at sea. |
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394 |
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0363-6119 |
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Notes |
10.1152/ajpregu.00826.2005 |
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yes |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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5520 |
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Fahlman, A.; Handrich, Y.; Woakes, A.J.; Bost, C.-A.; Holder, R.; Duchamp, C.; Butler, P.J. |
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Title |
Effect of fasting on the VO2-fh relationship in king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
American journal of physiology-regulatory integrative and comparative physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. |
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Volume |
287 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
R870-877 |
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Abstract |
King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) may fast for up to 30 days during their breeding period. As such extended fasting may affect the relationship between the rate of O2 consumption (O2) and heart rate (fH), five male king penguins were exercised at various speeds on repeated occasions during a fasting period of 24-31 days. In addition, O2 and fH were measured in the same animals during rest in cold air and water (4{degrees}C). O2 and fH at rest and O2 during exercise decreased with fasting. There was a significant relation between O2 and fH (r2 = 0.56) that was improved by including speed, body mass (Mb), number of days fasting (t), and a cross term between fH and t (r2 = 0.92). It was concluded that there was a significant change in the O2-fH relationship with fasting during exercise. As t is measurable in the field and was shown to be significant and, therefore, a practical covariate, a regression equation for use when birds are ashore was obtained by removing speed and Mb. When this equation was used, predicted O2 was in good agreement with the observed data, with an overall error of 3.0%. There was no change in the O2-fH relationship in penguins at rest in water. |
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131;137;394 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0363-6119 |
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Notes |
10.1152/ajpregu.00651.2003 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
Serial |
5548 |
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Author |
Rey, B.; Halsey, L.G.; Dolmazon, V.; Rouanet, J.-L.; Roussel, D.; Handrich, Y.; Butler, P.J.; Duchamp, C. |
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Title |
Long-term fasting decreases mitochondrial avian UCP-mediated oxygen consumption in hypometabolic king penguins |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol |
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Volume |
295 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
R92-100 |
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Abstract |
In endotherms, regulation of the degree of mitochondrial coupling affects cell metabolic efficiency. Thus it may be a key contributor to minimizing metabolic rate during long periods of fasting. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether variation in mitochondrial avian uncoupling proteins (avUCP), as putative regulators of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, may contribute to the ability of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) to withstand fasting for several weeks. After 20 days of fasting, king penguins showed a reduced rate of whole animal oxygen consumption ([IMG]f1.gif“ ALT=”V“ BORDER=”0“>O2; -33%) at rest, together with a reduced abundance of avUCP and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} coactivator-1{alpha} (PGC1-{alpha}) mRNA in pectoralis muscle (-54%, -36%, respectively). These parameters were restored after the birds had been refed for 3 days. Furthermore, in recently fed, but not in fasted penguins, isolated muscle mitochondria showed a guanosine diphosphate-inhibited, fatty acid plus superoxide-activated respiration, indicating the presence of a functional UCP. It was calculated that variation in mitochondrial UCP-dependent respiration in vitro may contribute to nearly 20% of the difference in resting [IMG]f1.gif” ALT=“V” BORDER=“0”>O2 between fed or refed penguins and fasted penguins measured in vivo. These results suggest that the lowering of avUCP activity during periods of long-term energetic restriction may contribute to the reduction in metabolic rate and hence the ability of king penguins to face prolonged periods of fasting. |
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131;394 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0363-6119 |
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Notes |
10.1152/ajpregu.00271.2007 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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6053 |
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